Cannabaceae

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The following is a list of stars with resolved images, that is, stars whose images have been resolved beyond a point source. Aside from the Sun, observed from Earth, stars are exceedingly small in apparent size, requiring the use of special high-resolution equipment and techniques to image. For example, Betelgeuse, the first star other than the Sun to be directly imaged, has an angular diameter of only 50 milliarcseconds (mas).[1]

List

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List of stars with resolved images
Star Image Diameter Distance
(ly) 		First imager Year Notes
Angular (mas) Geometric (Sun = 1)
Sun 2000000 1 0.0000158 Louis Fizeau and Léon Foucault[2] 1845
Altair
α Aql 		3.2 1.66±0.01 (polar)
2.02±0.01 (equator) 		16.77±0.08 CHARA array – MIRC[3] 2006
Rasalhague
α Oph A 		1.62±0.03 2.39±0.01 (polar)
2.87±0.02 (equator) 		48.6±0.8 CHARA array – MIRC[4] 2006
Alderamin
α Cep 		1.35±0.02 (polar)
1.75±0.03 (equator) 		2.20±0.04 (polar)
2.74±0.04 (equator) 		48.8±0.36 CHARA array – MIRC[4] 2006
Caph
β Cas 		1.70±0.04 3.1±0.1 (polar)
3.8±0.1 (equator) 		54.7±0.3 CHARA array – MIRC[5] 2007
Regulus
α Leo Aa 		1.24±0.02 3.2±0.1 (polar)
4.2±0.1 (equator) 		79.3±0.7 CHARA array – MIRC[5] 2008
Algol
β Per Aa1
0.88±0.05 4.13 93±2 CHARA array – MIRC[6] 2006 stationary object in the animation
β Per Aa2 1.12±0.07 3 orbiting object in the animation
β Per Ab 0.56±0.10 0.9 Observed radius of Algol Ab is an instrumental artifact, caused by bandwidth smearing.
Actual radius is 1.73 ± 0.33 R☉.
Alkaid
η UMa 		0.834±0.060 2.86±0.21 103.9±0.8 CHARA array[7] 2012
Markab
α Peg 		1.052±0.066 4.62±0.29 133±1 CHARA array[7] 2012
Elnath
β Tau 		1.09±0.076 4.82±0.34 134±2 CHARA array[7] 2012
σ Gem A 2.425 10.1±0.4 126±2 CHARA array/MIRC[8] 2011–2012 The star contains starspots on its surface
ζ And Aa 2.502±0.008 15.0±0.8 (polar) 189±3 CFHT[9][10] 1996 First direct imaging of starspots on a star outside the Solar System.
R Dor 57±5 370±50 204±9 New Technology Telescope[11] 1993 2nd largest known star by apparent diameter in Earth's sky, after the Sun.
Mira
ο Cet A 		28.9–34.9[12] 332–402[12] 420 Hubble – FOC[13] 1997[citation needed]
T Lep 5.8
15 for molecular layer 		100 500 Very Large Telescope – VLTI[14]/AMBER[15] 2009[citation needed]
π1 Gru 21[16] 370[16] 535[16] Very Large Telescope – VLTI/PIONIER[17] 2017[citation needed] First directly observed granulation patterns on a star's surface outside the Solar System.
Antares
α Sco A 		41.3±0.1 680[18] 553[19] Very Large Telescope – VLTI/AMBER[20][21] 2017[citation needed]
Betelgeuse
α Ori 		50 630 643±146 Hubble – GHRS[1] 1995 First star with a resolved image outside the Solar System.
Sheliak
β Lyr Aa 		0.46 6 960±50 CHARA array – MIRC[22] 2007 Both Aa1 and Aa2 are visible in the animation.
θ1 Ori C 0.2 10.6±1.5 1400 Very Large Telescope – AMBER[23] 2009 In the image, the right inset is θ1 Ori C and the left inset is θ1 Ori F.
θ1 Ori F Very Large Telescope – VLTI/GRAVITY[24] 2016[citation needed]

ε Aur B 		2.27 3.7±0.7 ca. 2000 CHARA array – MIRC[25] 2009 Supergiant with an eclipsing companion surrounded by a massive, opaque debris disk
RW Cephei 2.45 900–1760 11000+4600
−2600–22000+5200
−3300 		CHARA array – MIRC-X and MYSTIC[26] 2022 Hypergiant star currently undergoing a great dimming event
HR 5171 Aa 4.1±0.8 1575±400 11740±1630 Very Large Telescope – VLTI/PIONIER[27] 2014 Eclipsing and potential contact binary yellow hypergiant

