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A multifractal system is a generalization of a fractal system in which a single exponent (the fractal dimension) is not enough to describe its dynamics; instead, a continuous spectrum of exponents (the so-called singularity spectrum) is needed.[1]
Multifractal systems are common in nature. They include the length of coastlines, mountain topography,[2] fully developed turbulence, real-world scenes, heartbeat dynamics,[3] human gait[4] and activity,[5] human brain activity,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12] and natural luminosity time series.[13] Models have been proposed in various contexts ranging from turbulence in fluid dynamics to internet traffic, finance, image modeling, texture synthesis, meteorology, geophysics and more.[citation needed] The origin of multifractality in sequential (time series) data has been attributed to mathematical convergence effects related to the central limit theorem that have as foci of convergence the family of statistical distributions known as the Tweedie exponential dispersion models,[14] as well as the geometric Tweedie models.[15] The first convergence effect yields monofractal sequences, and the second convergence effect is responsible for variation in the fractal dimension of the monofractal sequences.[16]
Multifractal analysis is used to investigate datasets, often in conjunction with other methods of fractal and lacunarity analysis. The technique entails distorting datasets extracted from patterns to generate multifractal spectra that illustrate how scaling varies over the dataset. Multifractal analysis has been used to decipher the generating rules and functionalities of complex networks.[17] Multifractal analysis techniques have been applied in a variety of practical situations, such as predicting earthquakes and interpreting medical images.[18][19][20]
Definition
[edit]In a multifractal system , the behavior around any point is described by a local power law:
The exponent is called the singularity exponent, as it describes the local degree of singularity or regularity around the point .[21]
The ensemble formed by all the points that share the same singularity exponent is called the singularity manifold of exponent h, and is a fractal set of fractal dimension the singularity spectrum. The curve versus is called the singularity spectrum and fully describes the statistical distribution of the variable .[citation needed]
In practice, the multifractal behaviour of a physical system is not directly characterized by its singularity spectrum . Rather, data analysis gives access to the multiscaling exponents . Indeed, multifractal signals generally obey a scale invariance property that yields power-law behaviours for multiresolution quantities, depending on their scale . Depending on the object under study, these multiresolution quantities, denoted by , can be local averages in boxes of size , gradients over distance , wavelet coefficients at scale , etc. For multifractal objects, one usually observes a global power-law scaling of the form:[citation needed]
at least in some range of scales and for some range of orders . When such behaviour is observed, one talks of scale invariance, self-similarity, or multiscaling.[22]
Estimation
[edit]
Using so-called multifractal formalism, it can be shown that, under some well-suited assumptions, there exists a correspondence between the singularity spectrum and the multi-scaling exponents through a Legendre transform. While the determination of calls for some exhaustive local analysis of the data, which would result in difficult and numerically unstable calculations, the estimation of the relies on the use of statistical averages and linear regressions in log-log diagrams. Once the are known, one can deduce an estimate of thanks to a simple Legendre transform.[citation needed]
Multifractal systems are often modeled by stochastic processes such as multiplicative cascades. The are statistically interpreted, as they characterize the evolution of the distributions of the as goes from larger to smaller scales. This evolution is often called statistical intermittency and betrays a departure from Gaussian models.[citation needed]
Modelling as a multiplicative cascade also leads to estimation of multifractal properties. Roberts & Cronin 1996 This methods works reasonably well, even for relatively small datasets. A maximum likely fit of a multiplicative cascade to the dataset not only estimates the complete spectrum but also gives reasonable estimates of the errors.[23]
Estimating multifractal scaling from box counting
[edit]
Multifractal spectra can be determined from box counting on digital images. First, a box counting scan is done to determine how the pixels are distributed; then, this "mass distribution" becomes the basis for a series of calculations.[24][25][26] The chief idea is that for multifractals, the probability of a number of pixels , appearing in a box , varies as box size , to some exponent , which changes over the image, as in Eq.0.0 (NB: For monofractals, in contrast, the exponent does not change meaningfully over the set). is calculated from the box-counting pixel distribution as in Eq.2.0.
