Cannabaceae

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◌̱
Macron below
U+0331 ◌̱ COMBINING MACRON BELOW
A̱a̱ḆḇC̱c̱

Macron below is a combining diacritical mark that is used in various orthographies.[1]

A non-combining form is U+02CD ˍ MODIFIER LETTER LOW MACRON. It is not to be confused with U+0320 ◌̠ COMBINING MINUS SIGN BELOW, U+0332 ◌̲ COMBINING LOW LINE and U+005F _ LOW LINE. The difference between "macron below" and "low line" is that the latter results in an unbroken underline when it is run together: compare a̱ḇc̱ and a̲b̲c̲ (only the latter should look like abc).[2]


Unicode

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Macron below character

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Unicode defines several characters for the macron below:

macron below
combining spacing
character Unicode HTML character Unicode HTML
◌̱
single		 U+0331 ̱ ˍ
letter		 U+02CD ˍ
◌͟◌
double		 U+035F ͟

There are many similar marks covered elsewhere:

  • Spacing underscores, including
    • U+005F _ LOW LINE (_, _)
    • U+2017 ‗ DOUBLE LOW LINE
  • Combining underlines, including
    • U+0332 ◌̲ COMBINING LOW LINE
    • U+0333 ◌̳ COMBINING DOUBLE LOW LINE
    • U+0347 ◌͇ COMBINING EQUALS SIGN BELOW;
    • U+FE2B ◌︫ COMBINING MACRON LEFT HALF BELOW
    • U+FE2C ◌︬ COMBINING MACRON RIGHT HALF BELOW
    • U+FE2D ◌︭ COMBINING CONJOINING MACRON BELOW
  • International Phonetic Alphabet mark for retracted or backed articulation:[1]
    • U+0320 ◌̠ COMBINING MINUS SIGN BELOW
    • U+02D7 ˗ MODIFIER LETTER MINUS SIGN

Precomposed characters

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Various precomposed letters with a macron below are defined in Unicode:

upper case lower case notes
letter Unicode HTML letter Unicode HTML
Ḇ U+1E06 Ḇ ḇ U+1E07 ḇ Used in the transliteration of Biblical Hebrew into the Roman alphabet to show the fricative value of the letter beth (ב) representing [v], or perhaps [β].
Ḏ U+1E0E Ḏ ḏ U+1E0F ḏ Used in the transliteration of Biblical Hebrew, Syriac and Arabic into the Roman alphabet to show the fricative value of the letter dalet (ד), [ð], and in the romanization of Pashto, it is used sometimes to represent retroflex D. In Dravidian languages' transcription it represents an alveolar /d/.
ẖ U+1E96 ẖ Sometimes used for Arabic خ ẖāʼ, Hebrew Heth (letter), Egyptian 𓄡.

There is no precomposed upper case equivalent of ẖ so it uses a combining macron below instead: H̱.

Ḵ U+1E34 Ḵ ḵ U+1E35 ḵ Used in the transliteration of Biblical Hebrew into the Roman alphabet to show the fricative value of the letter kaph (כ) representing [x].

Used in Tlingit and Haida (among other Pacific Northwest languages) for the voiceless uvular stop [q]. Close to Korean ㄲ kk; closest English "shocking"

Used optionally in the K-dialect of Māori in the South Island of New Zealand, where an original ng has merged with k. The ḵ indicates that it corresponds to ng in other dialects. There is no difference in pronunciation between ḵ and k.

Ḻ U+1E3A Ḻ ḻ U+1E3B ḻ One possible transliteration of the Dravidian retroflex approximant /ɻ/ as in Tamil letter ழ. Ḻ is used in the Seri language to represent [l], like English l, while unmodified "l" represents [ɬ], like Welsh ll. It is also used in the proposed Unified Alphabet for Mapudungun.
Ṉ U+1E48 Ṉ ṉ U+1E49 ṉ Used in Pitjantjatjara to represent [ɳ], and in Saanich to represent both plain and glottalized [ɴ]. In the romanization of Pashto, it is used sometimes to represent retroflex N. In Dravidian languages' transcription it represents an alveolar /n/.
Ṟ U+1E5E Ṟ ṟ U+1E5F ṟ Used in Pitjantjatjara to represent [ɻ], and sometimes in the romanization of Pashto to represent the retroflex R. In Dravidian languages' transcription it represents an alveolar trill /r/.
Ṯ U+1E6E Ṯ ṯ U+1E6F ṯ Used in the proposed Unified Alphabet for Mapudungun language representing [t̪]. In the romanization of Pashto, it is used sometimes to represent retroflex T. In Dravidian languages' transcription it represents an alveolar /t/. In the romanization of Arabic this letter is used to transcribe the letter Ṯāʾ.
Ẕ U+1E94 Ẕ ẕ U+1E95 ẕ Used in the 1953 Hebrew Academy Romanization of Hebrew to represent tsade (צ).
₫ U+20AB ₫ Vietnamese đồng.

Note that the Unicode character names of precomposed characters whose decompositions contain U+0331 ◌̱ COMBINING MACRON BELOW use "WITH LINE BELOW" rather than "WITH MACRON BELOW". Thus, U+1E07 ḇ LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH LINE BELOW decomposes to U+0062 b LATIN SMALL LETTER B and U+0331 ◌̱ COMBINING MACRON BELOW.[3]

The Vietnamese đồng currency sign resembles a lower case d with a stroke and macron below: U+20AB ₫ DONG SIGN but is neither a letter nor decomposable.[4]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Combining Diacritical Marks Code Chart, Range: 0300–036F" (PDF). The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
  2. ^ "6.2 General Punctuation" (PDF). The Unicode Standard. Version 11.0.0. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2018. p. 273. ISBN 978-1-936213-19-1. Retrieved 2018-12-12. Spacing Overscores and Underscores. U+203E OVERLINE is the above-the-line counterpart to U+005F low line. It is a spacing character, not to be confused with U+0305 COMBINING OVERLINE. As with all overscores and underscores, a sequence of these characters should connect in an unbroken line. The overscoring characters also must be distinguished from U+0304 COMBINING MACRON, which does not connect horizontally in this way.
  3. ^ "Latin Extended Additional Code Chart, Range: 1E00–1EFF" (PDF). The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
  4. ^ "Unicode character database". The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CC%B1

One thought on “Cannabaceae”

  1. Well, that’s interesting to know that Psilotum nudum are known as whisk ferns. Psilotum nudum is the commoner species of the two. While the P. flaccidum is a rare species and is found in the tropical islands. Both the species are usually epiphytic in habit and grow upon tree ferns. These species may also be terrestrial and grow in humus or in the crevices of the rocks.
    View the detailed Guide of Psilotum nudum: Detailed Study Of Psilotum Nudum (Whisk Fern), Classification, Anatomy, Reproduction

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