This article is part of a series on the |
Politics of the United States |
---|
![]() |
Part of a series on |
African Americans |
---|
African Americans are a demographic minority in the United States. African-Americans' initial achievements in various fields historically establish a foothold, providing a precedent for more widespread cultural change. The shorthand phrase for this is "breaking the color barrier."[1][2]
In addition to major national- and international-level firsts, African-Americans have achieved firsts on a statewide basis.
19th century
[edit]- 1832
- First governor of African descent in what is now the US: Pío Pico, an Afro-Mexican, was the last governor of Alta California before it was ceded to the US. Like all Californios, Pico automatically became a US citizen in 1848. He was elected to the Los Angeles Common Council in 1853, but he did not assume office.[citation needed]
- 1868
- First elected African-American lieutenant governor: Oscar Dunn, Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana
- First 33 African-American legislators in Georgia: see Original 33
- 1870
- May: First African-American acting governor: Oscar James Dunn of Louisiana from May until August 9, 1871, when sitting Governor Warmoth was incapacitated and chose to recuperate in Mississippi. (see also: Douglas Wilder, 1990)
- 1872
- First African-American governor of Louisiana: P. B. S. Pinchback (Also first in U.S.) (non-elected; see also Douglas Wilder, 1990)
- 1873
- First African-American Speaker of the Mississippi House of Representatives, and of any state legislature: John R. Lynch
- First African American elected to the Tennessee General Assembly: Sampson W. Keeble
- 1876
- First African American elected to the Illinois General Assembly: John W. E. Thomas
- 1878
- First African American elected mayor in New York State (village president of Cleveland): Ned Sherman
- 1879
- First African American elected to the Wyoming Legislature: William Jefferson Hardin
- First African American elected to the Ohio General Assembly: George Washington Williams
- 1880
- First African American elected to the Indiana General Assembly: James Sidney Hinton[3][4]
- 1885
- First African American elected to the Rhode Island General Assembly: Mahlon Van Horne
- 1889
- First African-American female principal in Massachusetts and the Northeast: Maria Louise Baldwin, supervising white faculty and a predominantly white student body at the Agassiz Grammar School in Cambridge (renamed the Maria L. Baldwin School in 2004).[5][6]
- 1893
- First African-American member elected to the Michigan House of Representatives: William Webb Ferguson
- 1898
- First African-American member elected to the Minnesota House of Representatives: John Francis Wheaton[7]
20th century
[edit]- 1906
- First African-American elected to the Wisconsin Legislature: Lucian H. Palmer
- 1917
- First African American to enter the University of Oregon: Mabel Byrd[8]
- 1918
- First African-American elected to political office in California: Frederick Madison Roberts, California State Assembly
- 1920
- First African-American elected to the Missouri legislature: Walthall Moore
- 1924
- First African-American elected to the Illinois Senate: Adelbert Roberts
- 1930
- First African Americans elected as judges in the state of New York: James S. Watson and Charles E. Toney[9]
- 1938
- First African-American woman to be elected to the Pennsylvania General Assembly and to any state legislature: Crystal Bird Fauset
- 1939
- First African-American woman to own a cosmetology school in Iowa: Pauline Brown Humphrey[10]
- 1948
- First African American elected to the Delaware House of Representatives: William J. Winchester
- 1950
- First African-American woman to be elected to the West Virginia Legislature: Elizabeth Simpson Drewry
- First African-American woman to be elected to the Michigan Legislature: Charline White
- 1952
- First African American to graduate from the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences: Edith Irby Jones[11]
- 1955
- First African-American woman elected to the New York State Legislature: Bessie A. Buchanan
- First African-American elected to the Maryland State Senate: Harry A. Cole
- 1956
- First African-American student to attend the University of Alabama: Autherine Lucy[12] Her expulsion from the institution later that year led to the university's President Oliver Carmichael's resignation.[13][14]
- First African American to teach at college or university level in California: Betty Smith Williams.[15][16]
- 1957
- First African-American woman elected to the New Jersey Legislature: Madaline A. Williams
- 1958
- First African-American women elected to the Maryland General Assembly: Verda F. Welcome and Irma George Dixon
- First African-American woman elected to the Illinois General Assembly: Floy Clements
- First African American to graduate from the University of Maryland: Elaine J. Coates[17]
- 1959
- First African American to graduate from the University of Maryland: Elaine J. Coates[18]
- 1962
- First African-American attorney general of Massachusetts: Edward Brooke. Also first African American to hold Massachusetts statewide office, and first African-American attorney general of any state.
