◌̑ | |
---|---|
Inverted breve | |
U+0311 ◌̑ COMBINING INVERTED BREVE |
Inverted breve or arch is a diacritical mark, shaped like the top half of a circle ( ̑ ), that is, like an upside-down breve (˘). It looks similar to the circumflex (ˆ), which has a sharp tip (Â â Ê ê Î î Ô ô Û û), while the inverted breve is rounded: (Ȃ ȃ Ȇ ȇ Ȋ ȋ Ȏ ȏ Ȗ ȗ).
Inverted breve can occur above or below the letter. It is not used in any natural language alphabet,[citation needed] but as a phonetic indicator. It is identical in form to the Ancient Greek circumflex.
Uses
[edit]Serbo-Croatian
[edit]The inverted breve above is used in traditional Slavicist notation of Serbo-Croatian phonology to indicate long falling accent. It is placed above the syllable nucleus, which can be one of five vowels (ȃ ȇ ȋ ȏ ȗ) or syllabic ȓ. This use of the inverted breve is derived from the Ancient Greek circumflex, which was preserved in the polytonic orthography of Modern Greek and influenced[clarification needed] early Serbian Cyrillic printing through religious literature. In the early 19th century, it began to be used in both Latin and Cyrillic as a diacritic to mark prosody in the systematic study of the Serbo-Croatian linguistic continuum.
International Phonetic Alphabet
[edit]In the International Phonetic Alphabet, an inverted breve below is used to mark a vowel as non-syllabic, i.e. assuming the role of a semivowel. The diacritic thus expands upon the four primary symbols [j, w, ɥ, ɰ] the IPA reserves for semivowels, which correspond to the full vowels [i, u, y, ɯ], respectively. Any vowel is eligible for marking as non-syllabic; a frequent use of the diacritic is in conjunction with the centralised equivalents of the vowels just mentioned: [ɪ̯, ʊ̯, ʏ̯].
The same diacritic is placed under iota (ι̯) to represent the Proto-Indo-European semivowel *y as it relates to Greek grammar; upsilon with an inverted breve (υ̯) is used alongside digamma (ϝ) to represent the Proto-Indo-European semivowel *w.[1]
Encoding
[edit]Inverted breve characters are supported in Unicode and HTML code (decimal numeric character reference).
Name | Letter | Unicode | HTML |
---|---|---|---|
Combining Inverted Breve | ◌̑ | U+0311 | ̑ |
Combining Inverted Breve Below | ◌̯ | U+032F | ̯ |
Combining Double Inverted Breve | ◌͡◌ | U+0361 | ͡ |
Combining Double Inverted Breve Below | ◌᷼◌ | U+1DFC | ᷼ |
Modifier Breve With Inverted Breve | ꭛ | U+AB5B | ꭛ |
Latin Capital Letter A With Inverted Breve | Ȃ | U+0202 | Ȃ |
Latin Small Letter A With Inverted Breve | ȃ | U+0203 | ȃ |
Latin Capital Letter E With Inverted Breve | Ȇ | U+0206 | Ȇ |
Latin Small Letter E With Inverted Breve | ȇ | U+0207 | ȇ |
Latin Capital Letter I With Inverted Breve | Ȋ | U+020A | Ȋ |
Latin Small Letter I With Inverted Breve | ȋ | U+020B | ȋ |
Latin Capital Letter O With Inverted Breve | Ȏ | U+020E | Ȏ |
Latin Small Letter O With Inverted Breve | ȏ | U+020F | ȏ |
Latin Capital Letter R With Inverted Breve | Ȓ | U+0212 | Ȓ |
Latin Small Letter R With Inverted Breve | ȓ | U+0213 | ȓ |
Latin Capital Letter U With Inverted Breve | Ȗ | U+0216 | Ȗ |
Latin Small Letter U With Inverted Breve | ȗ | U+0217 | ȗ |
In LaTeX the control \textroundcap{o}
with \usepackage{tipa}
puts an inverted breve over the letter o.[2]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Herbert Weir Smyth. Greek Grammar. par. 20 a: semivowels.
- ^ "LaTeX for Classical Philologists and Indo-Europeanists". Retrieved 2010-09-23.[dead link]
Well, that’s interesting to know that Psilotum nudum are known as whisk ferns. Psilotum nudum is the commoner species of the two. While the P. flaccidum is a rare species and is found in the tropical islands. Both the species are usually epiphytic in habit and grow upon tree ferns. These species may also be terrestrial and grow in humus or in the crevices of the rocks.
View the detailed Guide of Psilotum nudum: Detailed Study Of Psilotum Nudum (Whisk Fern), Classification, Anatomy, Reproduction