Cannabaceae

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In mathematics, a natural number n is a Blum integer if n = p × q is a semiprime for which p and q are distinct prime numbers congruent to 3 mod 4.[1] That is, p and q must be of the form 4t + 3, for some integer t. Integers of this form are referred to as Blum primes.[2] This means that the factors of a Blum integer are Gaussian primes with no imaginary part. The first few Blum integers are

21, 33, 57, 69, 77, 93, 129, 133, 141, 161, 177, 201, 209, 213, 217, 237, 249, 253, 301, 309, 321, 329, 341, 381, 393, 413, 417, 437, 453, 469, 473, 489, 497, ... (sequence A016105 in the OEIS)

The integers were named for computer scientist Manuel Blum.[3]

Properties

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Given n = p × q a Blum integer, Qn the set of all quadratic residues modulo n and coprime to n and a ∈ Qn. Then:[2]

  • a has four square roots modulo n, exactly one of which is also in Qn
  • The unique square root of a in Qn is called the principal square root of a modulo n
  • The function f : Qn → Qn defined by f(x) = x2 mod n is a permutation. The inverse function of f is: f−1(x) = x((p−1)(q−1)+4)/8 mod n.[4]
  • For every Blum integer n, −1 has a Jacobi symbol mod n of +1, although −1 is not a quadratic residue of n:

No Blum integer is the sum of two squares.

History

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Before modern factoring algorithms, such as MPQS and NFS, were developed, it was thought to be useful to select Blum integers as RSA moduli. This is no longer regarded as a useful precaution, since MPQS and NFS are able to factor Blum integers with the same ease as RSA moduli constructed from randomly selected primes.[citation needed]

References

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  1. ^ Joe Hurd, Blum Integers (1997), retrieved 17 Jan, 2011 from http://www.gilith.com/research/talks/cambridge1997.pdf
  2. ^ a b Goldwasser, S. and Bellare, M. "Lecture Notes on Cryptography" Archived 2012-04-21 at the Wayback Machine. Summer course on cryptography, MIT, 1996-2001
  3. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A016105 (Blum integers: numbers of the form p * q where p and q are distinct primes congruent to 3 (mod 4))". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
  4. ^ Menezes, Alfred; van Oorschot, Paul; Vanstone, Scott (1997). Handbook of applied cryptography. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 102. ISBN 0849385237. OCLC 35292671.
source: Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blum_integer

One thought on “Cannabaceae”

  1. Well, that’s interesting to know that Psilotum nudum are known as whisk ferns. Psilotum nudum is the commoner species of the two. While the P. flaccidum is a rare species and is found in the tropical islands. Both the species are usually epiphytic in habit and grow upon tree ferns. These species may also be terrestrial and grow in humus or in the crevices of the rocks.
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