This is a list of high voltage (above 150 kV) AC electrical transmission lines. This list is incomplete.
For high-voltage direct current, both underground and submarine, see List of HVDC projects.
Austria[edit]
Facility | Length (km) | Year of inauguration | Voltage | Coordinates of endpoints |
---|---|---|---|---|
Vienna/Substation-South - Vienna/Kendlergasse | ? | 1984 | 380 kV | 48°09′54″N 16°19′52″E / 48.1651°N 16.3312°E ; 48°12′19″N 16°18′40″E / 48.2052°N 16.3111°E |
Vienna/Kendlergasse - Simmering | ? | ? | 380 kV | 48°12′19″N 16°18′40″E / 48.2052°N 16.3111°E ; 48°10′53″N 16°26′02″E / 48.1813°N 16.4338°E |
Vienna/Substation-North - Vienna/Dr.-Nekowitschstrasse | 5,5 | 2006 | 380 kV | 48°15′27″N 16°23′24″E / 48.2576°N 16.3900°E ; 48°17′48″N 16°23′45″E / 48.2968°N 16.3958°E |
Vienna/Substation-South - Vienna-South Cable Terminal | ? | ? | 380 kV | 48°09′54″N 16°19′52″E / 48.1651°N 16.3312°E ; 48°08′10″N 16°20′26″E / 48.1362°N 16.3406°E |
Belgium[edit]
Belgium/Germany[edit]
Facility | Length (km) | Year of inauguration | Voltage | Coordinates of endpoints |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aachen Liege Electricity Grid Overlay (ALEGrO) | 90 | 2020 | 380 kV DC | 50°45′11″N 5°40′03″E / 50.7530°N 5.6676°E;50°52′18″N 6°27′10″E / 50.8718°N 6.4529°E |
Czech Republic[edit]
Facility | Length (km) | Year of inauguration | Voltage | Coordinates of endpoints |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hradec substation, powerline to Etzenricht | ? | 1993 | 380 kV | 50°20′48″N 13°19′26″E / 50.3466°N 13.3239°E ; 50°20′42″N 13°19′54″E / 50.3451°N 13.3317°E |
Denmark[edit]
Denmark/Germany[edit]
Facility | Length (km) | Year of inauguration | Voltage | Coordinates of endpoints |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kontek | 171 | 1995 | 400 kV DC | 55°27′05″N 12°00′22″E / 55.4515°N 12.0061°E;54°06′03″N 12°12′58″E / 54.1008°N 12.2161°E |
Kriegers Flak B Offshore Substation - Baltic 2 Offshore Substation | 24 | 2021 | 150-170 kV | 55°02′55″N 12°56′43″E / 55.0485°N 12.9453°E;54°58′20″N 13°09′42″E / 54.9721°N 13.1617°E |
Denmark/Netherlands[edit]
Facility | Length (km) | Year of inauguration | Voltage | Coordinates of endpoints |
---|---|---|---|---|
COBRAcable | 325 | 2019 | 320 kV DC | 55°31′51″N 8°42′21″E / 55.5308°N 8.7058°E;53°26′08″N 6°52′01″E / 53.4356°N 6.8670°E |
Denmark/Norway[edit]
Facility | Length (km) | Year of inauguration | Voltage | Coordinates of endpoints |
---|---|---|---|---|
Skagerrak 1 and 2 | 127 | 1977 | 250 kV DC | 57°07′34″N 9°03′59″E / 57.1262°N 9.0663°E;58°07′45″N 8°10′03″E / 58.1291°N 8.1676°E |
Skagerrak 3 | 127 | 1993 | 350 kV DC | 57°07′34″N 9°03′59″E / 57.1262°N 9.0663°E;58°07′45″N 8°10′03″E / 58.1291°N 8.1676°E |
