The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Irish-language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
See Irish phonology and Irish orthography for a more thorough look at the sounds of Irish and how they are represented in writing, respectively.
Key[edit]
Broad | Slender | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IPA | Example | English approximation | IPA | Example | English approximation |
bˠ | bain, scuab | boot | bʲ | béal, cnáib | beautiful |
d̪ˠ | dorn, nead | do (but dental), though (Ireland) | dʲ | dearg, cuid | media |
fˠ | fós, graf, pholl | fool | fʲ | fíon, stuif, phríosún | fuel |
ɡ | gasúr, bog | goose | ɟ | geata, carraig | argue |
ɣ | dhorn, ghasúr | Spanish higo | j[2][3] | dhearg, gheata | yellow |
h[4] | Shasana, shean, thaisce, theanga, hata, na héisc | hand | — | ||
k | cáis, mac | cart | c | ceist, mic | cube |
l̪ˠ[5] | labhair, balla | filth | l̠ʲ[5] | leabhair, goilleadh | million |
lˠ[5] | fhlaith, bealach | pool | lʲ[5] | fhleasc, goile | leaf |
mˠ | mór, am | moot | mʲ | milis, im | mute |
n̪ˠ[6] | naoi, donna | tenth | n̠ʲ[6] | ní, bainne | inch |
nˠ[6] | dona | noon | nʲ[6] | bainis | opinion |
ŋ | ngasúr | long | ɲ | ngeata | angular |
pˠ | poll, stop | poor | pʲ | príosún, truip | pure |
ɾˠ | barr, carr | rule (but tapped) | ɾʲ | fhréamh, tirim | real (but tapped) |
sˠ | Sasana, tús, speal | soon | ʃ | sean, cáis | sheet |
t̪ˠ | taisce, ceart | tool (but dental), thorn (Ireland) | tʲ | tír, beirt | tune (accents without yod dropping) |
w[7][3] | bhain, dubh, mhór, léamh, vóta | wood or voodoo | vʲ | bhéal, sibh, mhilis, nimh, veidhlín | view |
x | cháis, taoiseach | loch (Scotland) | ç | cheist, deich, theann, theocht, thiúilip, thiocfadh, thiubh | hue (pronounced strongly) |
IPA | Examples | English approximation | IPA | Examples | English approximation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | mac | trap | aː | tá | father |
ɛ | ceist | best | eː | mé, gael | pay |
ɪ | ith, duine | kit | iː | mín, naoi | mean |
ɔ | olc, deoch | off | oː | bó, ceol | core |
ʊ | dubh, fliuch | good | uː | tú | too |
ə | solas, milis | sofa | — |
IPA | Examples | English
Approximation |
---|---|---|
iə[8] | bia | idea |
uə[8] | fuar | truant |
əi[8] | saghas | light |
əu[8] | leabhar | about |
IPA | Explanation |
---|---|
ˈ | primary stress (placed before the stressed syllable); usually the first syllable except in Munster |
ˌ | secondary stress (usually found only in compounds) |
Comparison of transcription schemes[edit]
Materials published elsewhere use somewhat different conventions from those used at Wikipedia. For example, it is a longstanding tradition to leave velarized ("broad") consonants unmarked and mark palatalized ("slender") consonants with the prime, but that is not standard IPA usage.
This section compares the IPA system used at Wikipedia (which is based on that used by Ailbhe Ní Chasaide in her description of Irish in the Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, ISBN 0-521-63751-1) with the systems used in some other works.
IPA | Ní Chasaide (1999)[9] (Gweedore) |
Quiggin (1906)[10] (Glenties) |
Breatnach (1947)[11] (Ring) |
Ó Sé (2000)[12] (Dingle Peninsula) |
Mhac an Fhailigh (1968)[13] (Erris) |
Ó Siadhail (1988)[14] (Cois Fharraige) |
Foclóir Póca (1993)[15] (Lárchanúint) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | a | æ, α | a | a | a | æ:, a: | a |
aː | æ | α: | a: | ɑː | a: | ɑ: | a: |
bˠ | bˠ | b | b | b | b | b | b |
bʲ | bʲ | b′ | b′ | b′ | b′ | b′ | b′ |
c | c | k′ | k′ | k′ | k′ | k′ | k′ |
ç | ç | ç | ç | x′ | ç | x′ | x′ |
d̪ˠ | d̪ˠ | d | d | d | d | d | d |
dʲ | d̠ʲ | d′ | d′ | d′ | d′ | d′ | d′ |
eː | e | e: | e: | eː | e: | e: | e: |
ɛ | ɛ | ɛ, e | e | e | e | e | e |
ə | ə | ə | ə | ə, ɪ | ə | ə | ə |
əi | — | αi | əi | ai | əi | ai | ai |
əu | au | αu | əu | ou | əu | au | au |
fˠ | fˠ | f | f | f | f | f | f |
fʲ | fʲ | f′ | f′ | f′ | f′ | f′ | f′ |
ɡ | ɡ | g | g | ɡ | g | g | g |
ɣ | ɣ | ℊ | γ | ɣ | ɣ | ɣ | γ |
h | h | h | h, h′ | h | h | h | h |
iː | i | i: | i: | iː | i: | i: | i: |
ɪ | ɪ | ï, i, y | i | i | i | i | i |
iə | ia | iə | iə | iːə | iə | i:ə | iə |
j | j | j | j | ɣ′ | j | ɣ′ | γ′ |
ɟ | ɟ | g′ | g′ | ɡ′ | g′ | g′ | g′ |
k | k | k | k | k | k | k | k |
l̪ˠ | l̪ˠ | L | l | l | L | L | l |
lˠ | l | l | |||||
l̠ʲ | l̠ʲ | L′ | l′ | l′ | L′ | L′ | l′ |
lʲ | l | l′ | l′ | l′ | |||
mˠ | mˠ | m | m | m | m | m | m |
mʲ | mʲ | m′ | m′ | m′ | m′ | m′ | m′ |
