Chakma Changmha Ajhapat đđđŽđđłđŠ đđ§đđđđŽ | |
---|---|
Script type | |
Direction | Left-to-right |
Languages | Chakma language, Pali[1] |
Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
ISO 15924 | |
ISO 15924 | Cakm (349), Chakma |
Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Chakma |
U+11100–U+1114F[6] | |
Brahmic scripts |
---|
The Brahmi script and its descendants |
The Chakma Script (AjhÄ pÄáčh), also called AjhÄ pÄáčh, Ojhapath, Ojhopath, Aaojhapath, is an abugida used for the Chakma language, and recently for the Pali language.[1]
History
[edit]The Chakma script is an abugida that belongs to the Brahmic family of scripts. Chakma evolved from the Burmese script, which was ultimately derived from Pallava.[3][4][5]Proto Chakma developed around the 6th century CE. Old Chakma developed in the 8th century CE. Classical Literary Chakma was used in the 11th to 15th centuries and the current Standard Chakma was developed and revived in the 20th century.[citation needed]
The script, along with the Chakma language, has been introduced to non-government schools in Bangladesh, and as well as schools in Mizoram.[7]
Structure
[edit]Chakma is of the Brahmic type: the consonant letters contain an inherent vowel. Unusually for Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, the inherent vowel in Chakma is a long 'Ä' (a) as opposed to short 'a' (É). Consonant clusters are written with conjunct characters, and a visible vowel killer shows the deletion of the inherent vowel when there is no conjunct.
Vowels
[edit]Four independent vowels exist: đ a, đ i, đ u, and đ e.
đ | đ | đ | đ |
---|---|---|---|
Ä (aa) | i | u | e |
Other vowels in initial position are formed by adding the vowel sign to đ Ä, as in đđ© Ä«, đđ« Ć«, đđ ai, đđ° oi. Some modern writers are generalizing this spelling in đđš i, đđȘ u, and đđŹ e.
Chakma vowel signs with the letter đ ka are given below:
đ | đđ§ | đđš | đđ© | đđȘ | đđ« | đđŹ | đđź | đđ | đđŻ | đđ° | đđ | đđ | đđ | đđ | đđŽ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
kÄ | ka | ki | kÄ« | ku | kĆ« | ke | ko | kÄi | kau | koi | kei | kaáč | kaáč | kaáž„ | k |
One of the interesting features of Chakma writing is that candrabindu đ (cÄnaphudÄ) can be used together with anusvara đ (ekaphudÄ) and visarga đ (dviphudÄ):
đđđ aáž„áč = đ Ä + đ h + đáč
đđđ aáčáč = đ Ä + đ áč + đáč
đ đđ uáčáč = đ u + đ áč + đáč
đđȘđ muáč = đ mÄ + đȘ u + đáč
Consonants
[edit]đ | đ | đ | đ | đ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
kÄ | khÄ | gÄ | ghÄ | áč Ä | |
đ | đ | đ | đ | đ | |
cÄ | chÄ | jÄ | jhÄ | Ă±Ä | |
đ | đ | đ | đ | đ | |
áčÄ | áčhÄ | ážÄ | ážhÄ | áčÄ | |
đ | đ | đ | đ | đ | |
tÄ | thÄ | dÄ | dhÄ | nÄ | |
đ | đ | đ | đ | đ | |
pÄ | phÄ | bÄ | bhÄ | mÄ | |
đ | đĄ | đą | đŁ | đ€ | đ |
yyÄ | yÄ | rÄ | lÄ | wÄ | vÄ |
đ„ | đŠ | đ | |||
sÄ | hÄ | áž·Ä |
Vowel-killer
[edit]Like other Brahmic scripts, Chakma makes use of the maayyaa (killer) to invoke conjoined consonants. In the past, practice was much more common than it is today. Like the Myanmar script, Chakma is encoded with two vowel-killing characters in order to conform to modern user expectations. As shown above, most letters have their vowels killed with the use of the explicit maayyaa:
đđŽ k = đ kÄ + đŽ MAAYYAA
Conjucts
[edit]In 2001 an orthographic reform was recommended in the book CÄáč mÄ pattham pÄt which would limit the standard repertoire of conjuncts to those composed with the five letters đ yÄ, đą rÄ, đŁ lÄ, đ€ wÄ, and đ nÄ. The four here are the most widely accepted repertoire of conjuncts.
