| Agusan | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Philippines |
| Region | Mindanao |
Native speakers | (80,000 cited 1978–2002)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Variously:msm – Agusan, Omayamnonmbd – Dibabawonmqk – Rajah Kabunsuwan |
| Glottolog | east2478 |
Agusan is a Manobo language of northeastern Mindanao in the Philippines.
Distribution and dialects[edit]
Agusan Manobo (consisting of the Umayam, Adgawan, Surigao, and Omayamnon dialects) is spoken in the following areas.[2]
- Agusan del Sur Province: western area, southeast of Lake Buluan
- inland areas of Surigao del Sur Province
- southwest of Lanuza Peninsula to Lianga Bay in Surigao del Sur Province
- western Agusan del Norte Province
- Compostela Valley and Davao del Norte provinces: continuous strip along northern borders
- Surigao del Norte Province: southern tip, inland
- scattered small border areas of Bukidnon and Davao Oriental provinces
Dibabawon Manobo is spoken in the following areas.[3]
- northern Compostela Valley Province: upper Agusan River area
- Davao Oriental Province: Boston and Cateel municipalities
- Davao del Norte Province: Asuncion municipality (in Manguagan)
Rajah Kabunsuwan Manobo is spoken in the following areas.[4]
- northern border of Davao Oriental Province
- southeast corner of Agusan del Sur Province
- southern Surigao del Sur Province: Lingig (in Rajah Cabungsuan)
The Omayamnon, Dibabawon, and Rajah Kabunsuwan dialects are divergent.
Phonology[edit]
Consonants[edit]
In Agusan, the stops have unreleased variants when occurring before another consonant, silence, and in syllable-final position.[5] The glottal stop /ʔ/ occurs in all consonant positions.[5] Of the continuants, all occur in syllable-initial position and all except /h/ in word-final position. The consonants /d/ and /j/ are used interchangeably.[5]
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p b | t d | k g | ʔ | |
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||
| Fricative | s | h | |||
| Flap | ɾ | ||||
| Approximant | w | l | j |
Vowels[edit]
Agusan has only five vowels, /i/, /u/, /e/, /æ/, and /a/. Vowels may appear alone, after a consonant, or between consonants in a syllable. All vowels, with the exception of /æ/, may occur "in a sequence of identical vowels separated by a glottal stop". The vowel /e/ never occurs next to the consonant /r/.[5]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ||
| Low | æ | a |
References[edit]
- ^ Agusan, Omayamnon at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Dibabawon at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Rajah Kabunsuwan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ Ethnologue
- ^ Ethnologue
- ^ Ethnologue
- ^ a b c d Weaver, Daniel H.; Weaver, Marilou (1963). "The phonology of Agusan Manobo (with special reference to æ)". In Wolfenden, Elmer (ed.). Papers on Philippine Languages 1. Manila: Institute for Language Teaching and Summer Institute of Linguistics. pp. 1–6.
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