![A colored, self-portrait photograph of a man wearing a hat and a suit.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Phil_as_Chick-1-1.jpg/200px-Phil_as_Chick-1-1.jpg)
In addition to the show's regular cast of voice actors, celebrity guest stars have been a staple of The Simpsons, an American animated television sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company, since its first season. The Simpsons focuses on the eponymous family, which consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie. The family was initially conceived by Groening for a series of animated shorts, which originally aired as a part of The Tracey Ullman Show between 1987 and 1989. The shorts were developed into a half-hour prime time series which began in December 1989.[1] The series' 35th season ended on May 19, 2024, and 768 episodes of The Simpsons have aired. A feature film adaptation of the series called The Simpsons Movie, was released in 2007.
Guest voices have come from a wide range of professions, including actors, athletes, authors, musicians, artists, politicians and scientists. In the show's early years most guest stars voiced original characters, but as the show has continued the number of those appearing as themselves has increased.
The first credited guest star was Marcia Wallace who appeared in "Bart the Genius" in her first stint as Bart's teacher Edna Krabappel. Singer Tony Bennett was the first guest star to appear as himself, appearing briefly in the season two episode "Dancin' Homer". Several guest stars have featured as recurring characters on the show, including Phil Hartman, Joe Mantegna and Kelsey Grammer. After Wallace, Hartman made the most appearances, guest starring 52 times. Mantegna has appeared over forty times, Grammer, Maurice LaMarche, Jon Lovitz and Frank Welker have appeared twenty times or more; Albert Brooks, Glenn Close and Jackie Mason have appeared ten or more times, while Michael Dees, Dana Gould, Terry W. Greene, Valerie Harper, Jan Hooks, Jane Kaczmarek, Stacy Keach, Kipp Lennon, J. K. Simmons, Sally Stevens, George Takei and Michael York have made over five appearances.
Three guest stars, Ricky Gervais, Seth Rogen and Pete Holmes, earned writing credits for the episodes in which they appeared. Grammer, Mason and three-time guest star Anne Hathaway all won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance for guest voice roles on the show. The show was awarded the Guinness World Record for "Most Guest Stars Featured in a TV Series" in 2010. As of May 19, 2024, there have been 981 guest stars on the show,[A] with this figure rising to 985 if The Simpsons Movie is included.
History
[edit]Guest stars have appeared on The Simpsons since its first season, in addition to the show's main cast of Dan Castellaneta, Julie Kavner, Nancy Cartwright, Yeardley Smith, Hank Azaria and Harry Shearer and supporting cast of Tress MacNeille, Pamela Hayden, Maggie Roswell, Chris Edgerly, Dawnn Lewis, Grey DeLisle, Alex Désert, Jenny Yokobori, Kimberly D. Brooks, Tony Rodríguez and Jonathan Lipow and former supporting cast members Jo Ann Harris, Russi Taylor, Christopher Collins, Susan Blu, Lona Williams, Doris Grau, Karl Wiedergott, Melanie Minchino, Eric Lopez and Marcia Mitzman Gaven.[2] Kevin Michael Richardson started as a recurring guest star in the twenty first season, but joined the supporting cast in the twenty eighth, starting with the episode "The Last Traction Hero".
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/p51r71pjlo4qgeq01o14t929szqitks.png)
Guest voices have come from a wide range of professions, including actors, athletes, authors, musicians, artists, politicians, scientists, historians, film producers, film directors, and animators. In the earlier seasons, most of the guest stars voiced characters, but eventually more started appearing as themselves.[3] The first male guest star was actor Sam McMurray, who voiced a worker at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant in "Homer's Odyssey", the show's third episode, and Marcia Wallace was the first female guest star on the show starting from "Bart the Genius" as Edna Krabappel and Ms. Melon. Singer Tony Bennett was the first guest star to appear as himself, appearing in the season two episode "Dancin' Homer" while Aerosmith were the first band with their cameo in the third season's "Flaming Moe's".
