| Parmotrema | |
|---|---|
| |
| Parmotrema hypotropum | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Lecanorales |
| Family: | Parmeliaceae |
| Genus: | Parmotrema A.Massal. (1860) |
| Type species | |
| Parmotrema perforatum (Wulfen) A.Massal. (1860)
| |
| Synonyms | |
Parmotrema is a genus of lichen belonging to the family Parmeliaceae.[1] It is a large genus, containing an estimated 300 species,[2] with a centre of diversity in subtropical regions of South America and the Pacific Islands.[3]
Members of the genus are commonly called ruffle lichens or scatter-rag lichens.[4]: 83
Description
[edit]Parmotrema is characterized by its typically large, moderately to loosely-attached foliose thallus with broad lobes that are usually more than 5 mm wide. There is a broad, naked zone around the margin of the lower surface, an epicortex with pores and an upper cortex with a palisade-plectenchymatous arrangement of hyphae. Ascospores are thick-walled and ellipsoid.[5]
Taxonomy
[edit]Parmotrema was proposed as a genus by Italian lichenologist Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo in 1860, with Parmotrema perforatum as the type species.[6] The genus name, composed of the Greek parmos (cup) and trema (perforation), refers to the perforate apothecia. Parmotrema was largely ignored as a genus,[7] and its species were usually grouped in section Amphigymnia of the large genus Parmelia.[8] Several genera previously segregated from Parmotrema have since been folded back in owing to molecular phylogenetic evidence, including Canomaculina, Concamerella, Parmelaria, and Rimelia.[3][9]
Uses
[edit]Some species of Parmotrema can be used as a vegetable dye, such as P. crinitum. When mixed with pine sap or with water, or when first burnt to ash, lichens can provide a variety of colors such as yellow, brown, green, orange, purple, and red.[10]
Gallery
[edit]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM. (December 2007). "Outline of Ascomycota – 2007". Myconet. 13. Chicago, USA: The Field Museum, Department of Botany: 1–58. Archived from the original on March 18, 2009.
- ^ Lücking, Robert; Hodkinson, Brendan P.; Leavitt, Steven D. (2017). "The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota–Approaching one thousand genera". The Bryologist. 119 (4): 361–416. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-119.4.361. S2CID 90258634.
- ^ a b Blanco, Oscar; Crespo, A.; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Elix, John A.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2005). "Molecular phylogeny of parmotremoid lichens (Ascomycota, Parmeliaceae)". Mycologia. 97 (1): 150–159. doi:10.1080/15572536.2006.11832848. PMID 16389966. S2CID 218589317.
- ^ Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0-300-19500-2
- ^ Kurokawa, Syo; Lai, Ming-Jou (2001). "Parmelioid lichen genera and species in Taiwan". Mycotaxon. 77: 225–284.
- ^ Massalongo AB. (1860). "Esame comparativo di alcune genere di licheni". Atti dell'Istituto Veneto Scienze. 3 (in Italian). 5: 247–276.
- ^ Spielmann, Adriano Afonso; Marcelli, Marcelo Pinto (2009). "Parmotrema s.l. (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) from Serra Geral slopes in central Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil". Hoehnea. 36 (4): 551–595. doi:10.1590/S2236-89062009000400002.
- ^ Hale, Mason E. (1974). "New combinations in the lichen genus Parmotrema Massalongo". Phytologia. 28 (4): 334–339.
- ^ Crespo, A.; Kauff, F.; Divakar, P.K.; Prado, R. del; Pérez-Ortega, S.; Paz, G.A. de; Ferencova, Z.; Blanco, O.; Roca-Valiente, B.; Núñez-Zapata, J.; Cubas, P.; Argüello, A.; Elix, J.A.; Esslinger, T.L.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Millanes, A.M.; Molina, M.C.; Wedin, M.; Ahti, T.; Aptroot, A.; Barreno, E.; Bungartz, F.; Calvelo, S.; Candan, M.; Cole, M. J.; Ertz, D.; Goffinet, B.; Lindblom, L.; Lücking, R.; Lutzoni, F.; Mattsson, J.-E.; Messuti, M.I.; Miadlikowska, J.; Piercey-Normore, M.D.; Rico, V.J.; Sipman, H.; Schmitt, I.; Spribille, T.; Thell, A.; Thor, G.; Upreti, D.K.; Lumbsch, H.T. (2010). "Phylogenetic generic classification of parmelioid lichens (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) based on molecular, morphological and chemical evidence". Taxon. 59 (6): 1735–1753. doi:10.1002/tax.596008.
- ^ Lichens - US Forest Service
Well, that’s interesting to know that Psilotum nudum are known as whisk ferns. Psilotum nudum is the commoner species of the two. While the P. flaccidum is a rare species and is found in the tropical islands. Both the species are usually epiphytic in habit and grow upon tree ferns. These species may also be terrestrial and grow in humus or in the crevices of the rocks.
View the detailed Guide of Psilotum nudum: Detailed Study Of Psilotum Nudum (Whisk Fern), Classification, Anatomy, Reproduction