Quinnipiac Bobcats men's ice hockey | |
---|---|
![]() | |
![]() | |
University | Quinnipiac University |
Conference | ECAC Hockey |
Head coach | Rand Pecknold 30th season, 615–337–103 (.632) |
Assistant coaches |
|
Arena | Frank Perrotti, Jr. Arena at the M&T Bank Arena Hamden, Connecticut |
Colors | Navy and gold |
Mascot | Boomer the Bobcat |
NCAA Tournament championships | |
2023 | |
NCAA Tournament Runner-up | |
2013, 2016 | |
NCAA Tournament Frozen Four | |
2013, 2016, 2023 | |
NCAA Tournament appearances | |
2002, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 | |
Conference Tournament championships | |
2002, 2016 | |
Conference regular season championships | |
1999, 2000, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 | |
Current uniform | |
![]() |
The Quinnipiac Bobcats men's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Quinnipiac University. The Bobcats are a member of ECAC Hockey. They play at the M&T Bank Arena in Hamden, Connecticut.[1]
History
[edit]Quinnipiac College began sponsoring men's ice hockey as a varsity sport for the 1975–76 season. The program began as an independent team before joining ECAC 3 the following year. The program remained with the third-tier conference for over 20 years despite being a Division II school for much of that time. The Braves left ECAC 3 in 1997 and spent a year as a D-II independent before moving up to Division I as part of the university's transition to the top level. Quinnipiac was a founding member of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ice hockey division, joining the conference as an affiliate member. The Braves won the MAAC Regular season Championship in their first season in the league. The trend continued as Quinnipiac won the title the follow two seasons.[2] In 2002 The Braves won the team's first playoff series, winning the MAAC Playoff Championship with a 6–4 win over Mercyhurst.[3] With the win, Quinnipiac received an automatic bid to the 2002 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey tournament, the first NCAA postseason appearance in program history.[3] Quinnipiac faced off against Cornell in the first round of the East Regional, held in Worcester, Massachusetts.[4] Quinnipiac's run into the NCAA tournament ended early in a 1–6 loss to the Big Red.[5] The game was the first NCAA tournament appearance for the Braves.[6] Quinnipiac finished the 2001–02 season 20–13–5, marking the team's fourth consecutive season with at least 20 wins.[7]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/TDBanknorthSportsCenterHockey.jpg/272px-TDBanknorthSportsCenterHockey.jpg)
In 2003 the MAAC Hockey league split off from the main athletic conference to form Atlantic Hockey.[8] After two years in Atlantic Hockey Quinnipiac left to join the ECAC, replacing Vermont who left the league for Hockey East[9] and changed their name to the Bobcats. QU was chosen over a number of applicants in large part to the university's commitment to build a new multipurpose sports arena to replace the civic-owned Northford Ice Pavilion.[9] The Bobcats moved into the new 3,386-seat TD Bank Sports Center (then known as TD Banknorth Sports Center) in 2007.[10]
The 2012–13 season has brought Quinnipiac to national prominence. The program reached a new high becoming the number one team in the country on February 11, 2013 in both the USCHO.com poll and USA Today College Hockey poll. Quinnipiac retained the ranking the following week despite losing their first game as the top ranked team to St. Lawrence University as the 2nd and 3rd ranked teams also fell the same weekend. The Bobcats also won their first ever Cleary Cup presented to the ECAC regular season champion. On March 24, 2013, the Bobcats received the number one overall seed in the 2013 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey tournament. The Bobcats won the East Region with wins over Canisius (4-3) and Union (5-1) to advance to the school's first ever Frozen Four in Pittsburgh, Pa. In the national semifinals, Quinnipiac defeated St. Cloud State (4-1) to advance to the national championship game against archrival Yale. The Bobcats fell 4–0 to Yale to end the 2012-13 as the national runner-up.
In the 2013–14 season the Bobcats once again reached the NCAA tournament yet were defeated in the first round by Providence College 4–0. The team finished the season with a 24-10-6 record.