Several guest stars have made multiple appearances on the show, often as recurring characters. Actress Marcia Wallace guest starred 176 times, making her the most recurring female guest star on the show, until her death in 2013. Edna Krabappel was then retired from the show, but sometimes appears as a ghost, and actor Phil Hartman guest-starred in 52 episodes, more than any other male actor, although his initial role in the second season episode "Bart Gets Hit by a Car" in 1991 was intended to be a one-off.[4] He voiced the recurring characters Troy McClure and Lionel Hutz as well as numerous other one-time characters, until his death in 1998. McClure and Hutz were subsequently retired from the show.[5] Actor Kelsey Grammer first appeared as Sideshow Bob in the first-season episode "Krusty Gets Busted" while actor Joe Mantegna made his first appearance as Fat Tony in the third season episode "Bart the Murderer". The two have appeared in 21 and 28 episodes respectively; Mantegna also appeared in the film. Both roles were originally written for other actors: Bob was originally to be voiced by James Earl Jones,[6] who later guest starred three times on the show, while Fat Tony was written for Sheldon Leonard.[4] Other repeat guest stars include Albert Brooks, Glenn Close, Jan Hooks, Maurice LaMarche, Jon Lovitz, Jane Kaczmarek, Jackie Mason, Charles Napier and Frank Welker.
According to Groening, guest star choices "come from the writers saying, 'Wouldn't it be cool to have [such a person on the show]?'",[7] while showrunner Al Jean has stated the reasoning is "we want to meet our heroes."[8] Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein, showrunners of the seventh and eight seasons, favored guest stars with what they felt were unique and interesting voices such as actors R. Lee Ermey, Donald Sutherland, Kirk Douglas and Lawrence Tierney.[9] In 2014, Jean stated that fewer people would be appearing as themselves, as the staff did not want it to become a "crazy roster".[10]
Many guest stars come into the show's recording studio to record their parts,[7] although some are recorded over the telephone.[11] Three guest stars have been credited with writing the episode in which they guest starred. Comedian Ricky Gervais wrote the episode "Homer Simpson, This Is Your Wife",[12] while actor Seth Rogen co-wrote the episode "Homer the Whopper" with Evan Goldberg, and comedian Pete Holmes wrote the two-part "Warrin' Priests" episodes.[13] Two guest stars were credited with pseudonyms. Actor Dustin Hoffman was credited as "Sam Etic" for the episode "Lisa's Substitute" while musician Michael Jackson was credited as "John Jay Smith" for the episode "Stark Raving Dad". After the latter episode, the producers decided that if a celebrity wished to guest star on the show, they had to be willing to be credited under their real name.[14]
Numerous people have rejected the chance to appear on the show. Actor William Shatner has been described as the first person to reject the show.[15] The producers have consistently failed to persuade any former President of the United States to appear.[8] Musicians Bruce Springsteen and Bob Dylan have also rejected multiple invitations to guest star on the series.[16][17] Other people to turn the show down include actors Michael Caine,[18] Tom Cruise,[19] Clint Eastwood and Anthony Hopkins[20] and director Quentin Tarantino.[21] Musician Prince turned down a role in a sequel to "Stark Raving Dad", which meant the script was never produced.[22]
Others have accepted the offer, but have been unable to record a role. Musician Frank Zappa and actor Anthony Perkins both became too ill to record their parts,[20][23] while Jim Carrey had to drop out due to time constraints,[24] and Faye Dunaway cancelled.[25] Christopher Walken originally agreed to appear as himself in "Insane Clown Poppy". However, he then decided to demand a lot more money than the producers were willing to pay. Instead, Jay Mohr provided the voice of Walken. The end credits state "Jay Mohr as Christopher Walken". This is the first time this has ever been done.
Robby Krieger of The Doors recorded a cameo for the episode "The Great Money Caper", but his part was cut because the writers felt his appearance seemed too forced. The scene was later included on the season's DVD release.[26] Similarly, actress Catherine O'Hara recorded the voice of Colette the waitress in "Flaming Moe's", but was redubbed with Jo Ann Harris who the producers felt was a better fit.[27] Ron Howard, in what would have been his third appearance on The Simpsons, was advertized as guest starring on "Children of a Lesser Clod".[28] However, he did not appear for any recording sessions. Similarly, Werner Herzog was advertized as guest starring in "Thanksgiving of Horror", in what would have been his third appearance as Walter Hotenhoffer,[29] but did not appear in the final episode.
Mason, Grammer and Anne Hathaway have each won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance for their guest voice roles on the show.[30] The show was awarded the Guinness World Record for "Most Guest Stars Featured in a TV Series" on May 23, 2010, with Guinness estimating that the show has featured "at least 555 as of series 21".[31] As of May 19, 2024, there have been 981 guest stars on the show, totalling 1648 guest spots.[A] These figures rise to 985 and 1656 respectively if The Simpsons Movie is counted as well.