Skagerrak 4 | 237 | 2014 | 500 kV DC | 56°28′44″N 9°34′00″E / 56.4788°N 9.5666°E;58°15′35″N 7°53′59″E / 58.2597°N 7.8997°E |
Denmark/Sweden[edit]
Facility | Length (km) | Year of inauguration | Voltage | Coordinates of endpoints |
---|---|---|---|---|
Øresund Crossing Helsingør/Helsingborg | 8 | ? | 380 kV | 56°04′58″N 12°30′01″E / 56.0829°N 12.5002°E;56°07′57″N 12°35′44″E / 56.1324°N 12.5955°E |
Konti-Skan 1 (Lyngså-Læsø) | 22 | 1965 | 285 kV DC | 57°14′02″N 10°32′29″E / 57.2338°N 10.5414°E;57°15′09″N 10°54′13″E / 57.2524°N 10.9036°E |
Konti-Skan 1 (Læsø-Ambjörnhagen) | 59 | 1965 | 285 kV DC | 57°18′32″N 11°07′35″E / 57.3090°N 11.1265°E;57°34′11″N 11°58′28″E / 57.5698°N 11.9744°E |
Konti-Skan 2 (Lyngså-Læsø) | 22 | 1988 | 300 kV DC | 57°14′02″N 10°32′29″E / 57.2338°N 10.5414°E;57°15′09″N 10°54′13″E / 57.2524°N 10.9036°E |
Konti-Skan 2 (Læsø-Ambjörnhagen) | 59 | 1988 | 300 kV DC | 57°18′32″N 11°07′35″E / 57.3090°N 11.1265°E;57°34′11″N 11°58′28″E / 57.5698°N 11.9744°E |
Egypt/Jordan[edit]
Facility | Length (km) | Year of inauguration | Voltage | Coordinates of endpoints |
---|---|---|---|---|
Red Sea Cable | 13.6 | 1998 | 400 kV | 29°29′11″N 34°52′31″E / 29.4863°N 34.8754°E ; 29°25′57″N 34°58′38″E / 29.4324°N 34.9771°E |
Germany[edit]
Germany/Norway[edit]
Facility | Length (km) | Year of inauguration | Voltage | Coordinates of endpoints |
---|---|---|---|---|
NordLink | 570 | 2021 | 500 kV DC | 53°55′09″N 9°20′39″E / 53.9192°N 9.3443°E;58°15′59″N 6°40′47″E / 58.2664°N 6.6798°E |
Germany/Sweden[edit]
Facility | Length (km) | Year of inauguration | Voltage | Coordinates of endpoints |
---|---|---|---|---|
Baltic Cable | 250 | 1994 | 450 kV DC | 53°53′46″N 10°48′09″E / 53.8961°N 10.8024°E;55°25′27″N 13°03′44″E / 55.4241°N 13.0621°E |
Morocco/ Spain[edit]
Facility | Length (km) | Year of inauguration | Voltage | Coordinates of endpoints |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gibraltar Strait Power Cable | ? | 1998 | 380 kV | 35°49′51″N 5°36′49″W / 35.8309°N 5.6137°W ; 36°01′56″N 5°36′22″W / 36.0323°N 5.6061°W |
Italy[edit]
Facility | Length (km) | Year of inauguration | Voltage | Coordinates of endpoints |
---|---|---|---|---|
Messina Strait Cable | ? | 1985 | 380 kV | 38°12′12″N 15°38′16″E / 38.2032°N 15.6379°E ; 38°13′43″N 15°33′40″E / 38.2286°N 15.5611°E |
Milan Section of Turbigo-Rho line | 8.5 | 2006 | 380 kV | 45°31′46″N 8°58′17″E / 45.5294°N 8.9714°E ; 45°32′38″N 9°03′24″E / 45.5439°N 9.0568°E |
Italy / Malta[edit]
Facility | Length (km) | Year of inauguration | Voltage | Coordinates of endpoints |
---|---|---|---|---|
Malta–Sicily interconnector | 120 | 2015 | 220 kV | 36°52′51″N 14°40′51″E / 36.8809°N 14.6809°E ; 35°56′19″N 14°26′17″E / 35.9386°N 14.4380°E |
Luxembourg[edit]