ya: X + đł VIRAMA + đ yÄ
đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ - đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ - đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ
đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ - đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ - đŠđłđ đ đłđ đĄđłđ đąđłđ đ€đłđ đ„đłđ
ra: X + đł VIRAMA + đą rÄ
đđłđą đđłđą đđłđą đđłđą đđłđą - đđłđą đđłđą đđłđą đđłđą đđłđą - đđłđą đđłđą đđłđą đđłđą đđłđą
đđłđą đđłđą đđłđą đđłđą đđłđą - đđłđą đđłđą đđłđą đđłđą đđłđą - đŠđłđą đ đłđą đĄđłđą đąđłđą đ€đłđą đ„đłđą
la: X + đł VIRAMA + đŁ lÄ
đđłđŁ đđłđŁ đđłđŁ đđłđŁ đđłđŁ - đđłđŁ đđłđŁ đđłđŁ đđłđŁ đđłđŁ - đđłđŁ đđłđŁ đđłđŁ đđłđŁ đđłđŁ
đđłđŁ đđłđŁ đđłđŁ đđłđŁ đđłđŁ - đđłđŁ đđłđŁ đđłđŁ đđłđŁ đđłđŁ - đŠđłđŁ đ đłđŁ đĄđłđŁ đąđłđŁ đ„đłđŁ
wa: X + đł VIRAMA + đ€ wÄ
đđłđ€ đđłđ€ đđłđ€ đđłđ€ đđłđ€ - đđłđ€ đđłđ€ đđłđ€ đđłđ€ đđłđ€ - đđłđ€ đđłđ€ đđłđ€ đđłđ€ đđłđ€
đđłđ€ đđłđ€ đđłđ€ đđłđ€ đđłđ€ - đđłđ€ đđłđ€ đđłđ€ đđłđ€ đđłđ€ - đŠđłđ€ đ đłđ€ đĄđłđ€ đąđłđ€ đ„đłđ€
No separate conjunct forms of subjoined full-form -yÄ or -rÄ appear to exist. The fifth of these conjuncts, the -na conjunct, is exemplary of the orthographic shift which has taken place in the Chakma language.
na: X + đł VIRAMA + đ nÄ
đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ - đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ - đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ
đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ - đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ - đŠđłđ đ đłđ đĄđłđ đąđłđ đ„đłđ
While some writers would indeed write kakna (in ligating style) as đđđłđ or (in subjoining style) as đđđłđ, most now would probably expect it to be written as đđđŽđ. The ligating style of glyphs is now considered old-fashioned. Thus, taking the letter đ mÄ as the second element, while the glyph shapes đđłđ kmÄ, đđłđ tmÄ, đđłđ nmÄ, đđłđ bbÄ, đđłđ mmÄ, đŁđłđŁ llÄ, đ„đłđ smÄ, and đŠđłđ hmÄ are attested, most users now prefer the glyph shapes đđłđ kmÄ, đđłđ tmÄ, đđłđ nmÄ, đđłđ bbÄ, đđłđ mmÄ, đŁđłđŁ llÄ, đ„đłđ smÄ, and đŠđłđ hmÄ. Again, this distinction is stylistic and not orthographic.
The 2004 book Phadagaáč shows examples of the five conjuncts above together alongside conjuncts formed with đ bÄ, đ mÄ, and đŠ hÄ. These are all formed by simple subjoining.
