Athletics 400 metres | |
---|---|
![]() The closing stages of a men's 400 m race | |
World records | |
Men | ![]() |
Women | ![]() |
Short track world records | |
Men | ![]() |
Women | ![]() |
Olympic records | |
Men | ![]() |
Women | ![]() |
World Championship records | |
Men | ![]() |
Women | ![]() |
World junior (U20) records | |
Men | ![]() |
Women | ![]() |
The 400 metres, or 400-meter dash, is a sprint event in track and field competitions. It has been featured in the athletics programme at the Summer Olympics since 1896 for men and since 1964 for women. On a standard outdoor running track, it is one lap around the track. Runners start in staggered positions and race in separate lanes for the entire course. In many[clarification needed] countries, athletes previously competed in the 440-yard dash (402.336 m)—which is a quarter of a mile (1,760 yards) and was referred to as the "quarter-mile"—instead of the 400 m (437.445 yards), though this distance is now obsolete.
Like other sprint disciplines, the 400 m involves the use of starting blocks. The runners take up position in the blocks on the "ready" command, adopt a more efficient starting posture which isometrically preloads their muscles on the "set" command, and stride forwards from the blocks upon hearing the starter's pistol. The blocks allow the runners to begin more powerfully and thereby contribute to their overall sprint speed capability. Maximum sprint speed capability is a significant contributing factor to success in the event, but athletes also require substantial speed endurance and the ability to cope well with high amounts of lactic acid to sustain a fast speed over a whole lap. While considered to be predominantly an anaerobic event, there is some aerobic involvement and the degree of aerobic training required for 400-metre athletes is open to debate.[1]
The current men's world record and Olympic record is held by Wayde van Niekerk of South Africa; his time of 43.03 seconds is the fastest 400 m ever run, either in an open 400 m or a relay. While Michael Johnson holds the fastest 400 m relay split with a time of 42.94, relay splits are typically faster because athletes have a running start and do not need to react to the gun if they are not the leadoff leg. Considering van Niekerk's reaction time of 0.181 seconds in his run of 43.03, van Niekerk covered the 400-metre distance itself in 42.85 seconds, therefore being 0.09 s faster than Johnson's relay split.[2]
Quincy Hall is the reigning men's Olympic champion. Antonio Watson is the current men's world champion. Christopher Morales Williams is the men's world indoor record holder with a time of 44.49 seconds.[3]
The current women's world record is held by Marita Koch, with a time of 47.60 seconds. Marileidy Paulino is the current women's world champion and women’s Olympic champion, and holds the Olympic record in a time of 48.17 seconds. Femke Bol holds the women's world indoor record at 49.17 (2024). The men's T43 Paralympic world record of 45.07 seconds is held by Oscar Pistorius.[4]
An Olympic double of 200 metres and 400 m was first achieved by Valerie Brisco-Hooks in 1984, and later by Marie-José Pérec of France and Michael Johnson from the United States on the same evening in 1996. Alberto Juantorena of Cuba at the 1976 Summer Olympics became the first and so far the only athlete to win both the 400 m and 800 m Olympic titles. Pérec became the first to defend the Olympic title in 1996, Johnson became the first and only man to do so in 2000. From 31 appearances in the Olympic Games, the men's gold medalist came from the US 19 times.
