This article is part of a series on the |
Politics of Austria |
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The 1955 Austrian State Treaty ended the four-power occupation and recognized Austria as an independent and sovereign state. In October 1955, the Federal Assembly passed a constitutional law in which "Austria declares of her own free will her perpetual neutrality." The second section of this law stated that "in all future times Austria will not join any military alliances and will not permit the establishment of any foreign military bases on her territory." Since then, Austria has shaped its foreign policy on the basis of neutrality.
In recent years, however, Austria has begun to reassess its definition of neutrality, granting overflight rights for the UN-sanctioned action against Iraq in 1991, and, since 1995, contemplating participation in the EU's evolving security structure. Also in 1995, it joined the Partnership for Peace, and subsequently participated in peacekeeping missions in Bosnia. Discussion of possible Austrian NATO membership intensified during 1996. ÖVP and Team Stronach aim at moving closer to NATO or a European defense arrangement. SPÖ and FPÖ, in turn, believe continued neutrality is the cornerstone of Austria's foreign policy, and a majority of the population generally supports this stance.
In February 2000, Austria's foreign relations underwent controversy when the ÖVP formed a coalition with the FPÖ after the 1999 election. European governments imposed diplomatic sanctions, and the United States recalled its ambassador.[1] Sanctions were lifted in September 2000 after a three-member panel assessed human rights and political life in Austria.[2] In November 2000, the United States and Austria normalized their relations.[3]
Austrian leaders emphasize the unique role the country plays as an East-West hub and as a moderator between industrialized and developing countries. Austria is active in the United Nations and experienced in UN peacekeeping efforts. It attaches great importance to participation in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and other international economic organizations, and it has played an active role in the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE).
Vienna hosts the Secretariat of the OSCE and the headquarters of the International Atomic Energy Agency, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, and the United Nations Drug Control Programme. Other international organizations based in Vienna include the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, the Organization for International Economic Relations (OiER) and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis. Recently, Vienna added the preparatory commission for the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization and the Wassenaar Arrangement (a technology-transfer control agency) to the list of international organizations it hosts. Furthermore, the Permanent Secretariat of an international territorial treaty for the sustainable development of the Alps called the Alpine Convention is located in Tyrol's capital Innsbruck.
Austria traditionally has been active in "bridge-building to the east," increasing contacts at all levels with Eastern Europe and the states of the former Soviet Union. Austrians maintain a constant exchange of business representatives, investment, trade, political leaders, students, cultural groups, and tourists with the countries of central and eastern Europe. In addition, the Austrian Government and various Austrian organizations provide assistance and training to support the changes underway in the region.
Diplomatic relations
[edit]List of countries which Austria maintains diplomatic relations with:
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# | Country | Date |
1 | ![]() |
1526[4] |
2 | ![]() |
1535[5] |
3 | ![]() |
May 1621[6] |
4 | ![]() |
1682[7] |
5 | ![]() |
April 1696[8] |
6 | ![]() |
28 February 1783[9] |
7 | ![]() |
27 August 1814[10] |
8 | ![]() |
26 June 1827[11] |
9 | ![]() |
6 September 1834[12] |
10 | ![]() |
30 July 1842[13] |
11 | ![]() |
27 January 1867[14] |
12 | ![]() |
17 May 1869[15] |
13 | ![]() |
18 October 1869[16] |
14 | ![]() |
28 February 1870[17] |
15 | ![]() |
7 December 1870[18] |
16 | ![]() |
4 September 1872[19] |
17 | ![]() |
1873[20] |
18 | ![]() |
1874[21] |
19 | ![]() |
22 September 1878[22] |
20 | ![]() |