ba: X + đł VIRAMA + đ nÄ
đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ - đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ - đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ
đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ - đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ - đ đłđ đĄđłđ đąđłđ đŁđłđ đ€đłđ đ„đłđ
ma: X + đł VIRAMA + đ nÄ
đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ - đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ - đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ
đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ - đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ đđłđ - đ đłđ đĄđłđ đąđłđ đŁđłđ đ€đłđ đ„đłđ
ha: X + đł VIRAMA + đŠ nÄ
đđłđŠ đđłđŠ đđłđŠ đđłđŠ đđłđŠ - đđłđŠ đđłđŠ đđłđŠ đđłđŠ đđłđŠ - đđłđŠ đđłđŠ đđłđŠ đđłđŠ đđłđŠ
đđłđŠ đđłđŠ đđłđŠ đđłđŠ đđłđŠ - đđłđŠ đđłđŠ đđłđŠ đđłđŠ đđłđŠ - đ đłđŠ đĄđłđŠ đąđłđŠ đŁđłđŠ đ€đłđŠ đ„đłđŠ
In the 1982 book CÄáč mÄr Äg pudhi a much wider range of conjunct pairs is shown, some of them with fairly complicated glyphs:
đđłđ kkÄ = đ kÄ + đł VIRAMA + đ kÄ
đđłđ káčÄ = đ kÄ + đł VIRAMA + đ áčÄ
đđłđ ktÄ = đ kÄ + đł VIRAMA + đ tÄ
đđłđ kmÄ = đ kÄ + đł VIRAMA + đ mÄ
đđłđ kcÄ = đ kÄ + đł VIRAMA + đ cÄ
đđłđ áč kÄ = đ áč Ä + đł VIRAMA + đ kÄ
đđłđ áč kÄ = đ áč Ä + đł VIRAMA + đ gÄ
đđłđ ccÄ = đ cÄ + đł VIRAMA + đ cÄ
đđłđ cchÄ = đ cÄ + đł VIRAMA + đ chÄ
đđłđ ñcÄ = đ Ă±Ä + đł VIRAMA + đ cÄ
đđłđ ñjÄ = đ Ă±Ä + đł VIRAMA + đ jÄ
đđłđ ñjhÄ = đ Ă±Ä + đł VIRAMA + đ jhÄ
đđłđ áčáčÄ = đ áčÄ + đł VIRAMA + đ áčÄ
đđłđ ttÄ = đ tÄ + đł VIRAMA + đ tÄ
đđłđ tmÄ = đ tÄ + đł VIRAMA + đ mÄ
đđłđ tthÄ = đ tÄ + đł VIRAMA + đ thÄ
đđłđ ddÄ = đ dÄ + đł VIRAMA + đ dÄ
đđłđ ddhÄ = đ dÄ + đł VIRAMA + đ dhÄ
đđłđ ntÄ = đ nÄ + đł VIRAMA + đ tÄ
đđłđ nthÄ = đ nÄ + đł VIRAMA + đ thÄ
đđłđ nmÄ = đ nÄ + đł VIRAMA + đ mÄ
đđłđ ppÄ = đ pÄ + đł VIRAMA + đ pÄ
đđłđ bbÄ = đ bÄ + đł VIRAMA + đ bÄ
đđłđ mmÄ = đ mÄ + đł VIRAMA + đ mÄ
đđłđ jjÄ = đ jÄ + đł VIRAMA + đ jÄ
đŁđłđ lkÄ = đŁ lÄ + đł VIRAMA + đ kÄ
đŁđłđ lgÄ = đŁ lÄ + đł VIRAMA + đ gÄ
đŁđłđŁ llÄ = đŁ lÄ + đł VIRAMA + đŁ lÄ
đŁđłđ láčÄ = đŁ lÄ + đł VIRAMA + đ áčÄ
đŁđłđ lpÄ = đŁ lÄ + đł VIRAMA + đ pÄ
đŁđłđ lchÄ = đŁ lÄ + đł VIRAMA + đ chÄ
đ„đłđ sáčÄ = đ„ sÄ + đł VIRAMA + đ áčÄ
đ„đłđ skÄ = đ„ sÄ + đł VIRAMA + đ kÄ
đ„đłđ spÄ = đ„ sÄ + đł VIRAMA + đ pÄ
đ„đłđ smÄ = đ„ sÄ + đł VIRAMA + đ mÄ
đŠđłđ hmÄ = đŠ hÄ + đł VIRAMA + đ hmÄ
Letter names and punctuation
[edit]Chakma letters have a descriptive name followed by a traditional Brahmic consonant. These are given in annotations to the character names. Alongside a single (đ ) and double (đ ) danda punctuation, Chakma has a unique question mark (đ ), and a section sign, Phulacihna. There is some variation in the glyphs for the Phulacihna (đ ), some looking like flowers or leaves.
Numerals
[edit]The Chakma script contains its own set of numerals, although Bengali numerals are also used.