Facility | Length (km) | Year of inauguration | Voltage | Coordinates of endpoints |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bettembourg West Bypass ( Part of 220 kV-line Schifflange-Berchem) | ? | ? | 220 kV | 49°30′58″N 6°05′24″E / 49.5160°N 6.0899°E ; 49°31′59″N 6°06′06″E / 49.5331°N 6.1017°E |
Netherlands[edit]
Netherlands/Norway[edit]
Facility | Length (km) | Year of inauguration | Voltage | Coordinates of endpoints |
---|---|---|---|---|
NorNed | 580 | 2008 | 450 kV DC | 53°26′05″N 6°51′58″E / 53.4346°N 6.8662°E;58°16′57″N 6°52′02″E / 58.2826°N 6.8673°E |
New Zealand[edit]
Facility | Length (km) | Year of inauguration | Voltage | Coordinates of endpoints |
---|---|---|---|---|
Brownhill–Pakuranga link | 11 | 2012 | 220 kV | 36°58′25″S 174°57′35″E / 36.9736°S 174.9597°E 36°55′34″S 174°54′23″E / 36.9261°S 174.9063°E |
Auckland cross-harbour power cable (Pakuranga–Albany) |
37 | 2014 | 220 kV | 36°55′34″S 174°54′23″E / 36.9261°S 174.9063°E ; 36°44′22″S 174°41′27″E / 36.7395°S 174.6907°E |
Norway[edit]
Facility | Length (km) | Year of inauguration | Voltage | Coordinates of endpoints |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oslofjorden Cable Crossing | 420 kV | 59°20′36″N 10°28′44″E / 59.3432°N 10.4790°E ; 59°21′55″N 10°39′42″E / 59.3654°N 10.6616°E |
Spain[edit]
Facility | Length (km) | Year of inauguration | Voltage | Coordinates of endpoints |
---|---|---|---|---|
Madrid Barajas Runway Tunnel | 13 | 2003 | 380 kV | 40°32′59″N 3°34′00″W / 40.5498°N 3.5667°W ; 40°27′03″N 3°31′17″W / 40.4509°N 3.5213°W |
Switzerland/ Italy[edit]
Facility | Length (km) | Year of inauguration | Voltage | Coordinates of endpoints |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mendrisio – Cagno Interconnection | 8 | 2008 | 400 | 45°48′50″N 8°54′11″E / 45.8140°N 8.9031°E ; 45°51′53″N 8°58′18″E / 45.8647°N 8.9717°E |
Turkey[edit]
Facility | Length (km) | Year of inauguration | Voltage | Coordinates of endpoints |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sutlüce - Lapseki (Dardanelles crossing I) | 4.6 | 2015 | 400 | 40°21′06″N 26°37′05″E / 40.35161°N 26.617991°E ; 40°19′32″N 26°39′05″E / 40.32560°N 26.65152°E |
Sutlüce - Lapseki (Dardanelles crossing II) | 4.6 | 2017 | 400 | 40°20′05″N 26°36′00″E / 40.33481°N 26.599901°E ; 40°19′04″N 26°38′33″E / 40.31766°N 26.64238°E |
United Kingdom[edit]
Facility | Length (km) | Year of inauguration | Voltage | Coordinates of endpoints |
---|---|---|---|---|
Beatrice Wind Farm, Moray Firth – Blackhillock substation, Moray[9] | 70 | 2007, 2018 | 220 kV | 58°7′48″N 3°4′12″W ; 57.4984°N 2.9883°W |
Bicester, East Claydon – Bicester substations, Oxfordshire[10] | 132 kV | 51.92663°N 0.90307°W | ||
Bradford, Bradford West – Kirkstall substations (line partly underground) Yorkshire[11] | 275 kV | 53.82822°N 1.77895°W | ||
Brechfa Forest West onshore wind farm, Carmarthenshire[12] | 2018 | 132 kV | 51°59′00″N 04°09′50″W | |
