Historically, the term counter-arch was used in architecture to describe multiple types of arches that provide opposing action:^[1][2]

• an inverted arch used opposite of a regular one. For example, an inverted arch in an open spandrel or in "Moseley bridges", a popular American Civil War-era design by Thomas William Moseley, where the counter-arches were intended as a low-cost alternative to diagonal bracing;^[3]
• any relieving arch;
• outer "rings" of arches overlaying the one forming the intrados, used in old English bridges since medieval times, are called "counter-arches"^[4] following the works of John Smeaton;
• an arch that is built adjacent to another arch to oppose its forces or help stabilize it.^[5] The counter-arch can be used, for example, when constructing the flying buttress,^[6]
• buttressing arches built between the opposing building facades over narrow streets of old cities;^[7][8]
• in fortification, an arch built on the tops of counterforts behind the bastion walls intended to limit the scope of the potential wall breaching;^[9]
• when a pier of the Old Westminster Bridge started sinking during the construction, Charles Labelye was forced to retrofit the bridge with open spandrels using the counter-arches springing off haunches of the two adjacent arches of the bridge thus relieving the pier.^[10]

• 
  An old Ouse Bridge, York with middle arch using three rings (two "counter-arches")^[11]
• 
  The Enneüs Heerma Bridge showing the inverted counter arch in the middle^[12]
• 
  Drawing of a Neo-Gothic flying buttress for the late 19th-century Votive Church, Vienna
• 
  Buttressing counter-arches in Bonifacio, Corsica
• 
  Counter-arched wall of a bastion (the voids are usually filled)
• 
  Old Westminster Bridge, with open spandrel

• Arcade (architecture)
• Flying arch
• Flying buttress
• Inverted arch
• Strainer arch

• Curl, James Stevens (2006). "counter-arch". A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860678-9. Retrieved 2024-01-03.
• Murray, J.A.H. (1893). "Counter-arch". A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles: part 1. C-Comm (1893). Clarendon Press. Retrieved 2024-07-05.
• Trautwine, J.C. (1874). "The Moseley Bridge". The Civil Engineer's Pocket-book: Of Mensuration, Trigonometry, Surveying, Hydraulics ... Etc. ... Claxton, Remsen & Haffelfinger. Retrieved 2024-07-05.
• Hodgson, John A. (1996). The Behaviour of Skewed Masonry Arch Bridges (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Salford.
• Ruddock, T. (1979). Arch Bridges and Their Builders 1735-1835. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-21816-0. Retrieved 2024-07-05.
• Niglio, Olimpia; Ulivieri, Denise (2018). "Vernacular architecture and "historical seismography": an experience research" (PDF). Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions - 2 Volume Set: Possibilities of Numerical and Experimental Techniques - Proceedings of the IVth Int. Seminar on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions, 10-13 November 2004, Padova, Italy. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-429-62100-0. Retrieved 2024-07-05.
• Lima, A; Correia, M; Gomes, F; Carlos, G; Viana, D; Lourenço, P; Varum, H (2015-09-08). "Systematisation of seismic retrofitting in vernacular architecture". Seismic Retrofitting: Learning from Vernacular Architecture. CRC Press. pp. 235–239. doi:10.1201/b18856-49. ISBN 978-1-138-02892-0.
• Royal Military College, Sandhurst (1852). Outlines of a Course of Lectures on Fortification, Military Tactics, and Perspective: With the Attack and Defence of Fortresses. Spottiswoodes and Shaw. Retrieved 2024-07-05.
• Ruddock, E.C. (2017). "Hollow Spandrels in Arch Bridges". Masonry Bridges, Viaducts and Aqueducts. Studies in the History of Civil Engineering. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-91928-9. Retrieved 2024-07-06.