Quinnipiac once again had a successful 2014–15 season when they won their second ECAC regular season title in 3 years but lost in the first round of the NCAA tournament to North Dakota 4–1. The team finished the season with a 23-12-4 record.
The 2015–16 season saw Qunnipiac set a school record for wins with 32 along with winning their 3rd ECAC regular season title in 4 years and winning the ECAC tournament championship for the first time. Quinnipiac blew through the East Regional with wins over RIT 4-0 and UMass Lowell 4–1 to capture the regional championship and advance to the Frozen Four in the Tampa for the 2nd time in 4 seasons. In the national semifinals the Bobcats withheld a late charge by Boston College to win 3-2 and advance to the second national championship game in program history. Once again Quinnipiac was denied a national championship this time at the hands of North Dakota in a 5–1 defeat. The team finished the season with a record of 32-4-7.
On April 8, 2023, the Bobcats won their first-ever NCAA Division I men's ice hockey tournament championship, defeating the Minnesota Golden Gophers 3–2, scoring the winning goal just ten seconds into overtime.
Rivals
[edit]Since moving to the ECAC, Quinnipiac's biggest rival has been the Yale Bulldogs. The rivalry is dubbed the War on Whitney Avenue as the two campuses are separated by a mere 8 miles on Whitney Avenue in Hamden, Connecticut, to New Haven, Connecticut. The rivalry has reached its highest point in 2013 as both the Bobcats and the Bulldogs rank in the top 10 nationally and are 1 and 2 in the ECAC standings. The winner of the final game between the two teams receives the Heroes Hat which honors those who risked their lives during the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. The two teams met on April 13, 2013 for the fourth time in the 2012–13 season in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to play for the national championship. Quinnipiac won the previous three meetings by a combined score of 13–3, but was upset in the national championship game, 4–0.
The Cornell Big Red have also become a rival of Quinnipiac with the teams meeting in five ECAC Hockey Playoff series since the 2007 season having won in 2007 at Lynah Rink and in 2013 and 2016 in Hamden with the latter two coming with Quinnipiac as the ECAC number one seed and seasons in which Quinnipiac reached the Frozen Four. Cornell won series in 2011 and 2018 both at Lynah Rink. Quinnipiac is 3–2 in those series against Cornell with three of the series going the maximum three games. Things on the ice have been heated at times with a lot of physical play and both Rand Pecknold and Cornell head coach Mike Schafer jawing at each other as well.
Records vs. current ECAC Hockey teams
[edit]As of the completion of 2023–24 season[11]
School | Team | Away Arena | Overall record | Win % | Last Result |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brown University | Bears | Meehan Auditorium | 29–10–7 | .707 | - |
Clarkson University | Golden Knights | Cheel Arena | 19–19–5 | .500 | - |
Colgate University | Raiders | Class of 1965 Arena | 32–19–3 | .620 | - |
Cornell University | Big Red | Lynah Rink | 19–26–4 | .429 | - |