Guest stars
[edit]
Seasons: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 • Movie • 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 • Upcoming • |
- The color of the season number in the first column corresponds to the color of that season's DVD boxset or digital purchase image for the seasons which have not been released in physical format.
- In the No. column:
- The first number refers to the order it aired during the entire series.
- The second number refers to the episode number within its season: i.e. 1506 would be the sixth episode of the fifteenth season.
- The production code refers to the code assigned to the episode by the production team. The first two characters refer to the season the episode was made for. The first season is 7Gxx, the second is 7Fxx, the third is 8Fxx and the fourth is 9Fxx. After that, the fifth season started with 1F and continued in order until season nine (which was 5F). Starting with season ten, the production codes started with AABF, with the first letter changing for each season (i.e. BABF, CABF, etc.). The number at the end of the code is the order in which that episode was produced during that production run.[32]
- Guests with "(archival)" after their names refer to cases where roles were not recorded specifically for the episode, but instead archival audio and/or footage from independent sources was used in the episode. In most cases these appearances have been uncredited and are usually not considered as proper guest stars given the circumstances.
![Albert Brooks at 'Drive' premiere TIFF 9/10/11.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Albert_Brooks_at_%27Drive%27_premiere_TIFF_9.10.11.jpg/170px-Albert_Brooks_at_%27Drive%27_premiere_TIFF_9.10.11.jpg)
![A colored photograph of a man wearing a suit, with his arms wide open.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/TonyBennett210-1000.jpg/170px-TonyBennett210-1000.jpg)
![A black-haired man with a blue based shirt and a necklace looks straight at the camera smiling.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/JonLovitz08.jpg/170px-JonLovitz08.jpg)
![A coloured photograph of Michael Jackson wearing sunglasses.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Michael_Jackson_1984.jpg/170px-Michael_Jackson_1984.jpg)
![Colored photograph of a man, waving with his left arm. He is wearing a blue shirt.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/JoeMantegnaMay08.jpg/170px-JoeMantegnaMay08.jpg)
![A coloured photograph of a man wearing a black jumper and glasses. He is smiling and standing on a platform.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Leonard_Nimoy_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/170px-Leonard_Nimoy_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg)
![A portrait of a man wearing a space suit, with his helmet on the table in front of him. Behind him there is a large photograph of the lunar surface.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Buzz_Aldrin.jpg/170px-Buzz_Aldrin.jpg)
![Patrick Stewart at a photo call at the Berlinale 2017.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Patrick_Stewart_Photo_Call_Logan_Berlinale_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Patrick_Stewart_Photo_Call_Logan_Berlinale_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg)
![A man, with long black hair is playing the guitar, with a microphone in front of his mouth. In the distance is a woman, looking directly at the camera.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Paul_McCartney_with_Linda_McCartney_-_Wings_-_1976.jpg/170px-Paul_McCartney_with_Linda_McCartney_-_Wings_-_1976.jpg)
![Glenn Close at the premiere of Guardians of the Galaxy at the El Capitan Theater in Hollywood on July 21, 2014.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Glenn_Close_-_Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_premiere_-_July_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Glenn_Close_-_Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_premiere_-_July_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg)
![Kelsey Grammer at May 5, 2010 Tony Awards press event, NYC, located at the Millennium Broadway Hotel.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kelsey_Grammer_May_2010_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Kelsey_Grammer_May_2010_%28cropped%29.jpg)
![A color photograph of four men, two of which are playing the guitar. The third man is singing through a microphone.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/U2_on_Joshua_Tree_Tour_2017_Brussels_8-1-17.jpg/170px-U2_on_Joshua_Tree_Tour_2017_Brussels_8-1-17.jpg)
![A colored photograph of a man, sitting in a wheelchair with his arms folded. He is wearing glasses and is looking from left to right.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Stephen_Hawking_050506.jpg/170px-Stephen_Hawking_050506.jpg)
![A bald-haired man wearing glasses, wearing a suit and a nametag. He is looking directly at the camera.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Rupert_Murdoch_-_WEF_Davos_2007.jpg/170px-Rupert_Murdoch_-_WEF_Davos_2007.jpg)
![A colored photograph of Lucy Lawless smiling.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Lucy_Lawless_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/170px-Lucy_Lawless_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg)