Burbo Bank offshore wind farm, Liverpool Bay – onshore substation, Denbighshire[13] | 2008, 2017 | 220 kV | 53.48°N 3.26°W ;
53.26038°N 3.50465°W | |
Caithness-Moray Transmission link, Spittal, Caithness, Scotland – Blackhillock, Moray, Scotland[14] | 113[15] | 2019[16] | 320 kV | 58.4485°N 3.4376°W ; 57.4984°N 2.9883°W |
Dinorwig power station – Pentir, Gwynedd[17][18] | 1984 | 400 kV | 53° 7′ 7″ N, 4° 6′ 50″ W ;
53.1723°N 4.1694°W | |
Dorset Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty[19] | 9 | 2022 | 400kV | 50°39′36″N 2°30′40″W / 50.660°N 2.511°W ; 50°42′18″N 2°32′10″W / 50.705°N 2.536°W |
Dudgeon offshore wind farm – Necton substation, Norfolk[20] | 2017 | 132kV | 53.249°N 1.39°E ; 52.65838°N 0.80156°E | |
East Anglia one offshore wind farm – Bramford substation, Suffolk[21] | >43 | 2020 | 220 kV | 52°54′28″N 2°37′43″E ; 52.07049°N 1.06118°E |
Edinburgh, Gardners Crescent – Dewar Place Substation, Edinburgh[22] | 0.2 | 2010 | 275 kV | 55.92991°N 3.18669°W |
Fawley Tunnel (Fawley – Chilling), Hampshire[23] | 3.2 | 1966 | 400 kV | 50.826°N 1.314°W |
Fawley – Langley, Hampshire[24] | 132 kV | 50.81551°N 1.34029°W | ||
Greater Gabbard and Galloper Array offshore wind farms – Sizewell, Suffolk[25] | >23 | 2012 and 2018 | 132 kV | 51.8052°N 1.7855°E ;
52.215°N 1.61972°E |
Gunfleet sands offshore wind farm, Clacton, Essex[26] | 2010 | 132kV | 51°44′22″N 1°10′28″E ;
51.7945°N 1.2543°E | |
Gwynt y Môr offshore wind farm – Bodelwyddan substation, Denbighshire[27] | >18 | 2015 | 132 kV | 53°27′N 3°35′W ;
53.26038°N 3.50465°W |
Hornsea offshore wind farm – Killingholme, North East Lincolnshire[28] | 2019 | 220 kV | 53.885°N 1.791°E ;
53.64225°N 0.26928°E | |
Hull, Creyke Bank – Hull South substations, Hull | 132 kV | 53.79994°N 0.41269°W | ||
Hull, Sculcoates B – Cornwall Street substation, Hull | 132 kV | 53.76075°N 0.33407°W | ||
Hull, Salt End substation – Hull East substation, Hull[29] | 132 kV | 53.74236°N 0.23795°W | ||
HVDC Kingsnorth (Kingsnorth, Kent – Beddington – Willesden, London) | 59 km + 26 km | 1974 (decommissioned 1986) | ± 266 kV | 51.418947°N 0.602702°E ;
51.4011°N 0.1388°W |
Isle of Wight submarine cables (Langley, Hampshire – Cowes & East Wooton, Isle of Wight) | 132 kV | 50.80967°N 1.35447°W ;
50.711304°N 1.254048°W | ||
Kentish Flats offshore wind farm, Kent[30] | 2005 | 33 kV | 51°27′36″N 1°5′24″E ; 51.3548°N 1.08534°E | |
Laleham, Surrey – Ealing – Willesden, West London[31] | 275 kV | 51.4236°N 0.47021°W ; 51.5008°N 0.29402°W ; 51.53354°N 0.2553°W | ||
Liverpool, Kirkby –Lister Drive City, Merseyside | 10 | 2007 | 400 kV | 53.46966°N 2.84288°W |
London Array offshore wind farm – Cleve Hill, Kent[32] | 2013 | 150 kV | 51°38′N 1°29′E ;
51.3315°N 0.9303°E | |