n̪ˠ | n̪ˠ | N | n | n | N | N | n |
nˠ | n | n | n | ||||
n̠ʲ | n̠ʲ | N′ | n′ | n′ | N′ | N′ | n′ |
nʲ | n′ | n′ | n′ | ||||
ɲ | ɲ | ɲ | ŋ′ | ŋ′ | ŋ′ | ŋ′ | ŋ′ |
ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ |
oː | o | o:, ɔ: | o: | oː | o: | o: | o: |
ɔ | ʌ | ɔ, o̤ | o | o | o | o | o |
pˠ | pˠ | p | p | p | p | p | p |
pʲ | pʲ | p′ | p′ | p′ | p′ | p′ | p′ |
ɾˠ | ɾˠ | r, R | r | r | r | r | r |
ɾʲ | ɾʲ | r′ | r′ | r′ | r′ | r′ | r′ |
sˠ | sˠ | s | s | s | s | s | s |
ʃ | ɕ | ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | s′ | s′ |
t̪ˠ | t̪ˠ | t | t | t | t | t | t |
tʲ | t̠ʲ | t′ | t′ | t′ | t′ | t′ | t′ |
uː | u | u: | u: | uː | u: | u: | u: |
ʊ | ɤ | U | u | u | u | u | u |
uə | ua | uə | uə | uːə | uə | u:ə | uə |
vʲ | vʲ | v | v′ | v′ | v′ | w′ | v′ |
w | w | w | v | v | w | w | v |
x | x | χ | x | x | x | x | x |
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ Irish makes contrasts between velarized ("broad") and palatalized ("slender") consonants. Velarized consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ⟨ˠ⟩ (that is not a capital Y but a Latin letter, based on a Greek lowercase gamma, ⟨γ⟩), are pronounced with the back of the tongue raised toward the velum, which happens to the /l/ in English pill in some accents like RP and General American but not Hiberno-English. In Irish orthography, broad consonants are surrounded by ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩. Slender consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ⟨ʲ⟩, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate like the articulation of the [j] sound in yes /jɛs/. In Irish orthography, slender consonants are surrounded by ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩.
- ^ Also [ʝ] in some positions in some dialects. In Munster word final /j/ is fortified to [ɟ], merging with /ɟ/.
- ^ a b Word final /əj/ (⟨(a)idh, (a)igh⟩) and /əw/ (⟨(e)abh, (e)amh⟩ or ⟨bh, mh⟩ after an epenthetic schwa) have merged with with /ə/ in South Connacht. In North Connacht and Ulster they merge with /iː/ and /uː/, respectively. In Munster, the former is realised as [əɟ] and the latter as [əvˠ].
- ^ /h/ is neither broad nor slender.
- ^ a b c d Few, if any, modern dialects of Irish distinguish all four types of L sound. Most dialects have merged /l̪ˠ/ and /lˠ/ as [l̪ˠ], and some have also merged /l̠ʲ/ and /lʲ/ as [lʲ]. Still others have merged /lˠ/ and /lʲ/ as [l].
- ^ a b c d Few, if any, modern dialects of Irish distinguish all four types of N sound. Most dialects have merged /n̪ˠ/ and /nˠ/ as [n̪ˠ], and some have also merged /n̠ʲ/ and /nʲ/ as [nʲ]. Still others have merged /nˠ/ and /nʲ/ as [n]. In parts of Munster, /n̠ʲ/ has merged with /ɲ/ in non-initial position.
- ^ [w~βˠ~vˠ] depending on dialect and position.
- ^ a b c d All Irish diphthongs have falling sonority; they could therefore more precisely be transliterated as [iə̯, uə̯, əi̯, əu̯].
- ^ Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe (1999). "Irish" (PDF). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–116. ISBN 0-521-63751-1.
- ^ Quiggin, E. C. (1906). . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Breatnach, Risteard B. (1947). The Irish of Ring, Co. Waterford. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. ISBN 0-901282-50-2.
- ^ Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000). Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Irish). Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann. ISBN 0-946452-97-0.
- ^ Mhac an Fhailigh, Éamonn (1968). The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. ISBN 0-901282-02-2.
- ^ Ó Siadhail, Mícheál (1988). Learning Irish: An Introductory Self-tutor. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04224-8.
- ^ Foclóir póca: English-Irish/Irish-English dictionary. Dublin: An Gúm. 1993. ISBN 1-85791-047-8.
External links[edit]
- Irish Phonetic Transcription Converter—Free Online Tool to convert Irish Text to IPA Phonetic Transcription
Well, that’s interesting to know that Psilotum nudum are known as whisk ferns. Psilotum nudum is the commoner species of the two. While the P. flaccidum is a rare species and is found in the tropical islands. Both the species are usually epiphytic in habit and grow upon tree ferns. These species may also be terrestrial and grow in humus or in the crevices of the rocks.
View the detailed Guide of Psilotum nudum: Detailed Study Of Psilotum Nudum (Whisk Fern), Classification, Anatomy, Reproduction