The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in both historic and modern day areas of Poland (numbers may be approximate):
Massacres until 1939
Name | Date | Location | Perpetrators | Deaths | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sack of Sandomierz (1241) | 13 February 1241 | Sandomierz | Mongol Empire | The Mongols massacred almost all residents. | |
Sack of Kraków (1241) | March 1241 | Kraków | Mongol Empire | The Mongols massacred almost all residents. | |
Sack of Sandomierz (1260) | February 1260 | Sandomierz | Mongol Empire | The Mongols massacred almost all residents. | |
Gdańsk massacre | 13 November 1308 | Gdańsk | ![]() |
60–1,000 Polish civilians | |
Gołańcz massacre | 3 May 1656 | Gołańcz | ![]() |
25+ Poles | Remains of 22 adults (incl. six women) and three children were discovered during an archaeological survey in 2014.[1] |
Kościan massacre of 1656 | 10 October 1656 | Kościan | ![]() |
300 Polish inhabitants | [2] |
Massacre of Uman | 20–21 June 1768 | Humań | Cossacks (Ukrainians) | up to 20,000 Poles and Jews | |
Massacre of Praga | 4 November 1794 | Praga, Warsaw | ![]() |
6,000 Polish people killed or wounded | |
Fiszewo massacre | 27 January 1832 | Fiszewo | ![]() |
12 Poles | [3] |
Galician slaughter | early 1846 | Western Galicia | peasants | about 1,000 nobles | |
Warsaw massacres of 1861 | 25–27 February and 8 April 1861 | Warsaw | ![]() |
Over 200 Polish protesters | [4] |
Białaszewo massacre | 31 March 1863 | Białaszewo | ![]() |
16+ Polish civilians | including women[5] |
Bredynki massacre | 6 May 1863 | Bredynki | ![]() |
17 Poles | further 30 people wounded[6] |
Lututów massacre | 15 June 1863 | Lututów | ![]() |
Dozens of Polish POWs | [7] |
Wygoda massacre | 21 July 1863 | Wygoda | ![]() |
50 young Poles | [8][9] |
Białystok pogrom | 14–16 June 1906 | Białystok | Black Hundreds Russian soldiers |
81–88 Jews | |
Siedlce pogrom | 8–10 September 1906 | Siedlce | ![]() |
26 Jews | |
Mysłowice massacre | 15 August 1919 | Mysłowice | ![]() |
10 Poles | Seven miners, two women and a 13-year-old boy[10] |
Wilno school massacre | 6 May 1925 | Wilno (now Vilnius) | 2 students | 5 (including themselves) | First school shooting in Polish history |
Massacres during World War II and communist rule
Name | Date | Location | Perpetrators | Deaths | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intelligenzaktion | September 1939-Spring 1942 | Poland | ![]() |
up to 100,000 Polish people, mostly intellectuals | |
Torzeniec massacre | 1–2 September 1939 | Torzeniec | ![]() |
37 Poles | |
Zimnowoda and Parzymiechy massacre | 2 September 1939 | Zimnowoda and Parzymiechy | ![]() |
113 Poles | including 30 children[11] |
Wyszanów massacre | 2 September 1939 | Wyszanów | ![]() |
24 Poles | |
Gostyń massacre | 2 September 1939 | Gostyń | ![]() |
13 Poles | including four women and a parish priest[12] |
Bukownica massacre | 2 September 1939 | Bukownica | ![]() |
7+ Poles | [13] |
Łaziska massacre | 2–6 September 1939 | Łaziska Górne, Łaziska Dolne and Łaziska Średnie | ![]() |
69 Poles | including 30 children[14] |
Albertów massacre | 3 September 1939 | Albertów | ![]() |
159 Poles | [11] |
Krzepice massacre | 3 September 1939 | Krzepice | ![]() |
30 Poles | [15] |
Mysłów massacre | 3 September 1939 | Mysłów | ![]() |
22 Poles | Victims were burned alive, including 10 children.[11] |