30 April 1891[23] |
21 | ![]() |
1 July 1891[24] |
22 | ![]() |
27 October 1903[25] |
23 | ![]() |
9 November 1903[26] |
24 | ![]() |
27 March 1906[27] |
25 | ![]() |
19 July 1918[28] |
26 | ![]() |
1918[29] |
27 | ![]() |
24 May 1919[30] |
28 | ![]() |
November 1919[31] |
29 | ![]() |
10 January 1920[32] |
30 | ![]() |
20 January 1920[33] |
31 | ![]() |
24 August 1921[34] |
32 | ![]() |
6 September 1921[35] |
33 | ![]() |
18 February 1922[36] |
34 | ![]() |
25 February 1924[37] |
35 | ![]() |
1929[28] |
36 | ![]() |
5 February 1934[38] |
37 | ![]() |
2 March 1938[39] |
38 | ![]() |
2 November 1945[40] |
39 | ![]() |
26 July 1946[41] |
— | ![]() |
9 August 1946[42] |
40 | ![]() |
3 September 1946[43] |
41 | ![]() |
17 October 1946[44] |
42 | ![]() |
11 April 1947[45] |
43 | ![]() |
17 April 1947[46] |
44 | ![]() |
27 June 1947[47] |
45 | ![]() |
28 July 1947[48] |
46 | ![]() |
1947[49] |
47 | ![]() |
23 July 1948[50] |
48 | ![]() |
2 November 1949[51] |
49 | ![]() |
10 November 1949[52] |
50 | ![]() |
1950[53] |
51 | ![]() |
6 December 1951[54] |
52 | ![]() |
7 February 1952[55] |
53 | ![]() |
20 February 1952[56] |
54 | ![]() |
1 March 1952[57] |
55 | ![]() |
9 August 1952[58] |
56 | ![]() |
October 1952[59] |
57 | ![]() |
16 February 1953[60][61] |
58 | ![]() |
13 June 1953[62] |
59 | ![]() |
9 July 1953[63] |
60 | ![]() |
20 November 1954[64] |
61 | ![]() |
5 October 1955[65] |
62 | ![]() |
18 October 1955[66] |
63 | ![]() |
28 October 1955[67] |
64 | ![]() |
5 January 1956[68] |
65 | ![]() |
24 January 1956[69] |
66 | ![]() |
21 February 1956[70][71] |
67 | ![]() |
28 March 1956[72] |
68 | ![]() |
23 October 1956[73] |
69 | ![]() |
10 September 1957[74] |
— | ![]() |
1957[75] |
70 | ![]() |
15 August 1959[76] |
71 | ![]() |
1959[77] |
72 | ![]() |
22 April 1960[78] |
73 | ![]() |
21 July 1960[79] |
74 | ![]() |
1961[80][81] |
75 | ![]() |
19 June 1962[82] |
76 | ![]() |
21 December 1962[83] |
77 | ![]() |
1962[84] |
78 | ![]() |
25 January 1963[85] |
79 | ![]() |
22 May 1963[86] |
80 | ![]() |
25 June 1963[87] |
81 | ![]() |
1 July 1963[88] |
82 | ![]() |
6 August 1963[89] |
83 | ![]() |
20 July 1964[90] |
84 | ![]() |
1 December 1964[91] |
85 | ![]() |
15 December 1964[92] |
86 | ![]() |
30 January 1965[93] |
87 | ![]() |
18 March 1965[94] |
88 | ![]() |
6 June 1965[95] |
89 | ![]() |
14 September 1965[96][97] |
90 | ![]() |
2 December 1965[98] |
91 | ![]() |
26 January 1966[99] |
92 | ![]() |
16 March 1966[100] |
93 | ![]() |
31 August 1966[101] |
94 | ![]() |
9 November 1966[102] |
95 | ![]() |
1966[103] |
96 | ![]() |
1 September 1967[104] |
97 | ![]() |
9 October 1967[105] |
98 | ![]() |
2 November 1967[106] |
99 | ![]() |
27 November 1967[107] |
100 | ![]() |
1967[108] |
101 | ![]() |
29 March 1968[109] |
102 | ![]() |
5 December 1968[110][111] |
103 | ![]() |
1968[112][113] |
104 | ![]() |
14 January 1969[114] |
105 | ![]() |
11 July 1969[115] |
106 | ![]() |
1969[116][117] |
107 | ![]() |
21 February 1970[118] |
108 | ![]() |
1 April 1970[119] |
109 | ![]() |
1970[120] |
110 | ![]() |
1970[121] |
111 | ![]() |
1970[122] |
112 | ![]() |
1970[123] |
113 | ![]() |
1970[124] |
114 | ![]() |
1970[125] |
115 | ![]() |
28 May 1971[126] |
116 | ![]() |
4 February 1972[127] |
117 | ![]() |
24 July 1972[128] |
118 | ![]() |
2 August 1972[129] |
119 | ![]() |
1 December 1972[130] |
120 | ![]() |
5 March 1973[131] |
121 | ![]() |
3 April 1973[132] |
122 | ![]() |
19 December 1973[133] |
123 | ![]() |
10 March 1974[134] |
124 | ![]() |
17 December 1974[135] |
125 | ![]() |
1 March 1975[136] |
126 | ![]() |
18 May 1975[137] |
127 | ![]() |
10 February 1976[138] |
128 | ![]() |
1 March 1976[139] |
129 | ![]() |
24 June 1976[140] |
130 | ![]() |
15 October 1976[141] |
131 | ![]() |
19 October 1976[142] |
132 | ![]() |
12 January 1977[143] |
133 | ![]() |
3 May 1977[144] |
134 | ![]() |
25 October 1977[144] |
135 | ![]() |
10 January 1978[145][146] |
136 | ![]() |
1 March 1978[147] |
137 | ![]() |
29 April 1978[148] |
138 | ![]() |
12 July 1978[149] |
139 | ![]() |
23 October 1978[144] |
140 | ![]() |
3 November 1978[150] |
141 | ![]() |
March 1980[151] |
142 | ![]() |
11 July 1980[152] |
143 | ![]() |
18 January 1983[153] |
144 | ![]() |
16 December 1983[154] |
145 | ![]() |
25 March 1985[155] |
146 | ![]() |
2 December 1985[156] |
147 | ![]() |
29 December 1986[144] |
148 | ![]() |
14 September 1989[157] |
149 | ![]() |
2 April 1987[158] |
150 | ![]() |
