Burmese is an agglutinative language. It has a subject-object-verb word order and is head-final. Particles are heavily utilized to convey syntactic functions, with wide divergence between literary and colloquial forms.
Verbs
[edit]Verbs in Burmese are heavily affixed to convey meaning, such as modality.[1]
Negation
[edit]Verbs are negated by the prefix မ ma. [mə] and suffixed with နဲ့ nai. [nɛ̰] (literary form: နှင့် hnang. [n̥ɪ̰̃]) or ဘူး bhu: [bú] to indicate a negative command or a negative statement, respectively.
မသွား
ma.swa:
[məθwá
နဲ့
nai.
nɛ̰]
'Don't go'
မသွား
ma.swa:
[məθwá
ဘူး
bhu:
bú]
'[I] don't go'
Nouns
[edit]Burmese nouns are marked for case.
Case markers
[edit]The case markers are:
| High register | Low register | |
|---|---|---|
| Subject | thi (သည်), ká (က), hma (မှာ) | ha (ဟာ), ká (က) |
| Object | ko (ကို) | ko (ကို) |
| Recipient | à (အား) | |
| Allative | thó (သို့) | |
| Ablative | hmá (မှ), ká (က) | ká (က) |
| Locative | hnai (၌), hma (မှာ), twin (တွင်) | hma (မှာ) |
| Comitative | hnín (နှင့်) | né (နဲ့) |
| Instrumental | hpyin (ဖြင့်), hnin (နှင့်) | |
| Possessive | í (၏) | yé (ရဲ့) |
Number
[edit]Plural nouns are formed by adding the suffixes တွေ twe [dwè~twè] or များ mya: [mjà] (literary).
Numerical classifiers
[edit]Nouns are quantified using various classifiers.
Classifiers are not used for measurements of time or age.
Pronouns
[edit]Burmese makes use of an extensive system of pronouns that vary based on audience.
Adjectives
[edit]In Burmese, verbs carry out the function of adjectives.
Reduplication is used to intensify the meaning of adjectives.
References
[edit]- ^ Vittrant, Alice (Ed ) (2015). "Burmese as a modality-prominent language Discourse and stylistic register" (PDF). Pacific Linguistics. CRCL, CRCL, Pacific Linguistics And/Or The Author(S): 4.1M, 143–162 pages. doi:10.15144/PL-570.143.
Further reading
[edit]- Jenny, Mathias; Hnin Tun, San San (2016). Burmese: A Comprehensive Grammar. Routledge. ISBN 9780415735698.
- Judson, Adoniram (1883). Grammar of the Burmese Language.
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