London, St John's Wood – City Road | 400 kV | 51.52666°N 0.16488°W ; 51.52832°N 0.09124°W | ||
London, City Road – West Ham | 400 kV | 51.52832°N 0.09124°W ; 51.518684°N 0.002197°E | ||
London, Beddington Cable Tunnel,(Beddington – Rowdown) | 400 kV | 51.36594°N 0.12324°W ; 51.34789°N 0.00954°W | ||
London, Hertfordshire, Elstree to St. John's Wood Deep Cable Tunnel | 20 | 2005 | 400 kV | 51.52666°N 0.16488°W ; 51.65512°N 0.32714°W |
London, West Ham – Hackney (Lower Lea Valley Cable Tunnel) | 6.3 | 2008 | 400 kV | 51.518684°N 0.002197°E ; 51.56108°N 0.05404°W |
London, London Power Tunnels, (Hackney – St. John's Wood)[33] | 12.5 | 2018 | 400 kV | 51.56108°N 0.05404°W ; 51.53599°N 0.23703°W |
London, London Power Tunnels (St. John's Wood – Kensal Green – Willesden) | 7.4 | 2018 | 400 kV | 51.52666°N 0.16488°W ; 51.53599°N 0.23703°W |
London, London Power Tunnels (Kensal Green – Wimbledon) | 12.1 | 2018 | 400 kV | 51.52636°N 0.22584°W ; 51.42784°N 0.18237°W |
London, Wimbledon – New Cross[34] | 12 | 2025 (under construction) | 400 kV | 51.42784°N 0.18237°W ; 51.48082°N 0.06239°W |
London, New Cross – Hurst[34] | 18 | 2026 (under construction) | 400 kV | 51.48082°N 0.06239°W ; 51.43236°N 0.1541°E |
London, Hurst – Crayford[34] | 2.5 | 2024 (under construction) | 400 kV | 51.43236°N 0.1541°E ; 51.44775°N 0.17925°E |
London, St. John's Wood – Tottenham substations[35] | 275 kV | 51.527499°N 0.169376°W ; 51.603178°N 0.048243°W | ||
London, Tottenham – Redbridge substations | 275 kV | 51.603178°N 0.048243°W ; 51.588552°N 0.044926°E | ||
Lynn and Inner Dowsing offshore wind farms, Lincolnshire – Walpole substation, Norfolk | 2009 | 132 kV | 53°07′39″N 00°26′10″E ; 52.73139°N 0.2281°E | |
Moyle Interconnector (Auchencrosh, Dumfries and Galloway – Ballycronan More, County Antrim, Northern Ireland)[36] | 63.5 | 2001 | 275 kV DC | 55.07313°N 4.98188°W ; 54.83746°N 5.7806°W |
Orrmonde offshore wind farm – Heysham, Lancashire[37] | 2012 | 132 kV | 54°6′N 3°24′W ; 54.0331°N 2.87913°W | |
Race Bank offshore wind farm – Walpole substation, Norfolk[38] | 2018 | 250 kV | 53.276°N 0.841°E ; 52.73139°N 0.2281°E | |
Rampion offshore wind farm – Bolney, Sussex[39] | 2018 | 150 kV | 50°40′0″N 0°16′0″W ; 50.97535°N 0.22574°W | |
Redcar, Lackenby –Thornton, part buried, Redcar and Cleveland | 400 kV | 54.5157°N 1.169°W | ||
River Medway Cable Tunnels (Grain – Chetney Marsh), Kent | 1.7 | 1977 | 400 kV | 51°25'14.6"N 0°41'59.6"E ; 51°26'09.0"N 0°42'18.9"E |
Severn-Wye Cable Tunnel (Aust – Newhouse) | 3.6 | 1973 | 400 kV | 51.608459°N 2.615454°W ; 51.610878°N 2.669090°W |
Sheffield, Neepsend – Pitsmoor and Sheffield City substations, South Yorkshire | 275 kV | 53.4026°N 1.48569°W | ||
Sheringhan Shoal offshore wind farm, Norfolk – substation, Norfolk[40] | 2012 | 132 kV | 53.135°N 1.147°E ; 52.76802°N 1.13913°E | |