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b H.Uitenbroek; Dupree, A. K.; Gilliland, R. L. (1998). "Spatially Resolved Hubble Space Telescope Spectra of the Chromosphere of alpha Orionis". Astronomical Journal. 116 (5): 2501. Bibcode:1998AJ....116.2501U. doi:10.1086/300596. S2CID 117596395.
  2. ^ "NASA – Sun–Earth Day – Technology Through Time". NASA. 2006. Retrieved 2022-11-24.
  3. ^ J.D. Monnier; et al. (2007). "Imaging the Surface of Altair". Science. 317 (5836): 342–5. arXiv:0706.0867. Bibcode:2007Sci...317..342M. doi:10.1126/science.1143205. PMID 17540860. S2CID 4615273.
  4. ^ a b M. Zhao; et al. (2009). "Imaging And Modeling Rapidly Rotating Stars: Alpha Cephei And Alpha Ophiuchi". The Astrophysical Journal. 701 (1): 209–224. arXiv:0906.2241. Bibcode:2009ApJ...701..209Z. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/701/1/209. S2CID 554145.
  5. ^ a b X. Che; et al. (2011). "Colder And Hotter: Interferometric Imaging Of Beta Cassiopeiae And ?lpha Leonis". The Astrophysical Journal. 732 (2): 68. arXiv:1105.0740. Bibcode:2011ApJ...732...68C. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/732/2/68. S2CID 14330106.
  6. ^ Baron, F.; Monnier, J.; Pedretti, E.; Zhao, M.; Schaefer, G.; Parks, R.; Che, X.; Thureau, N.; ten Brummelaar, T. A.; McAlister, H. A.; Ridgway, S. T.; Farrington, C.; Sturmann, J.; Sturmann, L.; Turner, N. (2012). "Imaging the Algol Triple System in the H Band with the CHARA Interferometer". The Astrophysical Journal. 752 (1): 20. arXiv:1205.0754. Bibcode:2012ApJ...752...20B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/752/1/20. S2CID 11110989.
  7. ^ a b c Gordon, Kathryn D.; Gies, Douglas R.; Schaefer, Gail H.; Huber, Daniel; Ireland, Michael (7 March 2019). "Angular Sizes, Radii, and Effective Temperatures of B-type Stars from Optical Interferometry with the CHARA Array". The Astrophysical Journal. 873 (1): 91. Bibcode:2019ApJ...873...91G. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab04b2. eISSN 1538-4357. S2CID 125181833.
  8. ^ Roettenbacher, Rachael M.; Monnier, John D.; Korhonen, Heidi; Harmon, Robert O.; Baron, Fabien; Hackman, Thomas; Henry, Gregory W.; Schaefer, Gail H.; Strassmeier, Klaus G.; Weber, Michael; ten Brummelaar, Theo A. (2017-11-01). "Contemporaneous Imaging Comparisons of the Spotted Giant σ Geminorum Using Interferometric, Spectroscopic, and Photometric Data". The Astrophysical Journal. 849 (2): 120. arXiv:1709.10109. Bibcode:2017ApJ...849..120R. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa8ef7. ISSN 0004-637X.
  9. ^ Kővári, Zs.; Bartus, J.; Strassmeier, K. G.; Oláh, K.; Weber, M.; Rice, J. B.; Washuettl, A. (2007). "Doppler imaging of stellar surface structure. XXIII. The ellipsoidal K giant binary ζ Andromedae". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 463 (3): 1071. arXiv:1301.0445. Bibcode:2007A&A...463.1071K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20065982.
  10. ^ Roettenbacher, R.M.; Monnier, J.D.; Korhonen, H.; Aarnio, A.N.; Baron, F.; Che, X.; Harmon, R.O.; Kővári, Zs.; Kraus, S.; Schaefer, G.H.; Torres, G.; Zhao, M.; Ten Brummelaar, T.A.; Sturmann, J.; Sturmann, L. (2016). "No Sun-like dynamo on the active star ζ Andromedae from starspot asymmetry". Nature. 533 (7602): 217–220. arXiv:1709.10107. Bibcode:2016Natur.533..217R. doi:10.1038/nature17444. PMID 27144357. S2CID 4466687.
  11. ^ "The Biggest Star in the Sky". ESO. March 11, 1997. Retrieved 2010-06-26.
  12. ^ a b Woodruff, H. C.; Eberhardt, M.; Driebe, T.; Hofmann, K.-H.; et al. (2004). "Interferometric observations of the Mira star o Ceti with the VLTI/VINCI instrument in the near-infrared". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 421 (2): 703–714. arXiv:astro-ph/0404248. Bibcode:2004A&A...421..703W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20035826. S2CID 17009595.
  13. ^ "Hubble Separates Stars in the Mira Binary System". HubbleSite. 6 August 1997. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  14. ^ "Hundred metre virtual telescope captures unique detailed colour image". European Southern Observatory. 18 February 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  15. ^ J.-B. Le Bouquin, S. Lacour, S. Renard, E. Thiébaut, A. Merand, T. Verhoelst, Pre-maximum spectro-imaging of the Mira star T Leporis with AMBER/VLTI, Astronomy and Astrophysics Volume 496, Number 1, March II 2009, L1–L4.