![Colored photograph of a man holding a tennis racket and ball in either hand. He is preparing to serve.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pete_Sampras_%282008%29_1%2C_cropped.jpg/170px-Pete_Sampras_%282008%29_1%2C_cropped.jpg)
![Reese Witherspoon at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Reese_Witherspoon_at_TIFF_2014.jpg/170px-Reese_Witherspoon_at_TIFF_2014.jpg)
![Lenny Kravitz at the 2013 San Diego Comic Con International in San Diego, California.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Lenny_Kravitz_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/170px-Lenny_Kravitz_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg)
![A colored photograph of former Prime Minister Tony Blair](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/WORLD_ECONOMIC_FORUM_ANNUAL_MEETING_2009_-_Tony_Blair.jpg/170px-WORLD_ECONOMIC_FORUM_ANNUAL_MEETING_2009_-_Tony_Blair.jpg)
![Liam Neeson at the 2012 Deauville Film Festival.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Liam_Neeson_Deauville_2012_2.jpg/170px-Liam_Neeson_Deauville_2012_2.jpg)
![Ricky Gervais at Comedy Central's "Night of Too Many Stars" in 2010.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ricky_Gervais_2010.jpg/170px-Ricky_Gervais_2010.jpg)
![A photograph of former footballer Ronaldo.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ronaldo-14-05-2013.jpg/170px-Ronaldo-14-05-2013.jpg)
![A photograph of "Weird Al" Yankovic, singing through a microphone and playing a harmonica.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/AlYankovicByKristineSlipson.jpg/170px-AlYankovicByKristineSlipson.jpg)
![A colored photograph of a Matt Groening.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Matt_Groening_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg/170px-Matt_Groening_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg)
![Anne Hathaway at the Miami International Film Festival in 2014.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Anne_Hathaway_at_MIFF.jpg/170px-Anne_Hathaway_at_MIFF.jpg)
![Katy Perry in June 2012.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Katy_Perry_-_Part_Of_Me_Australian_Premiere_-_June_2012_%282%29.jpg/170px-Katy_Perry_-_Part_Of_Me_Australian_Premiere_-_June_2012_%282%29.jpg)
![Kiefer Sutherland speaking at the 2014 San Diego Comic Con International, for "24: Live Another Day", at the San Diego Convention Center in San Diego, California.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Kiefer_Sutherland_2_SDCC_2014.jpg/170px-Kiefer_Sutherland_2_SDCC_2014.jpg)
![Sonny Rollins in a 2011 performance.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Sonny_Rollins_2011.jpg/170px-Sonny_Rollins_2011.jpg)
![Tom Hanks posing for a photo after a dinner hosted by U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry at the U.S. Department of State in Washington, D.C., on December 6, 2014.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Tom_Hanks_2014.jpg/170px-Tom_Hanks_2014.jpg)
Notes
[edit]- ^ A. This figure counts the members of bands with speaking roles separately. Bands who merely perform a song are counted as one because there is no confirmation of which of the band's members performed on their appearance.
- ^ B. Brooks was credited as "A. Brooks" for all of his appearances.[37]
- ^ C. Hoffman was credited as "Sam Etic".[61]
- ^ D. Jackson was credited as "John Jay Smith".[63]
- ^ E. Consisting of Steven Tyler, Joe Perry, Brad Whitford, Tom Hamilton and Joey Kramer.[72]
- ^ F. Consisting of Anthony Kiedis, Flea, Arik Marshall and Chad Smith.[106]
- ^ G. Consisting of James Campbell, George Economou, Shelby Grimm and Dan Jordan.[399]
- ^ H. Consisting of Joey Ramone, Johnny Ramone, C. J. Ramone and Marky Ramone.[109]
- ^ I. Consisting of Sen Dog, B-Real and DJ Muggs.[400]
- ^ J. Consisting of Billy Corgan, Jimmy Chamberlin, James Iha and D'arcy Wretzky.[400]
- ^ K. Consisting of Thurston Moore, Lee Ranaldo, Kim Gordon and Steve Shelley.[400]
- ^ L. Consisting of Bono, The Edge and Adam Clayton.[212] Larry Mullen Jr. appears in animated form but does not have any lines.[401]
- ^ M. Consisting of Ray Thomas, Graeme Edge, Justin Hayward and John Lodge.[223]
- ^ N. Consisting of Roger Daltrey, John Entwistle and Paul Townshend, who voiced his brother Pete Townshend.[402]
- ^ O. Consisting of Lance Bass, JC Chasez, Joey Fatone, Chris Kirkpatrick and Justin Timberlake.[264]
- ^ P. Consisting of Peter Buck, Mike Mills and Michael Stipe.[272]
- ^ Q. Consisting of Trey Anastasio, Mike Gordon, Jon Fishman and Page McConnell.[282]
- ^ R. Consisting of Patrick Cary, Omerit Hield and Marvin Prosper.[290]
- ^ S. Consisting of Mark Hoppus, Tom DeLonge and Travis Barker.[297]
- ^ T. Consisting of James Hetfield, Kirk Hammett, Lars Ulrich and Robert Trujillo.[403]
- ^ U. Consisting of Jack White and Meg White.[404]
- ^ V. Giuliani's appearance was cut from the original American broadcast because he became a candidate in the 2008 United States presidential election.[405]
- ^ W. Consisting of Billie Joe Armstrong, Mike Dirnt and Tre Cool.[368]
- ^ X. Consisting of Natalie Maines, Martie Maguire and Emily Robison.[406]
- ^ Y. Consisting of Lisa Eve Knight, Jennifer Sharon, Karis Pratt, Jocelyn Markey, Dave Doody, Cason Swindle, Karl Hillstrom and James Bacher.