(Eq.0.0) |
- = an arbitrary scale (box size in box counting) at which the set is examined
- = the index for each box laid over the set for an
- = the number of pixels or mass in any box, , at size
- = the total boxes that contained more than 0 pixels, for each
the total mass or sum of pixels in all boxes for this | (Eq.1.0) |
the probability of this mass at relative to the total mass for a box size | (Eq.2.0) |
is used to observe how the pixel distribution behaves when distorted in certain ways as in Eq.3.0 and Eq.3.1:
- = an arbitrary range of values to use as exponents for distorting the data set
the sum of all mass probabilities distorted by being raised to this Q, for this box size | (Eq.3.0) |
- When , Eq.3.0 equals 1, the usual sum of all probabilities, and when , every term is equal to 1, so the sum is equal to the number of boxes counted, .
how the distorted mass probability at a box compares to the distorted sum over all boxes at this box size | (Eq.3.1) |
These distorting equations are further used to address how the set behaves when scaled or resolved or cut up into a series of -sized pieces and distorted by Q, to find different values for the dimension of the set, as in the following:
(Eq.4.0) |
Thus, a series of values for can be found from the slopes of the regression line for the log of Eq.3.0 versus the log of for each , based on Eq.4.1:
(Eq.4.1) |
- For the generalized dimension:
(Eq.5.0) |
(Eq.5.1) |
(Eq.5.2) |
(Eq.5.3) |
- is estimated as the slope of the regression line for log A,Q versus log where:
(Eq.6.0) |
- Then is found from Eq.5.3.
- The mean is estimated as the slope of the log-log regression line for versus , where:
(Eq.6.1) |
In practice, the probability distribution depends on how the dataset is sampled, so optimizing algorithms have been developed to ensure adequate sampling.[24]
Applications
[edit]Multifractal analysis has been successfully used in many fields, including physical,[27][28] information, and biological sciences.[29] For example, the quantification of residual crack patterns on the surface of reinforced concrete shear walls.[30]
Dataset distortion analysis
[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Distort.png/220px-Distort.png)
Multifractal analysis has been used in several scientific fields to characterize various types of datasets.[31][5][8] In essence, multifractal analysis applies a distorting factor to datasets extracted from patterns, to compare how the data behave at each distortion. This is done using graphs known as multifractal spectra, analogous to viewing the dataset through a "distorting lens", as shown in the illustration.[24] Several types of multifractal spectra are used in practise.
DQ vs Q
[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Dqvsq.png/220px-Dqvsq.png)
One practical multifractal spectrum is the graph of DQ vs Q, where DQ is the generalized dimension for a dataset and Q is an arbitrary set of exponents. The expression generalized dimension thus refers to a set of dimensions for a dataset (detailed calculations for determining the generalized dimension using box counting are described below).
Dimensional ordering
[edit]The general pattern of the graph of DQ vs Q can be used to assess the scaling in a pattern. The graph is generally decreasing, sigmoidal around Q=0, where D(Q=0) ≥ D(Q=1) ≥ D(Q=2). As illustrated in the figure, variation in this graphical spectrum can help distinguish patterns. The image shows D(Q) spectra from a multifractal analysis of binary images of non-, mono-, and multi-fractal sets. As is the case in the sample images, non- and mono-fractals tend to have flatter D(Q) spectra than multifractals.
The generalized dimension also gives important specific information. D(Q=0) is equal to the capacity dimension, which—in the analysis shown in the figures here—is the box counting dimension. D(Q=1) is equal to the information dimension, and D(Q=2) to the correlation dimension. This relates to the "multi" in multifractal, where multifractals have multiple dimensions in the D(Q) versus Q spectra, but monofractals stay rather flat in that area.[24][25]
f(α) versus α
[edit]Another useful multifractal spectrum is the graph of versus (see calculations). These graphs generally rise to a maximum that approximates the fractal dimension at Q=0, and then fall. Like DQ versus Q spectra, they also show typical patterns useful for comparing non-, mono-, and multi-fractal patterns. In particular, for these spectra, non- and mono-fractals converge on certain values, whereas the spectra from multifractal patterns typically form humps over a broader area.