- 1963
- First African American elected to the Delaware Senate: Herman Holloway
- 1964
- First African-American woman elected to the Indiana Legislature: Daisy Riley Lloyd
- First African-American woman elected to the New York State Senate: Constance Baker Motley
- 1966
- First African-American woman elected to the Texas Legislature: Barbara Jordan
- First African American known lesbian state legislator: Barbara Jordan
- First African-American woman elected to the Georgia General Assembly: Grace Towns Hamilton
- First African-American appointed to New York State Board of Regents: Kenneth Bancroft Clark
- First African-American senator from Massachusetts: Edward Brooke. (Also first post-Reconstruction African American elected to the U.S. Senate and first African American elected to the U.S. Senate by popular vote).
- First African-American woman in the California Legislature: Yvonne Brathwaite Burke
- First African-American woman elected to the Tennessee General Assembly: Dorothy Lavinia Brown
- First African-American woman elected to the Arizona Legislature: Ethel Maynard
- 1967
- First African-American woman admitted to the Mississippi Bar: Marian Wright Edelman
- First African-American woman elected to the Montana Legislature: Geraldine W. Travis
- 1968
- First African-American elected to the Florida Legislature since Reconstruction: Joe Lang Kershaw
- 1969
- First African-American elected mayor of a Mississippi city since Reconstruction: Charles Evers, in Fayette, Mississippi[19]
- 1970
- First African-Americans elected to the Alaska Legislature: Willard L. Bowman and Joshua Wright
- First African-American woman elected to the Delaware General Assembly: Henrietta R. Johnson
- First African-American woman elected to the Florida Legislature: Gwen Cherry
- 1971
- First African-American woman elected to the Washington Legislature: Peggy Maxie
- 1972
- First African-American elected to the Wisconsin Senate: Monroe Swan
- 1973
- First African-American woman elected to the Massachusetts General Court: Doris Bunte
- First African-American woman elected to the Connecticut General Assembly: Margaret E. Morton
- 1974
- First African-American woman elected to the Michigan State Board of Education: Barbara Roberts Mason
- First African-American man elected to the New Hampshire House of Representatives: Henry Richardson
- 1975
- First African-American woman elected to the South Carolina Legislature: Juanita Goggins
- 1976
- First African-American appointed as a judge in Federal District Court in Virginia: Robert H. Cooley III (1939–1998), appointed to the Eastern District[20]
- First African-American elected mayor in New Mexico: Albert Johnson[21]
- First African-American mayor in New Mexico: Albert Johnson[22]
- 1977
- First African-American to serve on the California Supreme Court: Wiley W. Manuel
- First African-American speaker of the South Carolina House of Representatives, and of any state legislature in the United States since Reconstruction: K. Leroy Irvis
- First African-American woman elected to the Wisconsin Legislature: Marcia P. Coggs
- First African-American woman elected to the Illinois Senate: Earlean Collins
- 1978
- First African-American appointed to the office of Michigan State Treasurer: Loren E. Monroe[23]
- First African-American woman elected to the Ohio Legislature: Helen Rankin
- 1979
- First African-American elected to a statewide office in Illinois: Roland Burris, office of Comptroller
- First African-American elected to a statewide office in Wisconsin: Vel Phillips, office of Secretary of State
- 1980
- First African-American speaker of the California State Assembly: Willie Lewis Brown Jr.