Pińczyce massacre | 3 September 1939 | Pińczyce | ![]() |
20 Poles | [15] |
Świekatowo massacre | 3 September 1939 | Świekatowo | ![]() |
26 Poles | [16] |
Święta Anna massacre | 3 September 1939 | Święta Anna | ![]() |
29 Poles | [15] |
Jankowice massacre | 3 September 1939 | Jankowice | ![]() |
13 Poles | including women and children[12] |
Zgoń massacre | 3 September 1939 | Zgoń | ![]() |
8 Poles | including one woman[17] |
Lędziny massacre | 3 September 1939 | Lędziny | ![]() |
7 Poles | including a 16-year-old girl[18] |
Bloody Sunday | 3–4 September 1939 | Bydgoszcz | ![]() |
254 | |
Świętochłowice massacre | 3–4 September 1939 | Świętochłowice | ![]() |
10 Poles | [19] |
Częstochowa massacre (Bloody Monday) |
4 September 1939 | Częstochowa | ![]() |
88–200 | |
Złoczew massacre | 4 September 1939 | Złoczew | ![]() |
200 Poles and Jews | |
Katowice massacre (Bloody Monday) |
4 September 1939 | Katowice | ![]() |
about 80 Polish defenders | including Polish boy and girl scouts |
Kruszyna massacre | 4 September 1939 | Kruszyna | ![]() |
dozens of Poles | including 10 children[15] |
Cielętniki massacre | 4 September 1939 | Cielętniki | ![]() |
28 Poles | including four children[15] |
Pasternik massacre | 4 September 1939 | Pasternik | ![]() |
29 Poles | including one woman[20] |
Pławno massacre | 4 September 1939 | Pławno | ![]() |
15 Poles | [15] |
Pszczyna massacre | 4 September 1939 | Pszczyna | ![]() |
14 Poles | 13 boy scouts and a teacher[12] |
Siewierz massacre | 4 September 1939 | Siewierz | ![]() |
10 Poles | including several teenagers[21] |
Wyry massacre | 4–6 September 1939 | Wyry | ![]() |
over 10 Poles | [12] |
Serock massacre | 5 September 1939 | Serock | ![]() |
over 80 Polish POWs | [22] |
Kajetanowice massacre | 5 September 1939 | Kajetanowice | ![]() |
over 70 Poles | including ten children under the age of 16[15] |
Krasnosielc massacre | 5–6 September 1939 | Krasnosielc | ![]() |
50 Jews | |
Moryca and Longinówka massacre | 6 September 1939 | Moryca and Longinówka | ![]() |
Polish POWs, including 19 officers | [22] |
Uniejów massacre | 6, 8 September 1939 | Uniejów | ![]() |
50 | [23] |
Będzin massacres | 6, 9 September 1939 | Będzin | ![]() |
20 Poles and 100 Jews | [24] |
Wylazłów massacre | 7 September 1939 | Wylazłów | ![]() |
24 Poles | [23] |
Mordarka massacre | 7 September 1939 | Mordarka | ![]() |
9 Jews and one Pole | [25] |
Wągrowiec massacre | 7 September 1939 | Wągrowiec | ![]() |
8 Poles | [23] |
Balin massacre | 8 September 1939 | Balin | ![]() |
21 Poles | [23] |
Koźle massacre | 8 September 1939 | Koźle | ![]() |
17 Poles | [13] |
Ciepielów massacre | 8 September 1939 | Ciepielów | ![]() |
around 300 Polish POWs | |
Tyszki massacre | 8 September 1939 | Tyszki-Ciągaczki | ![]() |
33 Poles | [26] |
Chechło massacre | 8 September 1939 | Chechło near Pabianice | ![]() |
30 Poles | [27] |
Dominikowice massacre | 8 September 1939 | Dominikowice | ![]() |
23 Poles | [13] |
Czekaj massacre | 8 September 1939 | Czekaj | ![]() |
13 Poles | [23] |
Bagatele massacre | 8 September 1939 | Bagatele | ![]() |
11 Poles | [28] |
Siemianowice Śląskie massacre | 8 September 1939 | Siemianowice Śląskie | ![]() |
6 Poles | [19] |
Lipsko massacre | 8–9 September 1939 | Lipsko | ![]() |
66 | [29] |
Mszczonów massacres | 8, 11 September 1939 | Mszczonów | ![]() |
11 Polish POWs and 20 Polish civilians | Including the town's mayor.[22][26] |