Generalized dimensions of species abundance distributions in space
[edit]One application of Dq versus Q in ecology is characterizing the distribution of species. Traditionally the relative species abundances is calculated for an area without taking into account the locations of the individuals. An equivalent representation of relative species abundances are species ranks, used to generate a surface called the species-rank surface,[32] which can be analyzed using generalized dimensions to detect different ecological mechanisms like the ones observed in the neutral theory of biodiversity, metacommunity dynamics, or niche theory.[32][33]
See also
[edit]- de Rham curve – A continuous fractal curve obtained as the image of Cantor space.
- Fractional Brownian motion – Probability theory concept
- Detrended fluctuation analysis – Statistical term
- Tweedie distributions – Family of probability distributions
- Markov switching multifractal – model of asset returns
- Weighted planar stochastic lattice – mathematical structure sharing some of the properties both of lattices and of graphs
References
[edit]- ^ Harte, David (2001). Multifractals. London: Chapman & Hall. ISBN 978-1-58488-154-4.
- ^ Gerges, Firas; Geng, Xiaolong; Nassif, Hani; Boufadel, Michel C. (2021). "Anisotropic Multifractal Scaling of Mount Lebanon Topography: Approximate Conditioning". Fractals. 29 (5): 2150112–2153322. Bibcode:2021Fract..2950112G. doi:10.1142/S0218348X21501127. ISSN 0218-348X. S2CID 234272453.
- ^ Ivanov, Plamen Ch.; Amaral, Luís A. Nunes; Goldberger, Ary L.; Havlin, Shlomo; Rosenblum, Michael G.; Struzik, Zbigniew R.; Stanley, H. Eugene (1999-06-03). "Multifractality in human heartbeat dynamics". Nature. 399 (6735): 461–465. arXiv:cond-mat/9905329. Bibcode:1999Natur.399..461I. doi:10.1038/20924. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 10365957. S2CID 956569.
- ^ Scafetta, Nicola; Marchi, Damiano; West, Bruce J. (June 2009). "Understanding the complexity of human gait dynamics". Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science. 19 (2): 026108. Bibcode:2009Chaos..19b6108S. doi:10.1063/1.3143035. ISSN 1054-1500. PMID 19566268.
- ^ a b França, Lucas Gabriel Souza; Montoya, Pedro; Miranda, José Garcia Vivas (2019). "On multifractals: A non-linear study of actigraphy data". Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications. 514: 612–619. arXiv:1702.03912. Bibcode:2019PhyA..514..612F. doi:10.1016/j.physa.2018.09.122. ISSN 0378-4371. S2CID 18259316.
- ^ Papo, David; Goñi, Joaquin; Buldú, Javier M. (2017). "Editorial: On the relation of dynamics and structure in brain networks". Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science. 27 (4): 047201. Bibcode:2017Chaos..27d7201P. doi:10.1063/1.4981391. ISSN 1054-1500. PMID 28456177.
- ^ Ciuciu, Philippe; Varoquaux, Gaël; Abry, Patrice; Sadaghiani, Sepideh; Kleinschmidt, Andreas (2012). "Scale-free and multifractal properties of fMRI signals during rest and task". Frontiers in Physiology. 3: 186. doi:10.3389/fphys.2012.00186. ISSN 1664-042X. PMC 3375626. PMID 22715328.
- ^ a b França, Lucas G. Souza; Miranda, José G. Vivas; Leite, Marco; Sharma, Niraj K.; Walker, Matthew C.; Lemieux, Louis; Wang, Yujiang (2018). "Fractal and Multifractal Properties of Electrographic Recordings of Human Brain Activity: Toward Its Use as a Signal Feature for Machine Learning in Clinical Applications". Frontiers in Physiology. 9: 1767. arXiv:1806.03889. Bibcode:2018arXiv180603889F. doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01767. ISSN 1664-042X. PMC 6295567. PMID 30618789.