- 1981
- First African-American woman elected to the Arkansas General Assembly: Irma Hunter Brown
- First African-American elected to the Utah Senate: Terry Lee Williams
- 1984
- First African-American elected to a statewide office in Georgia: Robert Benham, Supreme Court of Georgia
- First African-American woman to be elected to the Virginia General Assembly: Yvonne B. Miller
- 1985
- First African-American woman to be elected to the Mississippi Legislature: Alyce Clarke
- First African-American woman elected to the Oregon Legislature: Margaret Carter
- 1987
- First African-American justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court: Robert D. Glass
- 1988
- First African-American elected to the Wyoming Legislature: Harriet Elizabeth Byrd
- 1990
- First African-American governor of Virginia: Douglas Wilder (also first elected governor in US; see also P. B. S. Pinchback, 1872)
- First African-American woman elected to the Alaska Legislature: Bettye Davis
- 1991
- First African-American woman elected to the Louisiana State Senate: Diana Bajoie
- 1992
- First African-American elected to a statewide office in Indiana: Pamela Carter, office of Attorney General
- First African-American Minnesota Supreme Court justice: Alan Page
- 1993
- First African-American senator from Illinois: Carol Moseley Braun. (Also first African-American woman elected to the United States Senate, the first African-American U.S. Senator for the Democratic Party, the first woman to defeat an incumbent U.S. Senator in an election, and the first female Senator from Illinois).
- 1994
- First African-American woman elected to the Nevada Legislature: Bernice Mathews
- First African-American woman elected to the Delaware Senate: Margaret Rose Henry
- 1996
- First African-American woman elected to the Oregon Legislature: Avel Gordly
- 1998
- First African-American woman elected State Treasurer and first African-American woman elected statewide in Connecticut: Denise Nappier[24]
- First African-American elected to office of Attorney General Georgia: Thurbert E. Baker
21st century
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Kamala_Harris_Official_Attorney_General_Photo.jpg/220px-Kamala_Harris_Official_Attorney_General_Photo.jpg)
- 2001
- First African-American woman elected to the Minnesota Legislature: Neva Walker
- 2002
- First African-American lieutenant governor of Maryland and first elected to statewide office in Maryland: Michael Steele (see also: 2009)
- 2004
- First African-American District Attorney in California: Kamala Harris (San Francisco) (see also: 2010, 2017)
- First African-American Oklahoma Supreme Court justice: Tom Colbert
- First African-American Wisconsin Supreme Court justice: Louis B. Butler
- First African-American Auditor of Accounts of Vermont and first elected to statewide office in Vermont: Randy Brock
- First African-American congresswoman elected in Wisconsin's history: Gwen Moore
- 2006
- First African-American elected governor of Massachusetts: Deval Patrick
- First African-American lieutenant governor of New York: David Paterson
- 2007
- First African-American appointed State Treasurer of New Jersey: Michellene Davis
- 2008
- First African-American woman elected Speaker of the California State Assembly: Karen Bass
- First African-American governor of New York State: David Paterson (elected as lieutenant governor, succeeded on resignation of previous governor)
- First African-American women elected to the Nebraska Legislature: Tanya Cook and Brenda Council
- 2009
- First bicameral state legislature to have both chambers headed simultaneously by African Americans: Peter Groff and Terrance Carroll of Colorado.
- 2010
- First African-American elected Attorney General of California: Kamala Harris (see also: 2004, 2017)
- First African-American Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court: Roderick L. Ireland
- First African-American elected to the Idaho Legislature: Cherie Buckner-Webb
- 2012
- First African-American elected to the Idaho Senate: Cherie Buckner-Webb
- 2013
- First African-American senator from South Carolina: Tim Scott[25] (Also the first African-American to serve both houses of the U.S. Congress.)
- First African-American woman to be appointed to a seat on the New York Court of Appeals: Sheila Abdus-Salaam.