Continental records
[edit]Area | Men | Women | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time (s) | Athlete | Nation | Time (s) | Athlete | Nation | ||
Africa (records) | 43.03 WR | Wayde van Niekerk | ![]() |
49.10 | Falilat Ogunkoya | ![]() | |
Asia (records) | 43.93 | Yousef Masrahi | ![]() |
48.14 | Salwa Eid Naser | ![]() | |
Europe (records) | 43.44 | Matthew Hudson-Smith | ![]() |
47.60 WR | Marita Koch | ![]() | |
North, Central America and Caribbean (records) |
43.18 | Michael Johnson | ![]() |
48.17 | Marileidy Paulino | ![]() | |
Oceania (records) | 44.38 | Darren Clark | ![]() |
48.63 | Cathy Freeman | ![]() | |
South America (records) | 43.93 | Anthony Zambrano | ![]() |
49.64 | Ximena Restrepo | ![]() |
All-time top 25
[edit]Men (outdoor)
[edit]Ath.# | Perf.# | Time (s) | Reaction (s) | Athlete | Nation | Date | Place | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | 43.03 | 0.181 | Wayde van Niekerk | ![]() |
14 August 2016 | Rio de Janeiro | [9] |
2 | 2 | 43.18 | 0.150 | Michael Johnson | ![]() |
26 August 1999 | Seville | [10] |
3 | 3 | 43.29 | Butch Reynolds | ![]() |
17 August 1988 | Zürich | ||
4 | 43.39 | Johnson #2 | 9 August 1995 | Gothenburg | ||||
4 | 5 | 43.40 | 0.168 | Quincy Hall | ![]() |
7 August 2024 | Saint-Denis | [11] |
6 | 43.44 | Johnson #3 | 19 June 1996 | Atlanta | ||||
5 | 6 | 43.44 | 0.149 | Matthew Hudson-Smith | ![]() |
7 August 2024 | Saint-Denis | [11] |
6 | 8 | 43.45 | 0.182 | Jeremy Wariner | ![]() |
31 August 2007 | Osaka | [12] |
Michael Norman | ![]() |
20 April 2019 | Torrance | [13] | ||||
10 | 43.48 | 0.156 | van Niekerk #2 | 26 August 2015 | Beijing | [14] | ||
8 | 11 | 43.48 | 0.164 | Steven Gardiner | ![]() |
4 October 2019 | Doha | [15][16] |
12 | 43.49 | Johnson #4 | 29 July 1996 | Atlanta | ||||
9 | 13 | 43.50 | Quincy Watts | ![]() |
5 August 1992 | Barcelona | ||
14 | 43.50 | Wariner #2 | 7 August 2007 | Stockholm | ||||
15 | 43.56 | Norman #2 | 25 June 2022 | Eugene | [17] | |||
16 | 43.60 | 0.130 | Norman #3 | 28 May 2022 | Eugene | [18][19] | ||
17 | 43.61 | Norman #4 | 8 June 2018 | Eugene | ||||
18 | 43.62 | Wariner #3 | 14 July 2006 | Rome | ||||
0.164 | van Niekerk #3 | 6 July 2017 | Lausanne | [20] | ||||
10 | 20 | 43.64 | Fred Kerley | ![]() |
27 July 2019 | Des Moines | [21] | |
21 | 43.65 | Johnson #5 | 17 August 1993 | Stuttgart | ||||
11 | 21 | 43.65 | 0.195 | LaShawn Merritt | ![]() |
26 August 2015 | Beijing | [22] |
23 | 43.66 | Johnson #6 | 16 June 1995 | Sacramento | ||||
Johnson #7 | 3 July 1996 | Lausanne | ||||||
25 | 43.68 | Johnson #8 | 12 August 1998 | Zürich | ||||
12 | 43.70 | Champion Allison | ![]() |
25 June 2022 | Eugene | [17] | ||
13 | 43.72 | Isaac Makwala | ![]() |
5 July 2015 | La Chaux-de-Fonds | [23] | ||
14 | 43.74 | Kirani James | ![]() |
3 July 2014 | Lausanne | [24] | ||
0.185 | Muzala Samukonga | ![]() |
7 August 2024 | Saint-Denis | [11] | |||
16 | 43.78 | 0.144 | Jereem Richards | ![]() |
7 August 2024 | Saint-Denis | [11] | |
17 | 43.81 | Danny Everett | ![]() |
26 June 1992 | New Orleans | |||
18 | 43.85 | Randolph Ross | ![]() |
11 June 2021 | Eugene | [25] | ||