8 May 1989[159] |
151 | ![]() |
5 October 1990[144] |
152 | ![]() |
29 October 1990[144] |
153 | ![]() |
28 August 1991[160] |
154 | ![]() |
8 January 1992[161] |
155 | ![]() |
15 January 1992[162] |
156 | ![]() |
15 January 1992[163] |
157 | ![]() |
19 January 1992[164] |
158 | ![]() |
24 January 1992[165] |
159 | ![]() |
24 January 1992[166] |
160 | ![]() |
5 February 1992[167] |
161 | ![]() |
14 February 1992[168] |
162 | ![]() |
20 February 1992[169] |
163 | ![]() |
25 March 1992[170] |
164 | ![]() |
25 March 1992[171] |
165 | ![]() |
25 March 1992[172] |
166 | ![]() |
25 March 1992[173] |
167 | ![]() |
25 March 1992[174] |
168 | ![]() |
8 April 1992[175] |
169 | ![]() |
22 May 1992[176] |
170 | ![]() |
1 July 1992[177] |
171 | ![]() |
16 October 1992[178] |
172 | ![]() |
18 December 1992[179] |
173 | ![]() |
1 January 1993[180] |
174 | ![]() |
1 March 1993[144] |
175 | ![]() |
3 May 1993[144] |
176 | ![]() |
9 March 1994[181] |
177 | ![]() |
23 December 1994[182] |
178 | ![]() |
20 March 1995[144] |
179 | ![]() |
1999[183][184] |
180 | ![]() |
1999[183][184] |
181 | ![]() |
20 September 2002[185] |
182 | ![]() |
1 December 2004[144] |
183 | ![]() |
2004[186][187] |
184 | ![]() |
2004[188][189] |
185 | ![]() |
2 June 2005[190] |
186 | ![]() |
13 October 2005[144] |
187 | ![]() |
9 November 2005[144] |
188 | ![]() |
23 March 2006[144] |
189 | ![]() |
12 July 2006[126] |
190 | ![]() |
8 March 2007[191] |
— | ![]() |
28 February 2008[192] |
191 | ![]() |
21 September 2011[193] |
192 | ![]() |
Unknown |
Bilateral relations
[edit]Austria maintains significant bilateral relations with several countries.
Multilateral
[edit]Organization | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
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See 1995 enlargement of the European Union
Austria joined the European Union as a full member on 1 January 1995. | |
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See Austria–NATO relations
Austria is not a member of NATO. |
Africa
[edit]Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
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1929 | See Austria–Egypt relations
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15 December 1964 | See Austria–Kenya relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 December 1964 when established Austrian Embassy in Nairobi.[196]
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5 October 1990 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 October 1990[197]
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21 December 1962 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 December 1962[198]
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26 January 1966 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 January 1966 when the Austrian Ambassador to Uganda (resident in Nairobi) , Dr. F. Kudernatsch presented his credentials to the President , Sir Edward Mutesa.[199]
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Americas
[edit]Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
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1864 | See Argentina–Austria relations
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27 October 1903 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 October 1903.[200]
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See Austria–Brazil relations | |
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9 August 1952 | See Austria–Canada relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 August 1952[201]
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1846 | See Austria–Chile relations
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1920 | see Austria–Colombia relations
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3 November 1978 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 November 1978[202]
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20 February 1952 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 February 1952 when Dr. Wolfgang Hoeller, Charge d'Affaires of Austria with residence in Mexico presents his letters of credentials to Cabinet of Honduras.[203]
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1842 | See Austria–Mexico relations
During the French intervention in Mexico between 1864 and 1867, with French backing Maximilian I of Mexico, member of Austria's Imperial Habsburg-Lorraine family was proclaimed Emperor of Mexico.