Thanet offshore wind farm – Richborough, Kent | 2010 | 132 kV | 51.4306°N 1.6331°E ; 51.3101°N 1.35278°E | |
Walney and West of Duddon Sands offshore wind farms – Heysham Lancashire | 2011, 2014, 2018 | 220 kV | 54.044°N 3.522°W and 53.983°N 3.463°W ; 54.0331°N 2.87913°W | |
Western HVDC Link (Hunterston – Connah's Quay) | 422 | 2018 | 600 kV DC | 55°43′20″N 4°53′24″W ; 53.232162°N 3.0813°W |
Woodhead tunnel, South Yorkshire | 4.888 | 1969[41] | 400 kV | 53.495659°N 1.829765°W ; 53.517377°N 1.765451°W |
River Thames | For crossings under the Thames see Powerline river crossings in the United Kingdom |
UK – Europe[edit]
Facility | Length (km) | Year of inauguration | Voltage | Coordinates of endpoints |
---|---|---|---|---|
BritNed (Isle of Grain, Kent – Maasvlakte, Netherlands)[42] | 260 | 2011 | ±450 kV DC | 51°26′24″N 0°43′0″E ; 51.96127°N 4.01617°E |
East–West Interconnector (Shotton, Flintshire, Wales – Rush North Beach, County Dublin, Republic of Ireland)[43] | 263 | 2012 | ±200 kV DC | 53°13′38″N 3°4′22″W ;
53°28′16″N 6°34′3″W |
HVDC Cross-Channel (Sellinge, Kent – Poste électrique des Mandarins, France)[44] | 73 | 1986 | ±270 kV DC | 51.10452°N 0.98393°E ; 50.90776°N 1.72806°E |
IFA-2 Interconnexion France-Angleterre (Fareham, Hampshire – Tourbe, France)[45] | 204 | Under construction | ±320 kV DC | 50.8217°N 1.18448°W ; 49.1139°N 0.2324°W |
Isle of Man to England Interconnector (Bispham, Blackpool – Douglas Head, Isle of Man)[46] | 104 | 2000 | 90 kV AC | 53°50′57″N 03°01′46″W ;
54°08′52″N 4°28′51″W |
Nemo Link (Richborough, Kent – Nemo Link Converter Station, Belgium)[47] | 141.5 | 2019 | 400 kV DC | 51.309239°N 1.344376°E ; 51.25245°N 3.17864°E |
North Sea Link (Blyth, Northumberland – Kvilldal, Norway)[48] | 730 | 2021 (Under testing phase) | ±515 kV DC | 55.14364°N 1.54245°W ; 59.4965°N 6.6984°E |
Viking Link (Bicker Fen, Lincolnshire – Revsing, Denmark) | 740 | 2023 (Under construction) | ±525 kV DC | 55.523056°N 8.709722°E ; 52.930278°N 0.220556°W |
Canada[edit]
Facility | Length (km) | Year of inauguration | Voltage | Coordinates of endpoints |
---|---|---|---|---|
Trincomali Channel, AC-Cable | ? | ? | 280 kV | 48°52′46″N 123°24′10″W / 48.8794°N 123.4027°W ; 48°51′48″N 123°27′09″W / 48.8632°N 123.4525°W |
Galiano Island-Canadian Mainland, AC-Cable | ? | ? | 280 kV | 48°55′07″N 123°24′14″W / 48.9186°N 123.4040°W ; ? |
Malaspina Strait Cable | ? | ? | 500 kV | 49°40′27″N 124°12′13″W / 49.6741°N 124.2035°W ; 49°37′48″N 124°17′03″W / 49.6301°N 124.2842°W |
Texada Island-Vancouver Island Cable | ? | ? | 500 kV | 49°35′25″N 124°21′30″W / 49.5903°N 124.3582°W ; 49°25′18″N 124°38′35″W / 49.4217°N 124.6431°W |
References[edit]
- ^ "Our infrastructure". www.elia.be. Retrieved 2023-09-09.
