![]() | |
Names | |
---|---|
IUPAC name
3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17β-yl β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid
| |
Systematic IUPAC name
(2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-{[(1S,3aS,3bR,9bS,11aS)-7-hydroxy-11a-methyl-2,3,3a,3b,4,5,9b,10,11,11a-decahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-1-yl]oxy}oxane-2-carboxylic acid | |
Other names
E217βG; 17β-Estradiol 17β-D-glucuronide; Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17β-diol 17β-D-glucuronoside
| |
Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
|
|
ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
ChemSpider | |
KEGG | |
PubChem CID
|
|
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
|
|
| |
| |
Properties | |
C24H32O8 | |
Molar mass | 448.512 g·mol−1 |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
|
Estradiol glucuronide, or estradiol 17β-D-glucuronide, is a conjugated metabolite of estradiol.[1] It is formed from estradiol in the liver by UDP-glucuronyltransferase via attachment of glucuronic acid and is eventually excreted in the urine by the kidneys.[1] It has much higher water solubility than does estradiol.[1] Glucuronides are the most abundant estrogen conjugates.[1]
When exogenous estradiol is administered orally, it is subject to extensive first-pass metabolism (95%) in the intestines and liver.[2][3] A single administered dose of estradiol is absorbed 15% as estrone, 25% as estrone sulfate, 25% as estradiol glucuronide, and 25% as estrone glucuronide.[2] Formation of estrogen glucuronide conjugates is particularly important with oral estradiol as the percentage of estrogen glucuronide conjugates in circulation is much higher with oral ingestion than with parenteral estradiol.[2] Estradiol glucuronide can be converted back into estradiol, and a large circulating pool of estrogen glucuronide and sulfate conjugates serves as a long-lasting reservoir of estradiol that effectively extends its elimination half-life of oral estradiol.[2] In demonstration of the importance of first-pass metabolism and the estrogen conjugate reservoir in the pharmacokinetics of estradiol,[2] the elimination half-life of oral estradiol is 13 to 20 hours[4] whereas with intravenous injection its elimination half-life is only about 1 to 2 hours.[5]
Approximately 7% of estradiol is excreted in the urine as estradiol glucuronide.[6]
Estradiol glucuronide is transported into prostate gland, testis, and breast cells by OATP1A2, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OATP1C1, and OATP3A1.[7] The ABC transporters MRP2, MRP3, MRP4, and BCRP, as well as several other transporters, have been found to transport estradiol glucuronide out of cells.[7][8]
The circulating concentrations of estrogen glucuronides are generally more than 10-fold lower than those of estrone sulfate, the most abundant estrogen conjugate in the circulation.[8]
Estradiol glucuronide has been identified as an agonist of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), a membrane estrogen receptor.[9] This may be involved in estradiol glucuronide-induced cholestasis.[9]
Estrogen glucuronides can be deglucuronidated into the corresponding free estrogens by β-glucuronidase in tissues that express this enzyme, such as the mammary gland.[10] As a result, estrogen glucuronides have estrogenic activity via conversion into estrogens.[10]
Estradiol glucuronide shows about 300-fold lower potency in activating the estrogen receptors relative to estradiol in vitro.[11]
The positional isomer of estradiol glucuronide, estradiol 3-glucuronide, also occurs as a major endogenous metabolite of estradiol, circulating at two-thirds of the levels of estrone sulfate when it reaches its maximal concentrations just before ovulation and during the peak in estradiol levels that occurs at this time.[12]
Estrogen | Other names | RBA (%)a | REP (%)b | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ER | ERα | ERβ | ||||
Estradiol | E2 | 100 | 100 | 100 | ||
Estradiol 3-sulfate | E2S; E2-3S | ? | 0.02 | 0.04 | ||
Estradiol 3-glucuronide | E2-3G | ? | 0.02 | 0.09 | ||
Estradiol 17β-glucuronide | E2-17G | ? | 0.002 | 0.0002 | ||
Estradiol benzoate | EB; Estradiol 3-benzoate | 10 | 1.1 | 0.52 | ||
Estradiol 17β-acetate | E2-17A | 31–45 | 24 | ? | ||
Estradiol diacetate | EDA; Estradiol 3,17β-diacetate | ? | 0.79 | ? | ||
Estradiol propionate | EP; Estradiol 17β-propionate | 19–26 | 2.6 | ? | ||
Estradiol valerate | EV; Estradiol 17β-valerate | 2–11 | 0.04–21 | ? | ||
