Kott | |
---|---|
Kot, Kottish[1] | |
kottuen | |
Native to | Russia |
Ethnicity | Kott, Asan |
Extinct | 1850s |
Dené–Yeniseian?
| |
Early form | Old Kott
|
Dialects | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | zko |
zko.html | |
Glottolog | kott1239 |
![]() Map of pre-contact Yeniseian languages. |
The Kott (Kot) language (Russian: Коттский язык) is an extinct Yeniseian language that was formerly spoken in central Siberia by the banks of the Mana River, a tributary of the Yenisei river. It became extinct in the 1850s. Kott was closely related to Ket, still spoken farther north along the Yenisei river. Assan, a close relative, is sometimes considered a dialect of Kott.[3]
Geography[edit]
Kott was spoken to the southeast of Krasnoyarsk, in the Biryusa and Kan river basins. However, hydronyms indicate a much wider area in the past, ranging from the Uda and Chuna rivers in the east to the Tom in the west.[4]
Etymology[edit]
The term kott may be derived from Buryat qota 'town', applied to neighbouring non-pastoral peoples, including the last few Kotts.[5]
Documentation[edit]
One of the earliest written records of Kott is in 1791, with the publication of Peter Simon Pallas's Сравнительный словарь всѣхъ языковъ и нарѣчій, по азбучному порядку расположенный, a comparative dictionary of variuos world languages and dialects. In 1858, Matthias Castrén published the grammar and dictionary (Versuch einer jenissei-ostjakischen und kottischen Sprachlehre), which included material on the Kott and Ket (Yenisei-Ostyak) languages, recording two different dialects of Kott.[2] There also exists two books written by Heinrich Werner about the Kott language, namely Коттский язык (Kottskij jazyk), which includes a 110-page Russian-Kott glossary,[6] and Abriß der kottischen Grammatik.[3]
Phonology[edit]
Vowels[edit]
In multisyllabic words, vowel length is phonemic.
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i [i] | (ɨ [ɨ])1 | u [u] |
Close-mid | e [e] | o [o] | |
Open-mid | ɛ [ɛ] | ɔ [ɔ] | |
Open | ä [æ] | a [a] |
- [ɨ] is only attested in a few words dated to the 18th century, and can be considered an allophone of [i].[3]
Vajda 2024 gives a different vowel system for Kott, based off of Castrén 1858.[5]
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
short | long | short | long | short | long | |
Close | i [i] | î [iː] | u [u] | û [uː] | ||
Mid | e [e] | ê [eː] | o [o] | ô [oː] | ||
Open | a [a] | â [aː] |
Consonants[edit]
Labial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Laryngeal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Occlusive | voiceless | plain | p [p] | t [t] | tʼ [tʲ] | k [k] | q [q] | [ʔ] | |
aspirated | pʰ [pʰ] | tʰ [tʰ] | |||||||
voiced | b [b] | d [d] | dʼ [dʲ] | g [g] | G [ɢ] | ||||
Fricative | voiceless | f [f] | s [s] š [ʃ] | x [x] | X [χ] | ħ [ħ] | h [h] | ||
voiced | R [ʀ] | ||||||||
Affricate | voiceless | č [t͡ʃ] | |||||||
voiced | dž [d͡ʒ] | ||||||||
Nasal | m [m] | n [n] | nʼ [nʲ] | ŋ [ŋ] | |||||
Approximant | j [j] | ||||||||
Lateral | l [l] lʼ [lʲ] | ||||||||
Trill | r [r] |
Labial | Dental | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Laryngeal/ Pharyngeal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | voiceless | plain | p [p] | t [t] | tʼ [tʲ] | k [k] | q [q] | ʔ [ʔ] | |
aspirated | pʰ [pʰ] | tʰ [tʰ] | |||||||
voiced | b [b] | d [d] | dʼ [dʲ] | g [g] | G [ɢ] | ||||
Fricative | voiceless | f [f] | s [s] | š [ʃ] | j [j] | x [x] | χ [χ] | h [h] | |
voiced | |||||||||
Affricate | č [t͡ʃ] | ||||||||
Lateral | l [l] | lʼ [lʲ] | |||||||
Trill | r [r] | ||||||||
Nasal | m [m] | n [n] | nʼ [nʲ] | ŋ [ŋ] |
Influence from Turkic[edit]
Kott had been influenced by Turkic languages, and had borrowed some words from Turkic languages. For example Kott baktîr- ‘to praise’ comes from Proto-Turkic *paktïr (based on phonetics, likely loaned from Kumandin or Shor), or Kott kolá ‘copper, brass’ comes from Proto-Turkic *kola (of which the source is not phonetically identifiable).[7] At the time of its extinction, it was also loaning words from Russian.
Grammar[edit]
Kott has special end markings to indicate that the noun being described is a hydronym which are -šet/čet.[3][2]
Kott typically uses SVO word order, and is agglutinative.
Case[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8.jpeg/323px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8.jpeg)
Kott has 7 cases. The dative, ablative and locative cases developed from possesed nouns, similarly to Ket and Yugh.
singular | plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
feminine and
neuter |
masculine | inanimate | animate | |
Basic | -∅ | |||
Genitive | =i | =aː | =ŋ | =i |
Dative | =iga | =aːʔa | =ŋa | =iga |
Locative | =ihaːt | =aːhaːt | =ŋhaː ~ =ŋaːt | =ihaːt |
Ablative | =ičaŋ | =aːčaŋ | =nčaŋ | =ičaŋ |
Instrumental | =oː | =oː | =oː | =oː |
Comitative | =oš (=aš) | =oš (=aš) | =oš (=aš) | =oš (=aš) |
References[edit]
- ^ Pulleyblank, Edwin George (1963). "The consonantal system of Old Chinese. Part II" (PDF). Asia Major. 9: 206–265. Retrieved 2011-02-06.
- ^ a b c d Georg, Stefan; Georg, Stefan (2007). Introduction, phonology, morphology. A descriptive grammar of Ket (Yenisei-Ostyak) / Stefan Georg. Folkestone: Global Oriental. ISBN 978-1-901903-58-4.
- ^ a b c d e f Werner, Heinrich (1997). Abriß der kottischen Grammatik [Kott Grammar Outline] (in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 13. ISBN 3-447-03971-X.
- ^ "КОТТСКИЙ ЯЗЫК • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия". old.bigenc.ru. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
- ^ a b Vajda, Edward (2024-02-19), Vajda, Edward (ed.), "8 The Yeniseian language family", The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia, De Gruyter, pp. 365–480, doi:10.1515/9783110556216-008, ISBN 978-3-11-055621-6, retrieved 2024-06-26
- ^ a b c Verner, G. K. (Г. К. Вернер) (1990). Kottsky yazyk Коттский язык [Kott Language] (in Russian). Rostov-na-Donu: Izdatel'stvo rostovskogo universiteta. ISBN 5-7507-0357-6.
- ^ Khabtagaeva, Bayarma (2015). "Some Remarks on Turkic Elements of Mongolic Origin in Yeniseian". Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia. 20 (2): 111–126. doi:10.4467/20843836SE.15.008.2794.
External links[edit]
Well, that’s interesting to know that Psilotum nudum are known as whisk ferns. Psilotum nudum is the commoner species of the two. While the P. flaccidum is a rare species and is found in the tropical islands. Both the species are usually epiphytic in habit and grow upon tree ferns. These species may also be terrestrial and grow in humus or in the crevices of the rocks.
View the detailed Guide of Psilotum nudum: Detailed Study Of Psilotum Nudum (Whisk Fern), Classification, Anatomy, Reproduction