Dartmouth College | Big Green | Thompson Arena | 25–10–4 | .692 | - |
Harvard University | Crimson | Bright-Landry Hockey Center | 18–18–5 | .500 | - |
Princeton University | Tigers | Hobey Baker Memorial Rink | 24–11–1 | .681 | - |
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute | Engineers | Houston Field House | 22–7–9 | .697 | - |
St. Lawrence University | Saints | Appleton Arena | 26–19–6 | .569 | - |
Union College | Dutchmen | Achilles Rink | 24–17–5 | .576 | - |
Yale University | Bulldogs | Ingalls Rink | 28–7–5 | .763 | - |
Season-by-season results
[edit]Source:[12]
All-time coaching records
[edit]Head Coach
Assistant Coach
Associate Head Coach
As of completion of 2022–23 season[12]
Tenure | Coach | Years | Record | Pct. |
---|---|---|---|---|
1975–1979 | Jim Kennedy | 4 | 22–48–1 | .317 |
1979–1980 | Ralph O'Connor | 1 | 5–13–1 | .289 |
1980–1994 | Jim Armstrong | 14 | 139–188–8 | .427 |
1994–Present | Rand Pecknold | 29 | 615–337–103 | .632 |
Totals | 4 coaches | 48 Seasons | 781–586–113 | .566 |
Statistical leaders
[edit]Source:[13]
Career points leaders
[edit]Player | Years | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chris Cerrella | 1997–2001 | 126 | 99 | 106 | 205 | 230 |
Todd Johnson | 1985–1989 | 109 | 90 | 112 | 202 | 128 |
Jim Hanscom | 1976–1980 | 83 | 109 | 192 | ||
Bill Verneris | 1978–1982 | 92 | 94 | 186 | ||
Brian Herbert | 1999–2003 | 136 | 56 | 113 | 169 | 254 |
Bryan Leitch | 2005–2009 | 157 | 53 | 116 | 169 | 124 |
Odeen Tufto | 2017–2021 | 139 | 39 | 129 | 168 | 58 |
Rick Ciardiello | 1983–1987 | 61 | 97 | 158 | ||
Reid Cashman | 2003–2007 | 151 | 23 | 125 | 148 | 246 |
Ethan De Jong | 2018–2023 | 184 | 61 | 83 | 144 | 76 |
Career goaltending leaders
[edit]GP = Games played; Min = Minutes played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; GA = Goals against; SO = Shutouts; SV% = Save percentage; GAA = Goals against average
Minimum 30 games
Player | Years | GP | Min | W | L | T | GA | SO | SV% | GAA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yaniv Perets | 2020–2023 | 74 | 4291 | 56 | 9 | 5 | 137 | 21 | .935 | 1.34 |
Michael Garteig | 2012–2016 | 124 | 7261 | 78 | 25 | 16 | 237 | 19 | .917 | 1.96 |
Eric Hartzell | 2009–2013 | 106 | 6139 | 58 | 27 | 17 | 201 | 10 | .924 | 1.96 |
Andrew Shortridge | 2016–2019 | 78 | 4235 | 42 | 26 | 4 | 139 | 10 | .923 | 1.97 |
Keith Petruzzelli | 2017–2021 | 94 | 5280 | 51 | 27 | 8 | 191 | 10 | .915 | 2.17 |
Statistics current through the start of the 2023–24 season.
Roster
[edit]As of July 24, 2023.[14]
No. | S/P/C | Player | Class | Pos | Height | Weight | DoB | Hometown | Previous team | NHL rights |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | ![]() |
Iivari Räsänen | Senior | D | 6' 1" (1.85 m) | 200 lb (91 kg) | 2001-05-23 | Tampere, Finland | Muskegon (USHL) | — |
3 | ![]() |
Cooper Moore | Senior | D | 6' 2" (1.88 m) | 187 lb (85 kg) | 2001-02-16 | Greenwich, Connecticut | North Dakota (NCHC) | DET, 128th overall 2019 |
4 | ![]() |
Davis Pennington | Junior | D | 5' 10" (1.78 m) | 185 lb (84 kg) | 2001-05-27 | Saline, Michigan | Omaha (NCHC) | — |
5 | ![]() |
C. J. McGee | Graduate | D | 6' 0" (1.83 m) | 180 lb (82 kg) | 1999-03-12 | Pearl River, New York | Shreveport (NAHL) | — |