Sławków massacre | 9 September 1939 | Sławków | ![]() |
98 Jews | [29] |
Wyszków massacre | 9 September 1939 | Wyszków | ![]() |
65+ Jews | [29] |
Orło massacre | 9 September 1939 | Orło | ![]() |
10 Poles | [27] |
Pniewo massacre | 9 September 1939 | Pniewo | ![]() |
Over 10 Poles | [26] |
Mielno massacre | 9 September 1939 | Mielno | ![]() |
7 Poles | [23] |
Łęczyca massacre | 9–10 September 1939 | Łęczyca | ![]() |
29 Poles | [26] |
Mszadla massacre | 10 September 1939 | Mszadla | ![]() |
153 Poles | [30] |
Gniazdowo massacre | 10 September 1939 | Gniazdowo | ![]() |
around 20 Poles | [27] |
Zdziechowa massacre | 10 September 1939 | Zdziechowa | ![]() |
24 Poles | [31] |
Rawa Mazowiecka massacre | 10 September 1939 | Rawa Mazowiecka | ![]() |
40 | [26] |
Bądków massacre | 10 September 1939 | Bądków | ![]() |
22 Poles | including a 14-year-old boy[13] |
Piaseczno massacre of 1939 | 10 September 1939 | Piaseczno | ![]() |
21 Polish POWs | [22] |
Stare Rogowo massacre | 10 September 1939 | Stare Rogowo | ![]() |
21 Poles | [32] |
Laski Szlacheckie massacre | 10 September 1939 | Laski Szlacheckie | ![]() |
20 Poles | including four families[26] |
Karczew massacre | 11 September 1939 | Karczew | ![]() |
75 Poles | [33] |
Skierniewice massacre | 11 September 1939 | Skierniewice | ![]() |
60 | [33] |
Kowalewice massacre | 11 September 1939 | Kowalewice | ![]() |
23 Poles | [34] |
Obora massacre | 11 September 1939 | Obora | ![]() |
22 Poles | [27] |
Niewolno massacre | 11 September 1939 | Niewolno | ![]() |
18 Poles | [35] |
Jankowo Dolne massacre | 11 September 1939 | Jankowo Dolne | ![]() |
12 Poles | including women and children[23] |
Szczucin massacre | 12 September 1939 | Szczucin | ![]() |
around 40 Polish POWs and around 30 Polish civilians | [36] |
Parma massacre | 12 September 1939 | Parma | ![]() |
32 Poles | [26] |
Koźmice Wielkie massacre | 12 September 1939 | Koźmice Wielkie | ![]() |
32 Jews | [29] |
Sadówka massacre | 12 September 1939 | Sadówka | ![]() |
around 12 Poles | [37] |
Łowicz massacre | 13 September 1939 | Łowicz | ![]() |
21 | [26] |
Mień massacre | 13 September 1939 | Mień | ![]() |
9 Poles | [38] |
Zambrów massacre | night of 13–14 September 1939 | Zambrów | ![]() |
more than 200 Polish POW | |
Olszewo massacre | 14 September 1939 | Olszewo | ![]() |
30 Polish POWs and 23 civilians | [38] |
Moskwin massacre | 14 September 1939 | Moskwin | ![]() |
9 Poles | [39] |
Sulejówek massacre | 15 September 1939 | Sulejówek and Długa Szlachecka | ![]() |
over 90 Poles | [26] |
Massacre in Dynów | 15-28 September 1939 | Dynów | ![]() |
Around 300 killed | |
Retki massacre | 16 September 1939 | Retki | ![]() |
22 Poles | [26] |
Henryków massacre | 17 September 1939 | Henryków | ![]() |
76 Poles | including women and children[33] |
Leszno massacre | 17 September 1939 | Leszno | ![]() |
around 50 Poles | [33] |
Bąków massacre | 17 September 1939 | Bąków | ![]() |
18 Poles | including two families[26] |
Śladów massacre | 18 September 1939 | Śladów | ![]() |
around 300 Poles, including POWs and refugees | including women and children[33] |
Mogilno massacre | 18 September 1939 | Mogilno | ![]() |
40 Polish (1 Jewish descent) | |
Błonie massacre | 18 September 1939 | Błonie | ![]() |
50 Jews and Poles | |
Gąbin massacre | 19–21 September 1939 | Gąbin | ![]() |
20 Poles | [33] |
Zakroczym massacre | 28 September 1939 | Zakroczym | ![]() |