- ^ Z. Page was credited as "Ellen Page"
Citations
[edit]- ^ Gerard, Jeremy (February 21, 1990). "Bad Language, Hurt Feelings and Success". The New York Times. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
- ^ Bates et al., pp. 1096–1117
- ^ Turner 2004, p. 393.
- ^ a b Jean, Al. (2003). Commentary for "Bart the Murderer", in The Simpsons: The Complete Third Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ Groening, Matt (December 29, 2004). "Fresh Air". National Public Radio (Interview). Interviewed by Terry Gross. Philadelphia: WHYY-FM. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
- ^ Bird, Brad. (2001). Commentary for "Krusty Gets Busted", in The Simpsons: The Complete First Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ a b Wilson, Stacey (February 8, 2012). "'The Simpsons' at 500: Untold Stories". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
- ^ a b "The Simpsons creators speak out". Ealing Times. July 11, 2007. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
- ^ Oakley, Bill. (2005). Commentary for "Marge Be Not Proud", in The Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ Jeffery, Morgan (2014-10-31). "The Simpsons exec: We've tried to backtrack on celebrity guest stars". Digital Spy. Retrieved 2014-12-27.
- ^ Weinstein, Josh. (2005). Commentary for "Summer of 4 Ft. 2", in The Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ "Gervais writing Simpsons episode". BBC News. BBC. December 23, 2004. Retrieved December 29, 2006.
- ^ Keveney, Bill (September 23, 2009). "Rogen gets a dream gig: 'Simpsons' writer, voice". USA Today. Retrieved September 24, 2009.
- ^ Gates, Anita (December 5, 1994). "The Voice Is Familiar but I Can't Place the Overbite". The New York Times. Retrieved September 4, 2008.
- ^ Archer, Wes; Jean, Al; Reiss, Mike. (2001). Commentary for "The Call of the Simpsons", in The Simpsons: The Complete First Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ Weinstein, Josh. (2005). Commentary for "Homerpalooza", in The Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ Weinstein, Josh. (2006). Commentary for "El Viaje Misterioso de Nuestro Jomer (The Mysterious Voyage of Homer)", in The Simpsons: The Complete Eighth Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ Mirkin, David. (2004). Commentary for "Homer and Apu", in The Simpsons: The Complete Fifth Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ Reiss, Mike. (2004). Commentary for "Brother from the Same Planet", in The Simpsons: The Complete Fourth Season [DVD]. Twentieth Century Fox.
- ^ a b Jean, Al. (2004). Commentary for "Last Exit to Springfield", in The Simpsons: The Complete Fourth Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ Groening, Matt. (2006). Commentary for "Simpsoncalifragilisticexpiala(Annoyed Grunt)cious", in The Simpsons: The Complete Eighth Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ a b Reiss, Mike. (2003). Easter Egg Commentary for "Stark Raving Dad", in The Simpsons: The Complete Third Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ Cox, Tom (April 3, 2003). "Book my own band? Eat my shorts". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved April 16, 2012.
- ^ Scully, Mike. (2009). Commentary for "Simpsons Tall Tales", in The Simpsons: The Complete Twelfth Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ Groening, Matt. (2005). Commentary for "King-Size Homer", in The Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ Scully, Mike. (2009). Commentary for "The Great Money Caper", in The Simpsons: The Complete Twelfth Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ Castellaneta, Dan. (2003). Commentary for "Flaming Moe's", in The Simpsons: The Complete Third Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ "Children of a Lesser Clod". simpsonsarchive.com. 13 May 2001.