đ¶ | đ· | đž | đč | đș | đ» | đŒ | đœ | đŸ | đż |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
Unicode
[edit]Chakma script was added to the Unicode Standard in January 2012 with the release of version 6.1.[8]
The Unicode block for Chakma script is U+11100–U+1114F. Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points:
Chakma[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
U+1110x | 𑄀 | 𑄁 | 𑄂 | 𑄃 | 𑄄 | 𑄅 | 𑄆 | 𑄇 | 𑄈 | 𑄉 | 𑄊 | 𑄋 | 𑄌 | 𑄍 | 𑄎 | 𑄏 |
U+1111x | 𑄐 | 𑄑 | 𑄒 | 𑄓 | 𑄔 | 𑄕 | 𑄖 | 𑄗 | 𑄘 | 𑄙 | 𑄚 | 𑄛 | 𑄜 | 𑄝 | 𑄞 | 𑄟 |
U+1112x | 𑄠 | 𑄡 | 𑄢 | 𑄣 | 𑄤 | 𑄥 | 𑄦 | 𑄧 | 𑄨 | 𑄩 | 𑄪 | 𑄫 | 𑄬 | 𑄭 | 𑄮 | 𑄯 |
U+1113x | 𑄰 | 𑄱 | 𑄲 | 𑄳 | 𑄴 | 𑄶 | 𑄷 | 𑄸 | 𑄹 | 𑄺 | 𑄻 | 𑄼 | 𑄽 | 𑄾 | 𑄿 | |
U+1114x | 𑅀 | 𑅁 | 𑅂 | 𑅃 | 𑅄 | 𑅅 | 𑅆 | 𑅇 | ||||||||
Notes |
Educational Institutions
[edit]The Chakma language is being taught in many Government and private schools in India (Tripura, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh) and Bangladesh. The Chakma language was officially introduced in primary schools by the Govt. of Tripura under The Directorate of Kokborok & Other Minority Languages in 2004 through Bengali Script and since 2013 through Chakma script (also known as AjhÄ PÄáčh). Presently,[when?] the Chakma language is being taught in 87 schools.[9]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Scheuren, Zachary (22 April 2019). "Proposal to encode CHAKMA LETTER VAA for Pali" (PDF). The Unicode Consortium. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2019.
- ^ Joshi, R. Malatesha; McBride, Catherine, eds. (2019). Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography. Literacy Studies. Vol. 17. p. 28. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05977-4. ISBN 978-3-030-05976-7.
- ^ a b Talukdar, S. P. (2010). Genesis of Indigenous Chakma Buddhists and Their Pulverization Worldwide. Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 9788178357584.
- ^ a b Brauns, Claus-Dieter; Löffler, Lorenz G. (11 November 2013). Mru: Hill People on the Border of Bangladesh. BirkhÀuser. ISBN 9783034856942.
- ^ a b Everson, Michael; Hosken, Martin (28 July 2009). "Proposal for encoding the Chakma script in the UCS" (PDF).
- ^ "Chakma". The Unicode Standard, Version 15.1 (PDF). The Unicode Consortium. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2023.
- ^ Brandt, Carmen (2014). "Script as a potential demarcator and stabilizer of languages in South Asia". In Cardoso, Hugo C. (ed.). Language Endangerment and Preservation in South Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. p. 86. hdl:10125/4602. ISBN 9780985621148.
- ^ "Unicode 6.1.0". The Unicode Consortium. 31 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2 February 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
- ^ "Chakma Language". The Directorate of Kokborok & Other Minority Languages. Government of Tripura, India.
Further reading
[edit]- 'àŠ°àŠżàŠŹà§àŠ àŠàŠàŠšàŠż'àŠ€à§ àŠČà§àŠàŠŸ àŠčàŠŹà§ àŠàŠŸàŠàŠźàŠŸ àŠàŠŸàŠ·àŠŸ [The Chakma language will be written in 'RibengUni']. Kaler Kantho. 18 June 2012. Archived from the original on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
External links
[edit]- RibengUni (First Chakma Unicode Font)
- Chakma Script Archived 2020-01-15 at the Wayback Machine
- Chakma Bangla Blog
- Chakma Prototype Keyboard
- Chakma Unicode Converter
- Available Chakma Unicode Fonts
- Chakma Keyboard Layout for Mac OSX
- Chakma Open Dictionary
- "Chakma alphabet, pronunciation and language". Omniglot. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
- "Tribal Languages - Banglapedia". Banglapedia. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
Well, that’s interesting to know that Psilotum nudum are known as whisk ferns. Psilotum nudum is the commoner species of the two. While the P. flaccidum is a rare species and is found in the tropical islands. Both the species are usually epiphytic in habit and grow upon tree ferns. These species may also be terrestrial and grow in humus or in the crevices of the rocks.
View the detailed Guide of Psilotum nudum: Detailed Study Of Psilotum Nudum (Whisk Fern), Classification, Anatomy, Reproduction