This article lists foramina that occur in the human body .
Image of base of the skull with several of the foramina labeled
The human skull has numerous openings (foramina ), through which cranial nerves , arteries , veins , and other structures pass. These foramina vary in size and number, with age.[1] [2]
Bone
Cranial fossa
Foramina
Number
Vessels
Nerves
frontal
-
supraorbital foramen
2
supraorbital artery supraorbital vein
supraorbital nerve
frontal
anterior cranial fossa
foramen cecum
1
emissary veins to superior sagittal sinus from the upper part of the nose[3]
ethmoid
anterior cranial fossa (osama)
foramina of cribriform plate
~20
-
olfactory nerve bundles (I)
ethmoid
anterior cranial fossa
anterior ethmoidal foramen
2
anterior ethmoidal artery anterior ethmoidal vein
anterior ethmoidal nerve
ethmoid
anterior cranial fossa
posterior ethmoidal foramen
2
posterior ethmoidal artery posterior ethmoidal vein
posterior ethmoidal nerve
sphenoid
-
optic canal
2
ophthalmic artery
optic nerve (II)
sphenoid
middle cranial fossa
superior orbital fissure
2
superior ophthalmic vein
oculomotor nerve (III) trochlear nerve (IV)lacrimal , frontal and nasociliary branches of ophthalmic nerve (V1 )abducent nerve (VI)
sphenoid
middle cranial fossa
foramen rotundum
2
-
maxillary nerve (V2 )
maxilla
-
incisive foramen /canal /Stenson/Scarpa
4
terminal branch of descending palatine artery
Terminal part of[3] nasopalatine nerve (V2)
palatine
-
greater palatine foramen
2
greater palatine artery greater palatine vein
greater palatine nerve
palatine and sphenoid
-
foramen sphenopalatinum
2
sphenopalatine artery sphenopalatine vein
nasopalatine nerve rami nasales posteriores superiores (V2)
palatine and maxilla
-
lesser palatine foramina
4
lesser palatine arteries lesser palatine vein
lesser palatine nerve , greater palatine nerve [3]
sphenoid and maxilla
-
inferior orbital fissure
2
inferior ophthalmic veins infraorbital artery infraorbital vein , tributary of pterygoid plexus
zygomatic nerve and infraorbital nerve of maxillary nerve (V2 ) orbital branches of pterygopalatine ganglion
maxilla
-
infraorbital foramen
2
infraorbital artery infraorbital vein, tributary of pterygoid plexus
infraorbital nerve
sphenoid
middle cranial fossa
foramen ovale
2
accessory meningeal artery , emissary vein connecting cavernous sinus with pterygoid plexus
mandibular nerve (V3 ) lesser petrosal nerve (occasionally)[3]
sphenoid
middle cranial fossa
foramen spinosum
2
middle meningeal artery
meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve (V3 )
sphenoid
middle cranial fossa
foramen lacerum
2
artery of pterygoid canal , Meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery , emissary vein
nerve of pterygoid canal through its anterior wall
temporal
middle cranial fossa
carotid canal
2
internal carotid artery
internal carotid plexus , sympathetics from the superior cervical ganglion
temporal
posterior cranial fossa
internal acoustic meatus
2
labyrinthine artery
facial nerve (VII), vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
temporal
posterior cranial fossa
jugular foramen
2
internal jugular vein , inferior petrosal sinus , sigmoid sinus
glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), accessory nerve (XI)
temporal
posterior cranial fossa
stylomastoid foramen
2
stylomastoid artery
facial nerve (VII)
occipital
posterior cranial fossa
hypoglossal canal
2
-
hypoglossal nerve (XII)
occipital
posterior cranial fossa
foramen magnum
1
anterior and posterior spinal arteries , vertebral arteries
lowest part of medulla oblongata , three meninges, ascending spinal fibers of accessory nerve (XI)[3]
occipital
posterior cranial fossa
condylar canal
1
occipital emissary vein , meningeal branch of occipital artery
Within the vertebral column (spine) of vertebrates, including the human spine , each bone has an opening at both its top and bottom to allow nerves, arteries, veins, etc. to pass through.
Apical foramen , the opening at the tip of the root of a tooth
Foramen ovale (heart) , an opening between the venous and arterial sides of the fetal heart
Foramen transversarium , one of a pair of openings in each cervical vertebra, in which the vertebral artery travels
Greater sciatic foramen , a major foramen of the pelvis
Interventricular foramen , channels connecting ventricles in the brain
Intervertebral foramen , foramina formed between vertebrae
Lesser sciatic foramen , an opening between the pelvis and the posterior thigh
Obturator foramen , the opening created by the ischium and pubis bones of the pelvis
Vertebral foramen , the foramen formed by the anterior segment (the body), and the posterior part, the vertebral arch
Well, that’s interesting to know that Psilotum nudum are known as whisk ferns. Psilotum nudum is the commoner species of the two. While the P. flaccidum is a rare species and is found in the tropical islands. Both the species are usually epiphytic in habit and grow upon tree ferns. These species may also be terrestrial and grow in humus or in the crevices of the rocks.
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