6 | ![]() |
Charles-Alexis Legault | Sophomore | D | 6' 3" (1.91 m) | 214 lb (97 kg) | 2003-09-05 | Kelowna, British Columbia | West Kelowna (BCHL) | CAR, 139th overall 2023 |
7 | ![]() |
Jake Martin | Freshman | D | 6' 0" (1.83 m) | 187 lb (85 kg) | 2003-03-18 | White Bear Lake, Minnesota | Green Bay (USHL) | — |
8 | ![]() |
Matthew McGroarty | Freshman | F | 5' 10" (1.78 m) | 172 lb (78 kg) | 2003-01-30 | Westport, Connecticut | Madison (USHL) | — |
10 | ![]() |
Zach Tupker | Graduate | F | 6' 1" (1.85 m) | 187 lb (85 kg) | 1999-12-23 | Collingwood, Ontario | Cornell (ECAC) | — |
11 | ![]() |
Collin Graf | Junior | F | 6' 1" (1.85 m) | 195 lb (88 kg) | 2003-09-21 | Lincoln, Massachusetts | Union (ECAC) | — |
12 | ![]() |
Nicky Wallace | Freshman | D | 5' 8" (1.73 m) | 165 lb (75 kg) | 2003-05-07 | Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey | Madison (USHL) | — |
13 | ![]() |
Christophe Fillion | Junior | F | 5' 11" (1.8 m) | 175 lb (79 kg) | 2000-06-18 | Sherbrooke, Quebec | Muskegon (USHL) | — |
14 | ![]() |
Victor Czerneckianair | Sophomore | F | 5' 11" (1.8 m) | 174 lb (79 kg) | 2002-02-17 | Southington, Connecticut | Tri-City (USHL) | — |
15 | ![]() |
Jayden Lee | Graduate | D | 5' 9" (1.75 m) | 160 lb (73 kg) | 2001-01-10 | North Vancouver, British Columbia | Powell River (BCHL) | — |
16 | ![]() |
Jacob Quillan | Junior | F | 6' 0" (1.83 m) | 195 lb (88 kg) | 2002-02-02 | Dartmouth, Nova Scotia | Penticton (BCHL) | — |
17 | ![]() |
Travis Treloar | Senior | F | 5' 11" (1.8 m) | 176 lb (80 kg) | 2001-05-12 | Kalmar, Sweden | Ohio State (Big Ten) | — |
18 | ![]() |
Anthony Cipollone | Sophomore | F | 5' 6" (1.68 m) | 165 lb (75 kg) | 2002-05-14 | Purchase, New York | Brooks (AJHL) | — |
19 | ![]() |
Chase Ramsay | Freshman | D | 6' 0" (1.83 m) | 181 lb (82 kg) | 2003-06-10 | Granite Springs, New York | Des Moines (USHL) | — |
20 | ![]() |
Mason Marcellus | Freshman | F | 5' 9" (1.75 m) | 165 lb (75 kg) | 2002-07-19 | Greely, Ontario | Lincoln (USHL) | — |
24 | ![]() |
Alex Power | Sophomore | F | 6' 1" (1.85 m) | 185 lb (84 kg) | 2002-01-04 | St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador | Bonnyville (AJHL) | — |
26 | ![]() |
Timothy Heinke | Sophomore | F | 6' 1" (1.85 m) | 194 lb (88 kg) | 2001-10-02 | Kensington, Connecticut | South Shore (NCDC) | — |
27 | ![]() |
Andon Cerbone | Freshman | F | 5' 9" (1.75 m) | 163 lb (74 kg) | 2004-04-13 | Stamford, Connecticut | Youngstown (USHL) | — |
28 | ![]() |
Sam Lipkin | Sophomore | F | 6' 2" (1.88 m) | 192 lb (87 kg) | 2003-01-03 | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | Chicago (USHL) | ARI, 223rd overall 2021 |
29 | ![]() |
Cristophe Tellier | Junior | F | 6' 1" (1.85 m) | 185 lb (84 kg) | 2000-05-23 | Sherbrooke, Quebec | Muskegon (USHL) | — |
31 | ![]() |
Noah Altman | Junior | G | 6' 7" (2.01 m) | 209 lb (95 kg) | 2000-08-16 | Los Angeles, California | Bismarck (NAHL) | — |
35 | ![]() |
Matej Marinov | Freshman | G | 6' 0" (1.83 m) | 157 lb (71 kg) | 2003-06-16 | Nitra, Slovakia | Fargo (USHL) | — |
37 | ![]() |
Vinny Duplessis | Senior | G | 6' 1" (1.85 m) | 170 lb (77 kg) | 1999-03-19 | Quebec City, Quebec | Boston University (HEA) | — |
Awards and honors
[edit]NCAA
[edit]Individual awards