- First African-American senator from New Jersey: Cory Booker
- 2014
- 2015
- First African-American elected Speaker of the New York State Assembly: Carl Heastie[27]
- First African-American Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky and first elected to statewide office in Kentucky: Jenean Hampton[28][29]
- First African-American woman elected to the Utah Legislature: Sandra Hollins
- 2017
- First African-American United States Senator from California: Kamala Harris (see also: 2004, 2010)
- First African-American elected lieutenant governor of New Jersey: Sheila Oliver[30]
- First African-American out trans woman to be elected to public office in the United States: Andrea Jenkins
- 2018
- First female African-American major-party candidate for governor: Stacey Abrams, Georgia
- First African-American elected Lieutenant Governor of Michigan: Garlin Gilchrist[31]
- First African-American Attorney General of New York: Letitia James[32]
- First African-American and First woman elected Speaker of the Maryland House of Delegates: Adrienne A. Jones
- First African-American elected Lieutenant Governor of Illinois: Juliana Stratton
- 2019
- First African-American elected Attorney General of Kentucky: Daniel Cameron
- First Surgeon General for the State of California: Nadine Burke Harris[33]
- 2020
- First African-American congresswoman elected in Missouri's history: Cori Bush[34]
- First African-American elected Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina: Mark Robinson
- 2021
- First African-American senator from Georgia and first African-American Democratic Senator from the South: Raphael Warnock[35]
- First African-American woman to serve on the Supreme Court of Missouri: Robin Ransom[36]
- First African-American woman elected Lieutenant Governor of Virginia: Winsome Sears
- First African-American woman to serve as Secretary of the State of Connecticut: Natalie Braswell[37]
- 2022
- First African-American elected Attorney General of Maryland: Anthony Brown
- First African-American woman elected Attorney General of Massachusetts: Andrea Campbell
- First African-American elected Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania: Austin Davis
- First African-American congresswoman elected in Pennsylvania's history: Summer Lee
- First African-American elected governor of Maryland: Wes Moore
- First African-American elected Speaker of the Michigan House of Representatives: Joe Tate
- First African-American woman elected Secretary of State of Connecticut: Stephanie Thomas
- First African-American elected Secretary of State of California: Shirley Weber
- 2023
- First African-American woman elected Speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives: Joanna McClinton[38]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Juguo, Zhang. W. E. B. Du Bois: The Quest for the Abolition of the Color Line, Routledge, 2001 - ISBN 0-415-93087-1
- ^ Herbst, Philip H. The Color of Words: an encyclopaedic dictionary of ethnic bias in the United States, Intercultural Press, p. 57, 1997 - ISBN 1-877864-97-8
- ^ Gregg, John (February 23, 2012). "Standing with Black trailblazer James S. Hinton". Indianapolisrecorder.com. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
- ^ Indiana Black History Public Art Legacy Project Archived 2013-03-16 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Vogel, Nathaniel (April 2002). "The Mismeasure of Maria Baldwin". Peacework Magazine. Archived from the original on October 23, 2007. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
- ^ Dorgan, Lauren R. (May 22, 2002). "Committee Renames Local Agassiz School". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
- ^ Wheaton, John Frances "Frank, J. Frank", Minnesota Legislative Reference Library, Accessed October 5, 2018.
- ^ "Untold Stories: Black History". University of Oregon Special Collections and University Archives Blog. February 4, 2016. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
- ^ Judicial Friends Association. (n.d.). Heroic beginnings - judicial friends association. Retrieved January 26, 2023, from https://judicialfriends.org/heroic-beginnings/https://judicialfriends.org/heroic-beginnings
- ^ "IWF Celebrates Black History in Iowa: Pauline Brown Humphrey". The Iowa Women's Foundation. February 25, 2021. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
- ^ "University to Graduate First Negro Student". Hope Star. Hope, Arkansas. May 19, 1952. p. 3. Retrieved December 26, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Civil rights pioneer Vivian Jones dies". USA Today. October 13, 2005. Retrieved November 23, 2007.