Estradiol cypionate | EC; Estradiol 17β-cypionate | ?c | 4.0 | ? | ||
Estradiol palmitate | Estradiol 17β-palmitate | 0 | ? | ? | ||
Estradiol stearate | Estradiol 17β-stearate | 0 | ? | ? | ||
Estrone | E1; 17-Ketoestradiol | 11 | 5.3–38 | 14 | ||
Estrone sulfate | E1S; Estrone 3-sulfate | 2 | 0.004 | 0.002 | ||
Estrone glucuronide | E1G; Estrone 3-glucuronide | ? | <0.001 | 0.0006 | ||
Ethinylestradiol | EE; 17α-Ethynylestradiol | 100 | 17–150 | 129 | ||
Mestranol | EE 3-methyl ether | 1 | 1.3–8.2 | 0.16 | ||
Quinestrol | EE 3-cyclopentyl ether | ? | 0.37 | ? | ||
Footnotes: a = Relative binding affinities (RBAs) were determined via in-vitro displacement of labeled estradiol from estrogen receptors (ERs) generally of rodent uterine cytosol. Estrogen esters are variably hydrolyzed into estrogens in these systems (shorter ester chain length -> greater rate of hydrolysis) and the ER RBAs of the esters decrease strongly when hydrolysis is prevented. b = Relative estrogenic potencies (REPs) were calculated from half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50) that were determined via in-vitro β‐galactosidase (β-gal) and green fluorescent protein (GFP) production assays in yeast expressing human ERα and human ERβ. Both mammalian cells and yeast have the capacity to hydrolyze estrogen esters. c = The affinities of estradiol cypionate for the ERs are similar to those of estradiol valerate and estradiol benzoate (figure). Sources: See template page. |
Estrogen | Structure | Ester(s) | Relative mol. weight |
Relative E2 contentb |
log Pc | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Position(s) | Moiet(ies) | Type | Lengtha | ||||||
Estradiol | ![]() |
– | – | – | – | 1.00 | 1.00 | 4.0 | |
Estradiol acetate | ![]() |
C3 | Ethanoic acid | Straight-chain fatty acid | 2 | 1.15 | 0.87 | 4.2 | |
Estradiol benzoate | ![]() |
C3 | Benzoic acid | Aromatic fatty acid | – (~4–5) | 1.38 | 0.72 | 4.7 | |
Estradiol dipropionate | ![]() |
C3, C17β | Propanoic acid (×2) | Straight-chain fatty acid | 3 (×2) | 1.41 | 0.71 | 4.9 | |
Estradiol valerate | ![]() |
C17β | Pentanoic acid | Straight-chain fatty acid | 5 | 1.31 | 0.76 | 5.6–6.3 | |
Estradiol benzoate butyrate | ![]() |
C3, C17β | Benzoic acid, butyric acid | Mixed fatty acid | – (~6, 2) | 1.64 | 0.61 | 6.3 | |
Estradiol cypionate | ![]() |
C17β | Cyclopentylpropanoic acid | Cyclic fatty acid | – (~6) | 1.46 | 0.69 | 6.9 | |
Estradiol enanthate | ![]() |
C17β | Heptanoic acid | Straight-chain fatty acid | 7 | 1.41 | 0.71 | 6.7–7.3 | |
Estradiol dienanthate | ![]() |
C3, C17β | Heptanoic acid (×2) | Straight-chain fatty acid | 7 (×2) | 1.82 | 0.55 | 8.1–10.4 | |
Estradiol undecylate | ![]() |
C17β | Undecanoic acid | Straight-chain fatty acid | 11 | 1.62 | 0.62 | 9.2–9.8 | |
Estradiol stearate | ![]() |
C17β | Octadecanoic acid | Straight-chain fatty acid | 18 | 1.98 | 0.51 | 12.2–12.4 | |
Estradiol distearate | ![]() |
C3, C17β | Octadecanoic acid (×2) | Straight-chain fatty acid | 18 (×2) | 2.96 | 0.34 | 20.2 | |
Estradiol sulfate | ![]() |
C3 | Sulfuric acid | Water-soluble conjugate | – | 1.29 | 0.77 | 0.3–3.8 | |
Estradiol glucuronide | ![]() |
C17β | Glucuronic acid | Water-soluble conjugate | – | 1.65 | 0.61 | 2.1–2.7 | |
Estramustine phosphated | ![]() |
C3, C17β | Normustine, phosphoric acid | Water-soluble conjugate | – | 1.91 | 0.52 | 2.9–5.0 | |
Polyestradiol phosphatee | ![]() |
C3–C17β | Phosphoric acid | Water-soluble conjugate | – | 1.23f | 0.81f | 2.9g | |
Footnotes: a = Length of ester in carbon atoms for straight-chain fatty acids or approximate length of ester in carbon atoms for aromatic or cyclic fatty acids. b = Relative estradiol content by weight (i.e., relative estrogenic exposure). c = Experimental or predicted octanol/water partition coefficient (i.e., lipophilicity/hydrophobicity). Retrieved from PubChem, ChemSpider, and DrugBank. d = Also known as estradiol normustine phosphate. e = Polymer of estradiol phosphate (~13 repeat units). f = Relative molecular weight or estradiol content per repeat unit. g = log P of repeat unit (i.e., estradiol phosphate). Sources: See individual articles. |
See also
[edit]- Catechol estrogen
- Estradiol sulfate
- Estriol glucuronide
- Estriol sulfate
- Estrogen conjugate
- Lipoidal estradiol
- List of estrogen esters § Estradiol esters
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d "Human Metabolome Database: Showing metabocard for 17-beta-Estradiol glucuronide (HMDB0010317)".
