Carbon

Logo on Carbon's GitHub organization
Family	C
Designed by	Google
Typing discipline	Static, nominative, partly inferred
Implementation language	C++
License	Apache-2.0-with-LLVM-Exception
Filename extensions	.carbon
Website	github.com/carbon-language
Influenced by
C++, Rust, Swift [citation needed]

Carbon is an experimental programming language designed for connectiveness with C++.^[1] The project is open-source and was started at Google. Google engineer Chandler Carruth first introduced Carbon at the CppNorth conference in Toronto in July 2022. He stated that Carbon was created to be a C++ successor.^[2][3][4] The language is expected to have an experimental MVP version 0.1 in 2025 and a production-ready version 1.0 after 2027.^[5]

The language intends to fix several perceived shortcomings of C++^[6] but otherwise provides a similar feature set. The main goals of the language are readability and "bi-directional interoperability" (which allows the user to include C++ code in the Carbon file), as opposed to using a new language like Rust, that, whilst being influenced by C++, is not two-way compatible with C++ programs. Changes to the language will be decided by the Carbon leads.^{[7][8][9][10]}

Carbon's documents, design, implementation, and related tools are hosted on GitHub under the Apache-2.0 license with LLVM Exceptions.^[11]

Example[edit]

The following shows how a program might be written in Carbon and C++:^[12]

package Geometry;
import Math;

class Circle {
  var r: f32;
}

fn PrintTotalArea(circles: Slice(Circle)) {
  var area: f32 = 0;
  for (c: Circle in circles) {
    area += Math.Pi * c.r * c.r;
  }
  Print("Total area: {0}", area);
}

fn Main() -> i32 {
  // A dynamically sized array, like `std::vector`.
  var circles: Array(Circle) = ({.r = 1.0}, {.r = 2.0});
  // Implicitly converts `Array` to `Slice`.
  PrintTotalArea(circles);
  return 0;
}

#include <numbers>
#include <print>
#include <span>
#include <stdfloat>
#include <vector>
// or: import std;

struct Circle {
  std::float32_t r;
};

void PrintTotalArea(std::span<Circle> circles) {
  std::float32_t area = 0;
  for (const Circle& c : circles) {
    area += std::numbers::pi * c.r * c.r;
  }
  std::print("Total area: {}\n", area);
}

int main() {
  std::vector<Circle> circles{{.r = 1.0}, {.r = 2.0}};
  // Implicitly converts `vector` to `span`.
  PrintTotalArea(circles);
  return 0;
}

See also[edit]

• Comparison of programming languages
• Timeline of programming languages
• C++
• D
• Go
• Rust
• Ring
• Mojo
• V

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• Carbon-language on GitHub
• Carbon at the Compiler Explorer (godbolt)