- ^ "Expelled in 1956, Autherine Lucy Foster Receives Honorary Doctorate from University of Alabama". May 6, 2019.
- ^ "Education: Goodbye to 'Bama". Time. November 19, 1956. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
- ^ Robison, Daniel. "Uniting Nurses of Color". Case Western Reserve University. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
- ^ Burnette, Margarette (March 30, 2013). "Celebrating Excellence: Past, Present and Future". Minority Nurse. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
- ^ Svrluga, Susan (May 24, 2019). "After a tumultuous year, U-Md. graduates celebrate new beginnings". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
- ^ Svrluga, Susan (May 24, 2019). "After a tumultuous year, U-Md. graduates celebrate new beginnings". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
- ^ Neil R. McMillen, Dark Journey: Black Mississippians in the Age of Jim Crow, Chicago: University of Illinois, 1990, p.26
- ^ "Getting Word: African American Families of Monticello – Robert H. Cooley III". Charlottesville, VA: Monticello. Archived from the original on December 23, 2014.
- ^ "First black mayor". Albuquerque Journal. September 2, 1976. p. 53. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "First black mayor". Albuquerque Journal. September 2, 1976. p. 53. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Loren Monroe, first black State Treasurer of Michigan, dead at 87". Michigan Chronicle. June 4, 2019. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
- ^ "Office of Connecticut State Treasurer Denise L. Nappier". Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
- ^ "Tim Scott's swearing-in as senator caps his historic rise". McClatchy Newspapers. January 4, 2013. Archived from the original on December 20, 2013. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
- ^ "Political firsts: How history was made this midterm election". USA Today. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
- ^ "Carl E. Heastie". New York State Assembly. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
- ^ Phillips, Amber (November 4, 2015). "Meet Jenean Hampton, the first black statewide officeholder in Kentucky. And, she's a Republican". Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
- ^ Fund, John (November 3, 2015). "Kentucky's New GOP Lt. Gov. Is Black Tea-Party Activist". National Review. Retrieved November 4, 2015.
- ^ Sheila Oliver becomes New Jersey's first Black lieutenant governor, New York Amsterdam News (November 8, 2017).
- ^ Eggert, David (November 7, 2018). "Democrat Gretchen Whitmer wins Michigan governor race, beating Bill Schuette". Chicago Tribune. Associated Press. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
- ^ Westerman, Ashley (January 1, 2019). "N.Y. Swears In New Attorney General After A Tumultuous Year For The Office". NPR. Retrieved February 13, 2021.
- ^ Crudup, Devin (April 6, 2020). "Meet the Black Woman Appointed as California's First-Ever Surgeon General". AfroTech. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
- ^ Derek Major. November 5, 2020. "Here Are The Black Americans That Have Made History In The 2020 Election" Black Enterprise. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
- ^ "'The new south': Raphael Warnock becomes Georgia's first Black senator". The Guardian. January 6, 2021. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
- ^ Kuang, Jeanne (May 24, 2021). "Parson appoints Robin Ransom, first Black woman to serve on Missouri Supreme Court". The Kansas City Star. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
- ^ Pazniokas, Mark (December 10, 2021). "Natalie Braswell to be named comptroller after Lembo steps down". CT Mirror. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
- ^ Scolforo, Mark (February 28, 2023). "McClinton voted Pa. speaker; first Black woman to win post". Associated Press. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
Well, that’s interesting to know that Psilotum nudum are known as whisk ferns. Psilotum nudum is the commoner species of the two. While the P. flaccidum is a rare species and is found in the tropical islands. Both the species are usually epiphytic in habit and grow upon tree ferns. These species may also be terrestrial and grow in humus or in the crevices of the rocks.
View the detailed Guide of Psilotum nudum: Detailed Study Of Psilotum Nudum (Whisk Fern), Classification, Anatomy, Reproduction