- ^ a b c d e Michael Oettel; Ekkehard Schillinger (6 December 2012). Estrogens and Antiestrogens II: Pharmacology and Clinical Application of Estrogens and Antiestrogen. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 268–. ISBN 978-3-642-60107-1.
- ^ M. Notelovitz; P.A. van Keep (6 December 2012). The Climacteric in Perspective: Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress on the Menopause, held at Lake Buena Vista, Florida, October 28–November 2, 1984. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 406–. ISBN 978-94-009-4145-8.
- ^ Stanczyk, Frank Z.; Archer, David F.; Bhavnani, Bhagu R. (2013). "Ethinyl estradiol and 17β-estradiol in combined oral contraceptives: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and risk assessment". Contraception. 87 (6): 706–727. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2012.12.011. ISSN 0010-7824. PMID 23375353.
- ^ Düsterberg B, Nishino Y (1982). "Pharmacokinetic and pharmacological features of oestradiol valerate". Maturitas. 4 (4): 315–24. doi:10.1016/0378-5122(82)90064-0. PMID 7169965.
- ^ Kelly Smith; Daniel M. Riche; Nickole Henyan (15 April 2010). Clinical Drug Data, 11th Edition. McGraw Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-162686-6.
- ^ a b Mueller JW, Gilligan LC, Idkowiak J, Arlt W, Foster PA (October 2015). "The Regulation of Steroid Action by Sulfation and Desulfation". Endocr. Rev. 36 (5): 526–63. doi:10.1210/er.2015-1036. PMC 4591525. PMID 26213785.
- ^ a b Järvinen E, Deng F, Kidron H, Finel M (April 2018). "Efflux transport of estrogen glucuronides by human MRP2, MRP3, MRP4 and BCRP". J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 178: 99–107. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.11.007. hdl:10138/321530. PMID 29175180. S2CID 3678002.
- ^ a b Zucchetti AE, Barosso IR, Boaglio AC, Basiglio CL, Miszczuk G, Larocca MC, Ruiz ML, Davio CA, Roma MG, Crocenzi FA, Pozzi EJ (March 2014). "G-protein-coupled receptor 30/adenylyl cyclase/protein kinase A pathway is involved in estradiol 17β-D-glucuronide-induced cholestasis". Hepatology. 59 (3): 1016–29. doi:10.1002/hep.26752. hdl:2133/10484. PMID 24115158. S2CID 20568614.
- ^ a b Zhu BT, Conney AH (January 1998). "Functional role of estrogen metabolism in target cells: review and perspectives". Carcinogenesis. 19 (1): 1–27. doi:10.1093/carcin/19.1.1. PMID 9472688.
- ^ Coldham NG, Dave M, Sivapathasundaram S, McDonnell DP, Connor C, Sauer MJ (July 1997). "Evaluation of a recombinant yeast cell estrogen screening assay". Environ. Health Perspect. 105 (7): 734–42. doi:10.1289/ehp.97105734. PMC 1470103. PMID 9294720.
- ^ F. A. Kincl; J. R. Pasqualini (22 October 2013). Hormones and the Fetus: Volume 1: Production, Concentration and Metabolism During Pregnancy. Elsevier Science. pp. 39–. ISBN 978-1-4832-8538-2.
Well, that’s interesting to know that Psilotum nudum are known as whisk ferns. Psilotum nudum is the commoner species of the two. While the P. flaccidum is a rare species and is found in the tropical islands. Both the species are usually epiphytic in habit and grow upon tree ferns. These species may also be terrestrial and grow in humus or in the crevices of the rocks.
View the detailed Guide of Psilotum nudum: Detailed Study Of Psilotum Nudum (Whisk Fern), Classification, Anatomy, Reproduction