[edit]
|
|
|
All-Americans
[edit]- 2006–07: Reid Cashman, D
- 2012–13: Eric Hartzell, G
- 2015–16: Sam Anas, F
- 2020–21: Odeen Tufto, F
- 2021–22: Zach Metsa, D
- 2022–23: Collin Graf, F
AHCA Second Team All-Americans
- 2005–06: Reid Cashman, D
- 2014–15: Sam Anas, F
- 2018–19: Andrew Shortridge, G
- 2021–22: Yaniv Perets, G
- 2022–23: Yaniv Perets, G; Zach Metsa, D
- 2023–24: Collin Graf, F
Individual awards
[edit]
|
|
|
All-Conference Teams
[edit]- 1998–99: J. C. Wells, G; Dan Ennis, D; Kris Cumming, D; Chad Poliquin, F
- 1999–00: Anthony DiPalma, D; Shawn Mansoff, F; Chris Cerrella, F
- 2000–01: Chris Cerrella, F
- 2002–03: Wade Winkler, D; Matt Craig, F
- 1998–99: Neil Breen, F
- 2001–02: Brian Herbert, F
- 2002–03: Brian Herbert, F
- 1998–99: Dan Ennis, D; Neil Breen, F
- 1999–00: Matt Erhart, D; Brian Herbert, F
- 2000–01: Justin Eddy, G
- 2001–02: Jamie Holden, G
- 2002–03: Conrad Martin, D; Scott Reynolds, F
Individual awards
[edit]
|
Regular season Goaltending Award
|
|
|
All-Conference Teams
[edit]First Team All-Atlantic Hockey
- 2003–04: Jamie Holden, G
- 2004–05: Reid Cashman, D
Second Team All-Atlantic Hockey
- 2003–04: Reid Cashman, D
- 2004–05: Jamie Holden, G; Matt Craig, F
Atlantic Hockey All-Rookie Team
- 2003–04: Reid Cashman, D
- 2004–05: Matt Sorteberg, D; Ben Nelson, F
ECAC Hockey
[edit]Individual awards
[edit]
ECAC Hockey Player of the Year
|
ECAC Hockey Rookie of the Year
|
|
ECAC Hockey Student-Athlete of the Year
|
ECAC Hockey Best Defensive Defenseman
|
ECAC Hockey Best Defensive Forward
|
|
ECAC Hockey Most Outstanding Player in Tournament
|
All-Conference
[edit]- 2005–06: Reid Cashman, D
- 2006–07: Reid Cashman, D
- 2012–13: Eric Hartzell, G
- 2014–15: Matthew Peca, F
- 2015–16: Sam Anas, F
- 2018–19: Andrew Shortridge, G; Chase Priskie, D
- 2020–21: Keith Petruzelli, G; Zach Metsa, D; Odeen Tufto, F
- 2021–22: Yaniv Perets, G; Zach Metsa, D
- 2022–23: Yaniv Perets, G; Collin Graf, F
- 2023–24: Jayden Lee, D; Collin Graf, F
- 2008–09: Bryan Leitch, F
- 2013–14: Kellen Jones, F; Sam Anas, F
- 2014–15: Sam Anas, F
- 2015–16: Devon Toews, D; Tim Clifton, F; Travis St. Denis, F
- 2017–18: Chase Priskie, D
- 2018–19: Odeen Tufto, F
- 2019–20: Odeen Tufto, F
- 2022–23: Zach Metsa, D; Ethan de Jong, F
- 2023–24: Jacob Quillan, F; Sam Lipkin, F
- 2006–07: Brandon Wong, F
- 2011–12: Connor Jones, F
- 2012–13: Zach Davies, D; Jeremy Langlois, F
- 2014–15: Michael Garteig, G; Danny Federico, D
- 2015–16: Michael Garteig, G
- 2016–17: Chase Priskie, D
- 2017–18: Odeen Tufto, F
- 2019–20: Peter DiLiberatore, D
- 2021–22: Wyatt Bongiovanni, F
- 2022–23: Skyler Brind'Amour, F
- 2023–24: Vinny Duplessis, Q
- 2005–06: Bryan Leitch, F
- 2006–07: Brandon Wong, F
- 2011–12: Matthew Peca, F
- 2013–14: Sam Anas, F
- 2014–15: Landon Smith, F
- 2015–16: Chase Priskie, D
- 2017–18: Odeen Tufto, F
- 2018–19: Peter DiLiberatore, D; Wyatt Bongiovanni, F
- 2020–21: Ty Smilanic, F
- 2022–23: Sam Lipkin, F
- 2023–24: Mason Marcellus, F
Quinnipiac Bobcats Hall of Fame
[edit]The following is a list of people associated with the Quinnipiac men's ice hockey program who were elected into the Quinnipiac Bobcats Hall of Fame (induction date in parentheses).[15]
- Michael Barrett (1990)
