Cannabaceae

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The following is a list of crusader states that were independent during some point in history. This list includes crusader states in Outremer, Frankokratia, and in the Baltics.

List

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Crusader state Conflict established in Date established Date disestablished
County of Edessa[1] First Crusade 1098 1144
Principality of Antioch[2] First Crusade 1098 1268
Kingdom of Jerusalem[3] First Crusade 1099 1291
County of Tripoli[4] First Crusade 1102 1289
Kingdom of Cyprus[5] Third Crusade 1192 1489
Latin Empire[6] Fourth Crusade 1204 1261
Kingdom of Thessalonica[7] Fourth Crusade 1204 1224
Principality of Achaea[8][a] Fourth Crusade 1205 1432
Duchy of the Archipelago[9][b] Fourth Crusade 1207 1579
Terra Mariana[10] Livonian Crusade 1207 1561
State of the Teutonic Order[11] Northern Crusades 1226 1525
Hospitaller Rhodes[12] Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes 1310 1522

Notes

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  1. ^ After the fall of the Latin Empire in 1261, Achaea refused to become a Byzantine vassal, and came under the suzerainty of the Angevins, although they recognized the Latin Emperors in exile as their rulers until the death of James of Baux in 1383. The title was also held by several titular Latin Emperors.
  2. ^ The duchy recognized the Latin Empire's authority until the latter's collapse in 1261.

References

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  1. ^ "County of Edessa". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-12.
  2. ^ Buck, Andrew D. (2017). The Principality of Antioch and its Frontiers in the Twelfth Century. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-1-78327-173-3. JSTOR 10.7722/j.ctt1kgqvqv.
  3. ^ "Kingdom of Jerusalem". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2021-05-12.
  4. ^ Gregory, T. E. (2010). A History of Byzantium. John Wiley & Sons. p. 327. ISBN 978-1-4051-8471-7.
  5. ^ "The Fitzwilliam Museum - Home | Online Resources | Online Exhibitions | Lusignan Cyprus". www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk. 2012-06-28. Retrieved 2021-05-12.
  6. ^ Jacoby, David (2009), Shepard, Jonathan (ed.), "The Latin Empire of Constantinople and the Frankish States", The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire c.500–1492, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 759–778, ISBN 978-0-521-83231-1, retrieved 2021-05-12
  7. ^ Papadia-Lala, Anastasia (2014). "Society, Administration and Identities in Latin Greece". A Companion to Latin Greece. Leiden: Brill. pp. 118–117. ISBN 9789004284104. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  8. ^ "Principality of Achaea". The Byzantine Legacy. Retrieved 2021-05-12.
  9. ^ Loy, Michael (November 2019). "Early Modern Travellers in the Aegean: Routes and Networks". Annual of the British School at Athens. 114: 369–398. doi:10.1017/S006824541900011X. ISSN 0068-2454. ProQuest 2318630050.
  10. ^ "Estonia As Part Of The Livonian Confederation - Terra Mariana - About History". Retrieved 2021-05-12.
  11. ^ "Teutonic Order | religious order". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-12.
  12. ^ "The Hospitallers of Rhodes and their Mediterranean World". Routledge & CRC Press. Retrieved 2021-05-12.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Crusader_states

One thought on “Cannabaceae”

  1. Well, that’s interesting to know that Psilotum nudum are known as whisk ferns. Psilotum nudum is the commoner species of the two. While the P. flaccidum is a rare species and is found in the tropical islands. Both the species are usually epiphytic in habit and grow upon tree ferns. These species may also be terrestrial and grow in humus or in the crevices of the rocks.
    View the detailed Guide of Psilotum nudum: Detailed Study Of Psilotum Nudum (Whisk Fern), Classification, Anatomy, Reproduction

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