- ^ "Thanksgiving of Horror". thefutoncritic.com. 22 November 2019.
- ^ a b "Primetime Emmy Awards Advanced Search". Emmys.org. Archived from the original on April 3, 2009. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
- ^ "Most guest stars featured in a TV series". Guinness World Records. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ Turner 2004, p. 4.
- ^ Groening, Matt (2005). Commentary for "Mother Simpson", in The Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ Evans, Rob (January 2, 2006). "Revealed: from nuclear tip plans to Blair's 'barmy' Simpsons star turn". The Guardian. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
- ^ "Simpsons – Homer's Odyssey". Yahoo!TV. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
- ^ Bates et al., pp. 34–35
- ^ a b Bates et al., pp. 36–37
- ^ Bates et al., pp. 40–41
- ^ Bates et al., pp. 42–43
- ^ Bates et al., pp. 46–47
- ^ a b "Simpsons – Some Enchanted Evening". Yahoo!TV. Archived from the original on October 11, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
- ^ Bates et al., pp. 48–49
- ^ Bates et al., pp. 54–55
- ^ Martyn, Warren & Wood, Adrian (2000). "The Simpsons Hallowe'en Special". BBC. Retrieved April 17, 2012.
- ^ a b Bates et al., pp. 62–63
- ^ a b "Simpsons – Dancin' Homer". Yahoo!TV. Archived from the original on October 11, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2012.
- ^ "Simpsons – Bart vs. Thanksgiving". Yahoo!TV. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2012.
- ^ "Al Jean". Twitter. Retrieved June 27, 2018.
- ^ Bates et al., pp. 72–73
- ^ Bates et al., pp. 74–75
- ^ a b c Bates et al., pp. 76–77
- ^ a b "Simpsons – One Fish, Two Fish, Blowfish, Blue Fish". Yahoo!TV. Archived from the original on October 11, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2012.
- ^ Bates et al., pp. 78–79
- ^ Bates et al., pp. 80–81
- ^ Jean, Al. (2002). Commentary for "Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment", in The Simpsons: The Complete Second Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ Bates et al., pp. 84–85
- ^ Bates et al., pp. 86–87
- ^ "Simpsons – Bart's Dog Gets an F". Yahoo!TV. Archived from the original on July 28, 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2012.
- ^ a b Bates et al., pp. 90–91
- ^ a b Bates et al., pp. 92–93
- ^ a b Reiss, Mike. (2002). Commentary for "Lisa's Substitute", in The Simpsons: The Complete Second Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ a b Bates et al., pp. 98–99
- ^ a b Richmond, Ray (February 19, 1998). "Gloved One secret 'Simpsons' fan". Variety. Retrieved August 27, 2008.
- ^ Bates et al., pp. 104–105
- ^ a b c Bates et al., pp. 110–111
- ^ "Simpsons – Bart the Murderer". Yahoo!TV. Archived from the original on July 20, 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2012.
- ^ a b c Bates et al, pp. 112–113
- ^ Bates et al., pp. 114–115
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Bates et al., p. 1111
- ^ "Simpsons – Saturdays of Thunder". Yahoo!TV. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2012.
- ^ Jean, Al (2003). The Simpsons season 3 DVD commentary for the episode "Saturdays of Thunder" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
- ^ a b Bates et al., p. 125
- ^ "Simpsons – Flaming Moe's". Yahoo!TV. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2012.
- ^ "Simpsons – Burns Verkaufen der Kraftwerk". Yahoo!TV. Archived from the original on January 20, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2012.
- ^ Bates et al., pp. 130–131
- ^ Bates et al., pp. 132–133
- ^ "Simpsons – Homer Alone". Yahoo!TV. Archived from the original on July 19, 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bates et al., pp. 138–139
- ^ Bates et al., pp. 140–141
- ^ "Simpsons – Dog of Death". Yahoo!TV. Archived from the original on July 19, 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2012.
- ^ Bates et al., pp. 144–145
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Well, that’s interesting to know that Psilotum nudum are known as whisk ferns. Psilotum nudum is the commoner species of the two. While the P. flaccidum is a rare species and is found in the tropical islands. Both the species are usually epiphytic in habit and grow upon tree ferns. These species may also be terrestrial and grow in humus or in the crevices of the rocks.
View the detailed Guide of Psilotum nudum: Detailed Study Of Psilotum Nudum (Whisk Fern), Classification, Anatomy, Reproduction