- Richard Buckholz (2010)
- Chris Cerrella (2010)
- Russell Certo (1998)
- Richard Ciardiello (2003)
- Jim Hanscom (1994)
- Todd Johnson (2000)
- Ed Muzyka (2009)
- Rand Pecknold (2012)
- Bob Serenson (1993)
- 2001-02 Team (2012)
- Bill Verneris (1986)
As of July 1, 2023
= NHL All-Star team | = NHL All-Star[16] | = NHL All-Star[16] and NHL All-Star team |
Player | Position | Team(s) | Years | Games | Stanley Cups |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Connor Clifton | Defenseman | BOS | 2018–Present | 232 | 0 |
Connor Jones | Forward | NYI | 2016–2017 | 4 | 0 |
Matthew Peca | Center | TBL, MTL, OTT, STL | 2016–2022 | 83 | 0 |
Chase Priskie | Defenseman | FLA | 2021–2022 | 4 | 0 |
Brogan Rafferty | Defenseman | VAN | 2018–2021 | 3 | 0 |
Devon Toews | Defenseman | NYI, COL | 2018–Present | 315 | 1 |
Bryce Van Brabant | Left Wing | CGY | 2013–2014 | 6 | 0 |
Source:[17]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Quinnipiac Bobcats, Union Dutchmen play 5-overtime hockey game, longest in NCAA history - ESPN". ESPN. 2010-03-13. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
- ^ "Statistics :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved 2013-06-13.
- ^ a b [1] Archived November 22, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "2002 NCAA tournament". Inside College Hockey. Retrieved 2010-09-13.
- ^ [2] Archived December 8, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Statistics :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
- ^ "Bobcat hockey looking for repeated success | The Quinnipiac Chronicle". 2002-10-10. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
- ^ "Atlantic Hockey : ATLANTIC HOCKEY HISTORY". Atlantichockeyonline.com. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
- ^ a b "Quinnipiac Officially Admitted to ECAC :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. 2004-08-24. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
- ^ Holtz, Jeff (2007-01-27). "Arena Fit for Quinnipiac's Ambition". The New York Times.
- ^ "2023–24 Quinnipiac Hockey Record Book" (PDF). Quinnipiac Athletics. Retrieved August 10, 2024.
- ^ a b "Quinnipiac Bobcats men's Ice Hockey 2014-15 Media Guide". Quinnipiac Bobcats. Retrieved Aug 15, 2019.
- ^ "All-Time Individual Career Records". Quinnipiac Bobcats. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
- ^ "2022–23 Men's Ice Hockey Roster". Quinnipiac Athletics. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
- ^ "Hall of Fame". Quinnipiac Bobcats. Retrieved August 17, 2019.
- ^ a b Players are identified as an All-Star if they were selected for the All-Star game at any time in their career.
- ^ "Alumni report for Quinnipiac University". Hockey DB. Retrieved August 17, 2019.
Well, that’s interesting to know that Psilotum nudum are known as whisk ferns. Psilotum nudum is the commoner species of the two. While the P. flaccidum is a rare species and is found in the tropical islands. Both the species are usually epiphytic in habit and grow upon tree ferns. These species may also be terrestrial and grow in humus or in the crevices of the rocks.
View the detailed Guide of Psilotum nudum: Detailed Study Of Psilotum Nudum (Whisk Fern), Classification, Anatomy, Reproduction