  16. ^ a b c Wallstrom, S. H. J.; Danilovich, T.; Muller, H. S. P.; Gottlieb, C. A.; Maes, S.; Van de Sande, M.; Decin, L.; Richards, A. M. S.; Baudry, A.; Bolte, J.; Ceulemans, T.; De Ceuster, F.; de Koter, A.; Mellah, I. El; Esseldeurs, M. (December 6, 2023). "ATOMIUM: Molecular inventory of 17 oxygen-rich evolved stars observed with ALMA". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 681: A50. arXiv:2312.03467. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347632. ISSN 0004-6361.
  17. ^ "Giant Bubbles on Red Giant Star's Surface". European Southern Observatory. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  18. ^ Ohnaka, K; Hofmann, K.-H; Schertl, D; Weigelt, G; Baffa, C; Chelli, A; Petrov, R; Robbe-Dubois, S (2013). "High spectral resolution imaging of the dynamical atmosphere of the red supergiant Antares in the CO first overtone lines with VLTI/AMBER". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 555: A24. arXiv:1304.4800. Bibcode:2013A&A...555A..24O. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321063. S2CID 56396587.
  19. ^ van Leeuwen, F. (November 2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653–664. arXiv:0708.1752. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. S2CID 18759600.
  20. ^ "Astronomers Capture Best-Ever Image of Alien Star". Scientific American. 24 August 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
  21. ^ https://www.eso.org/public/ireland/images/eso1726a/?lang
  22. ^ M. Zhao; et al. (2008). "First Resolved Images Of The Eclipsing And Interacting Binary Beta Lyrae". The Astrophysical Journal. 684 (2): L95–L98. arXiv:0808.0932. Bibcode:2008ApJ...684L..95Z. doi:10.1086/592146. S2CID 17510817.
  23. ^ "The orbit of Theta1 Orionis C". European Southern Observatory. 18 February 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  24. ^ "First Light For Future Black Hole Probe". European Southern Observatory. 13 January 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  25. ^ B. Kloppenborg; et al. (2010). "Infrared images of the transiting disk in the Epsilon Aurigae system". Nature. 464 (7290): 370–2. arXiv:1004.2464. Bibcode:2010Natur.464..870K. doi:10.1038/nature08968. PMID 20376144. S2CID 18866716.
  26. ^ Anugu, Narsireddy; Baron, Fabien; Gies, Douglas R.; Lanthermann, Cyprien; Schaefer, Gail H.; Shepard, Katherine A.; ten Brummelaar, Theo; Monnier, John D.; Kraus, Stefan; Le Bouquin, Jean-Baptiste; Davies, Claire L.; Ennis, Jacob; Gardner, Tyler; Labdon, Aaron; Roettenbacher, Rachael M.; Setterholm, Benjamin R.; Vollmann, Wolfgang; Sigismondi, Constantino (July 2023). "The Great Dimming of the hypergiant star RW Cephei: CHARA Array images and spectral analysis". The Astronomical Journal. 166 (2): 78. arXiv:2307.04926. Bibcode:2023AJ....166...78A. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ace59d. S2CID 259766495.
  27. ^ Wittkowski, M; Abellan, F. J; Arroyo-Torres, B; Chiavassa, A; Guirado, J. C; Marcaide, J. M; Alberdi, A; De Wit, W. J; Hofmann, K.-H; Meilland, A; Millour, F; Mohamed, S; Sanchez-Bermudez, J (28 September 2017). "Multi-epoch VLTI-PIONIER imaging of the supergiant V766 Cen: Image of the close companion in front of the primary". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 1709: L1. arXiv:1709.09430. Bibcode:2017A&A...606L...1W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731569. S2CID 54740936.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stars_with_resolved_images

One thought on “Cannabaceae”

  1. Well, that’s interesting to know that Psilotum nudum are known as whisk ferns. Psilotum nudum is the commoner species of the two. While the P. flaccidum is a rare species and is found in the tropical islands. Both the species are usually epiphytic in habit and grow upon tree ferns. These species may also be terrestrial and grow in humus or in the crevices of the rocks.
    View the detailed Guide of Psilotum nudum: Detailed Study Of Psilotum Nudum (Whisk Fern), Classification, Anatomy, Reproduction

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