- ^ Ihlen, Espen A. F.; Vereijken, Beatrix (2010). "Interaction-dominant dynamics in human cognition: Beyond 1/ƒα fluctuation". Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 139 (3): 436–463. doi:10.1037/a0019098. ISSN 1939-2222. PMID 20677894.
- ^ Zhang, Yanli; Zhou, Weidong; Yuan, Shasha (2015). "Multifractal Analysis and Relevance Vector Machine-Based Automatic Seizure Detection in Intracranial EEG". International Journal of Neural Systems. 25 (6): 1550020. doi:10.1142/s0129065715500203. ISSN 0129-0657. PMID 25986754.
- ^ Suckling, John; Wink, Alle Meije; Bernard, Frederic A.; Barnes, Anna; Bullmore, Edward (2008). "Endogenous multifractal brain dynamics are modulated by age, cholinergic blockade and cognitive performance". Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 174 (2): 292–300. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.06.037. ISSN 0165-0270. PMC 2590659. PMID 18703089.
- ^ Zorick, Todd; Mandelkern, Mark A. (2013-07-03). "Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis of Human EEG: Preliminary Investigation and Comparison with the Wavelet Transform Modulus Maxima Technique". PLOS ONE. 8 (7): e68360. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...868360Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068360. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3700954. PMID 23844189.
- ^ Gaston, Kevin J.; Richard Inger; Bennie, Jonathan; Davies, Thomas W. (2013-04-24). "Artificial light alters natural regimes of night-time sky brightness". Scientific Reports. 3: 1722. Bibcode:2013NatSR...3E1722D. doi:10.1038/srep01722. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 3634108.
- ^ Kendal, WS; Jørgensen, BR (2011). "Tweedie convergence: a mathematical basis for Taylor's power law, 1/f noise and multifractality". Phys. Rev. E. 84 (6 Pt 2): 066120. Bibcode:2011PhRvE..84f6120K. doi:10.1103/physreve.84.066120. PMID 22304168.
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- ^ Kendal, WS (2014). "Multifractality attributed to dual central limit-like convergence effects". Physica A. 401: 22–33. Bibcode:2014PhyA..401...22K. doi:10.1016/j.physa.2014.01.022.
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- ^ Moreno, P. A.; Vélez, P. E.; Martínez, E.; Garreta, L. E.; Díaz, N. S.; Amador, S.; Tischer, I.; Gutiérrez, J. M.; Naik, A. K.; Tobar, F. N.; García, F. (2011). "The human genome: A multifractal analysis". BMC Genomics. 12: 506. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-12-506. PMC 3277318. PMID 21999602.
- ^ Atupelage, C.; Nagahashi, H.; Yamaguchi, M.; Sakamoto, M.; Hashiguchi, A. (2012). "Multifractal feature descriptor for histopathology". Analytical Cellular Pathology. 35 (2): 123–126. doi:10.1155/2012/912956. PMC 4605731. PMID 22101185.
- ^ Falconer, Kenneth J. (2014). "17. Multifractal measures". Fractal geometry: mathematical foundations and applications (3. ed., 1. publ ed.). Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-94239-9.
- ^ A.J. Roberts and A. Cronin (1996). "Unbiased estimation of multi-fractal dimensions of finite data sets". Physica A. 233 (3): 867–878. arXiv:chao-dyn/9601019. Bibcode:1996PhyA..233..867R. doi:10.1016/S0378-4371(96)00165-3. S2CID 14388392.
- ^ Roberts, A. J. (7 August 2014). "Multifractal estimation—maximum likelihood". University of Adelaide. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
- ^ a b c d Karperien, A (2002), What are Multifractals?, ImageJ, archived from the original on 2011-10-20, retrieved 2012-02-10
- ^ a b Chhabra, A.; Jensen, R. (1989). "Direct determination of the f(α) singularity spectrum". Physical Review Letters. 62 (12): 1327–1330. Bibcode:1989PhRvL..62.1327C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.62.1327. PMID 10039645.