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2 November 1949 | |
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1921 | See Austria–United States relations
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See Austria–Uruguay relations
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Asia
[edit]Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
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24 January 1992 | See Armenia–Austria relations
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20 February 1992 | See Austria–Azerbaijan relations
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28 May 1971 | See Austria–China relations |
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25 March 1992 | See Austria–Georgia relations
Georgia opened its embassy in Vienna in 1996.[205] |
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1949 | See Austria–India relations
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20 November 1954 | See Austria–Indonesia relations
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4 September 1872 | See Austria–Iran relations
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1949 | See Austria–Israel relations
See also History of the Jews in Austria. |
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1869-10 | See Austria–Japan relations
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See Austria–Kazakhstan relations
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6 December 1951 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 December 1951 when M. Robert Friedinger-Pranter had been accredited as Minister of Austria to Lebanon (resident in Cairo).[209]
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6 August 1963 | See Austria–Malaysia relations
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13 June 1953 | See Austria–Pakistan relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 June 1953[211]
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1946-10-17 | See Austria–Philippines relations
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10 September 1957 | See Austria–Saudi Arabia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 September 1957[212]
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1892 As Chosun Dynasty/1963-05-22[213] | See Austria–South Korea relations
The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Austria in German (Republik Österreich) and the Republic of Korea in Korean (대한민국) Started on 1892. In April 2007 the President of Austria Heinz Fischer paid a state visit to South Korea. It was the first ever state visit of an Austrian President to South Korea.[214]
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See Austria–Turkey relations
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10 March 1974 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 March 1974[215]
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See Austria–Vietnam relations
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Europe
[edit]Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
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1912 | See Albania–Austria relations
Austria-Hungary supported Albanian Declaration of Independence in 1912. |
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5 February 1992 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 February 1992[216]
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22 July 1832 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 July 1832 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Belgium to Austria baron de Loe.[217]
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8 April 1992 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 April 1992[218] |
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1878 | See Austria–Bulgaria relations
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15 January 1992 | See Austria–Croatia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 January 1992[220]
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1960 | See Austria–Cyprus relations
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1920-01-20 | See Austria–Czech Republic relations
Both countries are full members of the European Union. They share 362 km of common border, which can be crossed anywhere without border control due to the Schengen Agreement. |
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1925-12-19 | See Austria–Denmark relations
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1921-06-26 |
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1918-07-19 | See Austria–Finland relations
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1535 | See Austria–France relations
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See Austria–Germany relations
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25 August 1834 | See Austria–Greece relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 August 1834 when has been appointed Anton Prokesch von Osten as the first Ambassador of Austria to Greece.[221]
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1921 | See Austria–Hungary relations
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1928 |
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1951 |
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27 January 1867 | See Austria–Italy relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 January 1867 when has been appointed first Envoy Extraordinary and minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Austro-Hungary Giulio Camillo De Barral De Monteauvrard.[222]
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2008 | See Austria–Kosovo relations
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1921-02-17 |
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1991 |
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30 January 1891 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 January 1891[224]
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9 November 1966 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 November 1966.[225]
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1992-03-25 | See Austria–Moldova relations |
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2006-07-12 | See Austria–Montenegro relations |
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27 March 1906 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 March 1906[226]
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6 September 1921 | See Austria–Poland relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 September 1921.[227]
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22 September 1878 | See Austria–Romania relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 September 1878[228]
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See Austria–Russia relations | |
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1874 | See Austria–Serbia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1874. |
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1993 | See Austria–Slovakia relations
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See Austria–Slovenia relations
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See Austria–Spain relations
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See Austria–Sweden relations
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See Austria–Switzerland relations
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24 January 1992 | See Austria–Ukraine relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 January 1992[229]
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1799 | See Austria–United Kingdom relations
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Oceania
[edit]Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
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1948 |
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See also
[edit]- List of diplomatic missions in Austria
- List of diplomatic missions of Austria
- Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs (Austria)
- Visa requirements for Austrian citizens
References
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Further reading
[edit]- Horn, David Bayne. Great Britain and Europe in the eighteenth century (1967) covers 1603-1702; pp 111-43.
External links
[edit]- International − Austrian magazine on foreign policy
This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA.
This article incorporates public domain material from U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State.
Well, that’s interesting to know that Psilotum nudum are known as whisk ferns. Psilotum nudum is the commoner species of the two. While the P. flaccidum is a rare species and is found in the tropical islands. Both the species are usually epiphytic in habit and grow upon tree ferns. These species may also be terrestrial and grow in humus or in the crevices of the rocks.
View the detailed Guide of Psilotum nudum: Detailed Study Of Psilotum Nudum (Whisk Fern), Classification, Anatomy, Reproduction