about 600 Polish POWs | |
Majdan Wielki massacre | 20 September 1939 | Majdan Wielki | ![]() |
42 Polish POWs | [36] |
Boryszew massacre | 22 September 1939 | Boryszew | ![]() |
50 Polish POWs | [40] |
Psia Górka massacre | 22 September 1939 | Psia Górka | ![]() |
over 100 Polish POWs and 300 Polish civilians | [41] |
Husynne massacre | 23 September 1939 | Husynne | ![]() |
25 Polish POWs | [41] |
Mokrany massacre | 28 September 1939 | Mokrany | ![]() |
18 Polish POWs | [41] |
Luszkówko massacre | September 1939–January 1940 | Luszkówko | ![]() |
around 1,000 Poles | The victims were mentally ill people from a psychiatric hospital in Świecie.[42] |
Szczuczki massacre | 1 October 1939 | Szczuczki | ![]() |
64 Poles | including ten boys under the age of 18[33] |
Valley of Death (Bydgoszcz) | October–November 1939 | Bydgoszcz | ![]() |
1,200–1,400 | |
Dalki massacre | 7 November 1939 | Dalki | ![]() |
24 Poles | including 10 defenders of Kłecko[43] |
Ostrów Mazowiecka massacre | 11 November 1939 | Ostrów Mazowiecka | ![]() |
up to 600 Jews | |
Wawer massacre | 26–27 December 1939 | Wawer | ![]() |
107 | 7 shot but survived |
Palmiry massacre | December 1939–June 1941 | Palmiry | ![]() |
1,700 Poles and Jews | |
Sieklówka massacre | December 1939–January 1940 | Sieklówka | ![]() |
93 Poles | [44] |
Piotrowice massacre | 18 January 1940 | Piotrowice | ![]() |
39 Poles | [45] |
Dąbrówka Mała massacre | 3–4 April 1940 | Dąbrówka Mała | ![]() |
40 Poles | [45] |
Celiny massacre | 4 April 1940 | Celiny | ![]() |
29 Poles | [45] |
Skłoby massacre | 11 April 1940 | Skłoby | ![]() |
265 Poles | including women and children[46] |
Katyn massacre | April–May 1940 | Katyn Forest | ![]() |
22,000 Polish killed, most of them officers | 21,857 confirmed by Soviet documents, about 440 of the prospective victims escaped the shootings. After intense research, today most of the victims are known name by name. |
Bloody Wednesday of Olkusz | 31 July 1940 | Olkusz | ![]() |
20 Polish civilians | |
NKVD prisoner massacres in Poland | June–November 1941 | Eastern Poland | ![]() |
20,000–30,000 | |
Nowosiółki massacre | 1941 | Nowosiółki | ![]() |
Several hundred | The victims were patients of a local psychiatric hospital.[47] |
Szczuczyn pogrom | 25–28 June 1941 | Szczuczyn | Polish nationalists | 300 Jews | Pogrom halted after intervention by German army in favor of the Jews. Additional 100 Jews killed in July by Poles. The Jews were subsequently murdered by the Germans. |
1941 Białystok massacres | 27 June, 3–4 July, 12–13 July 1941 | Białystok | ![]() |
6,500–7,000 Jews | |
Lviv pogroms | June–July 1941 | Lviv | local crowds, Ukrainian nationalists, Germans | 6,000 Jews | |
Ponary massacre | July 1941–August 1944 | Ponary | ![]() Ypatingasis būrys |
100,000 Jews, Poles and Russians | |
Radziłów pogrom | 7–9 July 1941 | Radziłów | Poles | 600–2,000 Jews | |
Jedwabne pogrom | 10 July 1941 | Jedwabne | Poles (German military police was present, but did not intervene) | 340–1,600 Jews | |
Massacre of Lwów professors | July 1941 | Lviv | ![]() |
45 Polish professors | |
Mass murders in Tykocin | August 1941 | Tykocin | ![]() |
some 700 Jews | Some 150 Jews managed to escape the massacre, however most were handed over to the Germans. |
Czarny Las massacre | 14–15 August 1941 | Czarny Las near Stanisławów | ![]() |
250–300 Poles | |