- ^ "Open Infrastructure Map". openinframap.org. Retrieved 2023-09-09.
- ^ "HoogspanningsNet Netkaart". webkaart.hoogspanningsnet.com. Retrieved 2023-09-09.
- ^ "Open Infrastructure Map". openinframap.org. Retrieved 2023-09-09.
- ^ "Hoogspanningsnet Nederland - Asset gegevens TenneT TSO B.V." www.arcgis.com. Retrieved 2023-08-20.
- ^ "Open Infrastructure Map". openinframap.org. Retrieved 2023-08-20.
- ^ "HoogspanningsNet Netkaart". webkaart.hoogspanningsnet.com. Retrieved 2023-08-20.
- ^ "Net op zee". www.netopzee.eu. Retrieved 2023-09-09.
- ^ "Beatrice Offshore Windfarm". Beatrice Offshore Windfarm. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
- ^ "Open Infrastructure Map". Open Infrastructure Map. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
- ^ "Open Infrastructure Map". Open Infrastructure Map. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
- ^ "Brechfa Forest West Onshore Wind Farm". Innogy. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ "Burbo Bank Extension". 4C Offshore. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ "Caithness-Moray Transmission Project" (PDF). SSE. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
- ^ "Caithness - Moray". Caithness - Moray. Retrieved 2019-01-12.
- ^ Keane, Kevin (2019-01-11). "Major subsea electricity link completed". BBC News. Retrieved 2019-01-12.
- ^ "Open Infrastructure Map". Open Infrastructure Map. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ "Electric Mountain - Dinorwig power station". Electric Mountain. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ Boothroyd, John (10 December 2021). "Power for the past". British Archaeology. No. 182. York. pp. 49–50. ISSN 1357-4442.
- ^ "Dudgeon Offshore Wind Farm". Dudgeon Offshore Wind Farm. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ "East Anglia One". Scottish Power. Archived from the original on 17 February 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-19. Retrieved 2014-10-14.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Open Infrastructure Map". Open Infrastructure Map. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ "Open Infrastructure Map". Open Infrastructure Map. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ "Greater Gabbard". SSE. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ "Gunfleet Sands wind farm". Power Technology. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ "Gwynt y Mor wind farm". Innogy. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ "Orsted Our wind farms". Orsted. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ "Open Infrastructure Map". Open Infrastructure Map. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
- ^ "Kentish Flats". Vattenhall. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ "Open Infrastructure Map". Open Infrastructure Map. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ "London Array wind farm". Power Technology. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ "Energy for London". Energy for London. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
- ^ a b c "London Power Tunnels". London Power Tunnels. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ "Open Infrastructure Map". Open Infrastructure Map. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
- ^ "Mutual Energy". Mutual Energy. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ "Ormonde Wind Farm". Vattenfall Ormonde. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ "Race Bank offshore wind farm". Orsted. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ "The UK south coast's first offshore wind farm". Rampion Offshore. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ "Sheringham Schoal". Sheringham Schoal. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ The Electricity Council (1987). Electricity supply in the United Kingdom: a Chronology. London: The Electricity Council. p. 99. ISBN 085188105X.
- ^ "BritNed". BritNed. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ EirGrid. "Interconnection". Interconnection. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ "Channel Cable". Channel Cable. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ "Interconnexion". 4C Offshore. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ "Manx Utilities". Manx Utilities. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
- ^ "Interconnected to the heart of Europe's electricity market". Nemolink. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ "North Sea Link". North Sea Link. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
Well, that’s interesting to know that Psilotum nudum are known as whisk ferns. Psilotum nudum is the commoner species of the two. While the P. flaccidum is a rare species and is found in the tropical islands. Both the species are usually epiphytic in habit and grow upon tree ferns. These species may also be terrestrial and grow in humus or in the crevices of the rocks.
View the detailed Guide of Psilotum nudum: Detailed Study Of Psilotum Nudum (Whisk Fern), Classification, Anatomy, Reproduction