- ^ Posadas, A. N. D.; Giménez, D.; Bittelli, M.; Vaz, C. M. P.; Flury, M. (2001). "Multifractal Characterization of Soil Particle-Size Distributions". Soil Science Society of America Journal. 65 (5): 1361. Bibcode:2001SSASJ..65.1361P. doi:10.2136/sssaj2001.6551361x.
- ^ Amin, Kazi Rafsanjani; Nagarajan, Ramya; Pandit, Rahul; Bid, Aveek (2022-10-26). "Multifractal Conductance Fluctuations in High-Mobility Graphene in the Integer Quantum Hall Regime". Physical Review Letters. 129 (18): 186802. arXiv:2112.14018. Bibcode:2022PhRvL.129r6802A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.186802. PMID 36374690. S2CID 245537293.
- ^ Amin, Kazi Rafsanjani; Ray, Samriddhi Sankar; Pal, Nairita; Pandit, Rahul; Bid, Aveek (2018-02-22). "Exotic multifractal conductance fluctuations in graphene". Communications Physics. 1 (1): 1–7. arXiv:1804.04454. Bibcode:2018CmPhy...1....1A. doi:10.1038/s42005-017-0001-4. ISSN 2399-3650. S2CID 55555526.
- ^ Lopes, R.; Betrouni, N. (2009). "Fractal and multifractal analysis: A review". Medical Image Analysis. 13 (4): 634–649. doi:10.1016/j.media.2009.05.003. PMID 19535282.
- ^ Ebrahimkhanlou, Arvin; Farhidzadeh, Alireza; Salamone, Salvatore (2016-01-01). "Multifractal analysis of crack patterns in reinforced concrete shear walls". Structural Health Monitoring. 15 (1): 81–92. doi:10.1177/1475921715624502. ISSN 1475-9217. S2CID 111619405.
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Further reading
[edit]- Falconer, Kenneth J. (2014). "17. Multifractal measures". Fractal geometry: mathematical foundations and applications (3. ed., 1. publ ed.). Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-94239-9.
- Barabási, A.- L.; Stanley, H. E., eds. (1995), "Multi-affine surfaces", Fractal Concepts in Surface Growth, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 262–268, doi:10.1017/CBO9780511599798.026, ISBN 978-0-521-48318-6, retrieved 2024-06-05
- G, Evertsz C. J.; Mandelbrot, Benoît B. (1992). "Multifractal measures" (PDF). Chaos and Fractals New Frontiers of Science: 922–953. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-07-13.
- Mandelbrot, Benoît B. (1997). Fractals and scaling in finance: discontinuity, concentration, risk. Selecta. New York, NY Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-98363-9.
- Harte, David (2001-06-26). Multifractals. Chapman and Hall/CRC. doi:10.1201/9781420036008. ISBN 978-0-429-12366-5.
- Stanley H.E., Meakin P. (1988). "Multifractal phenomena in physics and chemistry" (Review). Nature. 335 (6189): 405–9. Bibcode:1988Natur.335..405S. doi:10.1038/335405a0. S2CID 4318433.
- Arneodo, Alain; Audit, Benjamin; Kestener, Pierre; Roux, Stephane (2008). "Wavelet-based multifractal analysis". Scholarpedia. 3 (3): 4103. Bibcode:2008SchpJ...3.4103A. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.4103. ISSN 1941-6016.
External links
[edit]- Veneziano, Daniele; Essiam, Albert K. (June 1, 2003). "Flow through porous media with multifractal hydraulic conductivity". Water Resources Research. 39 (6): 1166. Bibcode:2003WRR....39.1166V. doi:10.1029/2001WR001018. ISSN 1944-7973.
- Movies of visualizations of multifractals
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