Zdzięcioł massacres | 30 April and 10 August 1942 | Zdzięcioł | ![]() |
3,000–5,000 Jews | |
Święciany massacre | 19–20 May 1942 | Švenčionys, modern-day Lithuania (then eastern Poland) | Lithuanian Security Police | 400–1,200 Poles | |
Rajsk massacre | 16 July 1942 | Rajsk | ![]() |
142 | [48] |
Sarny massacre | 27–28 August 1942 | Sarny | ![]() |
14,000–18,000 Jews and around 100 Romanis | |
Nowy Bidaczów massacre | 6 October 1942 | Nowy Bidaczów | ![]() |
22 Poles | retribution for rescuing Jews from the Holocaust[49] |
Stary Ciepielów and Rekówka massacre | 6 December 1942 | Stary Ciepielów and Rekówka | ![]() |
31 Poles (including children) and 2 Jews | including women and children; retribution for rescuing Jews from the Holocaust |
Świesielice massacre | 7–8 December 1942 | Świesielice | ![]() |
15 Poles | |
Kitów massacre | 11 December 1942 | Kitów | ![]() |
164+ Poles | including women and children |
Samoklęski massacre | January 1943 | Samoklęski | ![]() |
27 Jews and one Pole | retribution for rescuing Jews from the Holocaust[50] |
Stary Lubotyń massacre | 23 January 1943 | Stary Lubotyń | ![]() |
8 Poles | [51] |
Dzierążnia massacre | 28–29 January 1943 | Dzierążnia | ![]() |
over 60 Poles | |
Budy and Huta Dzierążyńska massacre | 29 January 1943 | Budy Dzierążyńskie and Huta Dzierążyńska | ![]() |
50–80 Poles | |
Sumin massacre | 29 January 1943 | Sumin | ![]() |
50 | |
Róża massacre | 2 February 1943 | Róża | ![]() |
dozens | |
Imbramowice massacre | 2 February 1943 | Imbramowice | ![]() |
50–60 Romanis | |
Paulinów massacre | 24 February 1943 | Paulinów | ![]() |
11 Poles and 3 Jews | retribution for rescuing Jews from the Holocaust |
Siedliska massacre | 15 March 1943 | Siedliska | ![]() |
5 Poles and 4 Jews | retribution for rescuing Jews from the Holocaust |
Różaniec massacre | 18 March 1943 | Różaniec | ![]() |
around 70 Poles | |
Naliboki massacre | 8 May 1943 | Naliboki, modern-day Belarus (then eastern Poland) | ![]() |
129 (including one child) | |
Skałka Polska massacre | 11 May 1943 | Skałka Polska | ![]() |
93 Poles | |
Warsaw Ghetto massacre | 19 April–16 May 1943 | Warsaw ghetto, Warsaw | ![]() |
13,000 Jews | 6,000 Jews burnt to death by German forces. |
Szarajówka massacre | 18 May 1943 | Szarajówka | ![]() |
58–67 Poles | |
Kielce cemetery massacre | 23 May 1943 | Jewish Cemetery, Kielce | ![]() |
45 Jewish children | |
Ispina massacre | 2 June 1943 | Ispina | ![]() |
13 Poles | |
Strużki massacre | 3 June 1943 | Strużki | ![]() |
74+ Poles | |
Fidury and Koziki massacre | 13 June 1943 | Fidury and Koziki | ![]() |
21 Poles | including children[52] |
Posądza massacre | 22 June 1943 | Posądza | ![]() |
7 Poles | including three children; retribution for rescuing Jews from the Holocaust[53] |
Majdan Nowy massacre | 24 June 1943 | Majdan Nowy | ![]() |
28–36 Poles | |
Cegłów massacre | 28 June 1943 | Cegłów | ![]() |
26 Poles and an unknown number of Jews | including women and children; retribution for rescuing Jews from the Holocaust[53] |
Majdan Stary massacre | 3 July 1943 | Majdan Stary | ![]() |
75 Poles | |
Liszki massacre | 4 July 1943 | Liszki | ![]() |
30 Poles | 27 men and 3 women |
Michniów massacre | 12–13 July 1943 | Michniów | ![]() |
about 204 Poles | including 48 children |
Sikory-Tomkowięta massacre | 13 July 1943 | Sikory-Tomkowięta | ![]() |
49 Poles | [48] |
Łysa Góra massacre | 13 July 1943 | Łysa Góra near Zawady | ![]() |
58 Poles | [48] |
Krasowo-Częstki massacre | 17 July 1943 | Krasowo-Częstki | ![]() |
257 Poles | including 83 children under the age of 17[48] |
Wnory-Wandy massacre | 21 July 1943 | Wnory-Wandy | ![]() |
32 Poles | [54] |
Radwanowice massacre | 21 July 1943 | Radwanowice | ![]() |
30 Poles | |
Gamratka massacre | 27 July 1943 | Gamratka | ![]() |
3 Jews and 2 Poles | retribution for rescuing Jews from the Holocaust[55] |
Jasionowo massacre | 2 August 1943 | Jasionowo | ![]() |
58 Poles | including 19 children[54] |
Szczurowa massacre | 3 August 1943 | Szczurowa | ![]() |
93 Romanis | |
Operation Harvest Festival | 3 August 1943 | Lublin District | ![]() |
43,000 Jews of Majdanek, Poniatowa and Trawniki | |
Drewnowo-Gołyń massacre | 11 September 1943 | Drewnowo-Gołyń | ![]() |
9 Poles | [56] |
Tyczyn massacre | 15 October 1943 | Tyczyn | ![]() |
5 Poles | including one woman; retribution for rescuing Jews from the Holocaust[57] |
Kietlin massacre | October 1943 | Kietlin | ![]() |
8 Jews and 3 Poles | including women and children; retribution for rescuing Jews from the Holocaust[58] |
Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia (Volhynian slaughter) |
1943–1944 | Volhynia | ![]() |
about 91,000 (±15,000) mostly Polish people | by far most of the victimes were Poles, but also Ukrainians and people of ethnic minorities were killed |
Koniuchy massacre | 29 January 1944 | Kaniūkai, modern-day Lithuania (then Eastern Poland) | ![]() |
30–40 Poles | |
Zwierzyniec massacre | 2 February 1944 | Zwierzyniec | ![]() |
20 Poles | including a 15-year-old boy |
Huta Pieniacka massacre | 28 February 1944 | Huta Pieniacka | Ukrainian nationalists | 500[59]–1,200[60] | |
Wanaty massacre | 28 February 1944 | Wanaty | ![]() |
108 Poles | including 35 women and 47 children |
Jamy massacre | 8 March 1944 | Jamy | ![]() |
152 Poles | |
Jabłoń-Dobki massacre | 8 March 1944 | Jabłoń-Dobki | ![]() |
91 Poles | including 31 women and 31 children[54] |
Markowa massacre | 24 March 1944 | Markowa | ![]() |
8 Poles and 8 Jews | retribution for rescuing Jews from the Holocaust |
Smoligów massacre | 27 March 1944 | Smoligów | ![]() |
66–232 Poles | |
Poturzyn massacre | 1 April 1944 | Poturzyn | ![]() ![]() |
162 Poles | |
Chodaczków Wielki massacre | 16 April 1944 | Chodaczków Wielki | ![]() |
862 Poles | including children |
Sochy massacre | 1 June 1944 | Sochy | ![]() |
181–200 Polish civilians | |
Olszanka massacre | 5 June 1944 | Olszanka | ![]() |
around 100 | including children |
Lublin Castle massacre | 22 July 1944 | Lublin | ![]() |
over 300 Poles and Jews | |
Chłaniów and Władysławin massacre | 23 July 1944 | Chłaniów-Kolonia and Władysławin | Ukrainian Legion of Self-Defense | 44–45 Poles | |
Nur massacre | 4 August 1944 | Nur | ![]() |
around 120 Poles | [61] |
Ochota massacre | 4–25 August 1944 | Ochota, Warsaw | ![]() |
10,000 Polish civilians | Including gang rape, looting and arson. |
Wola massacre | 5–12 August 1944 | Wola, Warsaw | ![]() |
40,000–50,000 Poles | about 30,000 killed during the first three days |
Małaszek massacre | 31 August 1944 | Małaszek | ![]() |
over 30 Poles | including women and children[62] |
Plewki massacre | 31 August 1944 | Plewki | ![]() |
11 Poles | [62] |
Lipniak-Majorat massacre | 2 September 1944 | Lipniak-Majorat | ![]() |
around 450 Poles | including women and children[62][63] |
Bloody Christmas Eve in Ochotnica Dolna | 23 December 1944 | Ochotnica Dolna | ![]() |
56 Poles | including 19 children and 21 women |
Nieławice massacre | 31 December 1944–1 January 1945 | Nieławice | ![]() |
56 Poles | including 32 children under the age of 14[64] |
Przyrów massacre | 8 January 1945 | Przyrów | ![]() |
43 Poles | |
Zawady Małe massacre | 21–22 January 1945 | Zawady Małe | ![]() |
110 Poles and 7 Russians | |
Marchwacz massacre | 21–22 January 1945 | Marchwacz | ![]() |
63 Polish civilians, 12 Soviet POWs | [65] |
Dąbrówka Nowa Massacre | 22 January 1945 | Dąbrówka Nowa | ![]() |
over 100 Latvians | |
Kortowo massacre | 22 January 1945 | Kortowo | ![]() |
around 600 | [66] |
Biadki massacre | 23 January 1945 | Biadki | ![]() |
18 Hungarian POWs | [67] |
Łomnica massacre | 24 January 1945 | Łomnica | ![]() |
17 | Massacre committed during a death march.[68] |
Przyszowice massacre | 26–28 January 1945 | Przyszowice | ![]() |
54–69 | |
Kuźnica Żelichowska massacre | 28 January 1945 | Kuźnica Żelichowska | ![]() |
6 Italian POW generals | [69] |
Podgaje massacre | 31 January 1945 | Podgaje | ![]() |
160–210 Polish POWs | |
Leśno massacre | 9 February 1945 | Leśno | ![]() |
64 Jewish women | [70] |
Pawłokoma massacre | 3 March 1945 | Pawłokoma | Poles | 150–366 Ukrainians | |
Wierzchowiny massacre | 6 June 1945 | Wierzchowiny | National Armed Forces | 50-196 | |
Augustów roundup | 10-25 July 1945 | Suwałki and Augustów regions | ![]() |
about 600 anti-communist | Out of 2,000 arrested by the Soviet forces, about 600 have disappeared. |
Zawadka Morochowska massacres | 25 January, 28 March, and 13 April 1946 | Zawadka Morochowska | Polish People's Army | 73 Ukrainians and Lemkos | |
1946 pacification of villages by PAS NZW | February 1946 | Bielsk and Hajnówka County | Rajs' unit | 79 Belarusians | |
Kielce pogrom | 4 July 1946 | Kielce | Poles | 38–42 Jews | |
Pacification of Wujek | 16 December 1981 | Wujek Coal Mine | ZOMO | 9 striking miners |
References
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- ^ a b Wardzyńska 2009, p. 135.
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- ^ a b c d e f g Wardzyńska 2009, p. 97.
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{{cite book}}
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- ^ Monkiewicz 1988, p. 32.
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- ^ "Dzisiaj mija 74. rocznica rzezi w Kortowie. Sowieckie oddziały zamordowały około 600 osób". Radio Olsztyn (in Polish). Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ Gałkiewicz, Anna (2001). "Informacja o śledztwach prowadzonych w OKŚZpNP w Łodzi w sprawach o zbrodnie popełnione przez funkcjonariuszy sowieckiego aparatu terroru". Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej (in Polish). No. 7. IPN. p. 20. ISSN 1641-9561.
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Well, that’s interesting to know that Psilotum nudum are known as whisk ferns. Psilotum nudum is the commoner species of the two. While the P. flaccidum is a rare species and is found in the tropical islands. Both the species are usually epiphytic in habit and grow upon tree ferns. These species may also be terrestrial and grow in humus or in the crevices of the rocks.
View the detailed Guide of Psilotum nudum: Detailed Study Of Psilotum Nudum (Whisk Fern), Classification, Anatomy, Reproduction