19 | 43.86 A | Lee Evans | ![]() |
18 October 1968 | Mexico City | |||
20 | 43.87 | Steve Lewis | ![]() |
28 September 1988 | Seoul | |||
21 | 43.93 | Yousef Masrahi | ![]() |
23 August 2015 | Beijing | [26] | ||
Rusheen McDonald | ![]() |
23 August 2015 | Beijing | [26] | ||||
Anthony Zambrano | ![]() |
2 August 2021 | Tokyo | [27] | ||||
24 | 43.94 | Akeem Bloomfield | ![]() |
8 June 2018 | Eugene | [28] | ||
25 | 43.97 | Larry James | ![]() |
18 October 1968 | Mexico City |
Women (outdoor)
[edit]Ath.# | Perf.# | Time (s) | Athlete | Nation | Date | Place | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | 47.60 | Marita Koch | ![]() |
6 October 1985 | Canberra | |
2 | 2 | 47.99 | Jarmila Kratochvílová | ![]() |
10 August 1983 | Helsinki | |
3 | 3 | 48.14 | Salwa Eid Naser | ![]() |
3 October 2019 | Doha | [31] |
4 | 48.16 | Koch #2 | 8 September 1982 | Athens | |||
Koch #3 | 16 August 1984 | Prague | |||||
4 | 6 | 48.17 | Marileidy Paulino | ![]() |
9 August 2024 | Saint-Denis | [32] |
7 | 48.22 | Koch #4 | 28 August 1986 | Stuttgart | |||
5 | 8 | 48.25 | Marie-José Pérec | ![]() |
29 July 1996 | Atlanta | |
9 | 48.26 | Koch #5 | 27 July 1984 | Dresden | |||
6 | 10 | 48.27 | Olga Bryzgina | ![]() |
6 October 1985 | Canberra | |
7 | 11 | 48.36 | Shaunae Miller-Uibo | ![]() |
6 August 2021 | Tokyo | |
12 | 48.37 | Miller-Uibo #2 | 3 October 2019 | Doha | |||
13 | 48.45 | Kratochvílová #2 | 23 July 1983 | Prague | |||
14 | 48.53 | Naser #2 | 9 August 2024 | Saint-Denis | [32] | ||
8 | 15 | 48.57 | Nickisha Pryce | ![]() |
20 July 2024 | London | [33] |
9 | 16 | 48.59 | Taťána Kocembová | ![]() |
10 August 1983 | Helsinki | |
17 | 48.60 | Koch #6 | 4 August 1979 | Turin | |||
Bryzgina #2 | 17 August 1985 | Moscow | |||||
19 | 48.61 | Kratochvílová #3 | 6 September 1981 | Rome | |||
10 | 20 | 48.63 | Cathy Freeman | ![]() |
29 July 1996 | Atlanta | |
21 | 48.65 | Bryzgina #3 | 26 September 1988 | Seoul | |||
11 | 22 | 48.70 | Sanya Richards-Ross | ![]() |
16 September 2006 | Athens | |
23 | 48.73 | Kocembová #2 | 16 August 1984 | Prague | |||
12 | 24 | 48.74 | Sydney McLaughlin-Levrone | ![]() |
8 July 2023 | Eugene | [34] |
25 | 48.75 | McLaughlin-Levrone #2 | 9 June 2024 | New York City | [35] | ||
13 | 48.83 | Valerie Brisco-Hooks | ![]() |
6 August 1984 | Los Angeles | ||
14 | 48.89 | Ana Guevara | ![]() |
27 August 2003 | Saint-Denis | ||
15 | 48.90 | Natalia Kaczmarek | ![]() |
20 July 2024 | London | [36] | |
16 | 49.05 | Chandra Cheeseborough | ![]() |
6 August 1984 | Los Angeles | ||
17 | 49.07 | Tonique Williams-Darling | ![]() |
12 September 2004 | Berlin | ||
Rhasidat Adeleke | ![]() |
10 June 2024 | Rome | [37] | |||
19 | 49.10 | Falilat Ogunkoya | ![]() |
29 July 1996 | Atlanta | ||
20 | 49.11 | Olga Nazarova | ![]() |
25 September 1988 | Seoul | ||
21 | 49.13 | Britton Wilson | ![]() |
13 May 2023 | Baton Rouge | [38] | |
Kaylyn Brown | ![]() |
8 June 2024 | Eugene | [39] | |||
23 | 49.16 | Antonina Krivoshapka | ![]() |
5 July 2012 | Cheboksary | ||
24 | 49.19 | Mariya Pinigina | ![]() |
10 August 1983 | Helsinki | ||
25 | 49.22 | Christine Mboma | ![]() |
17 April 2021 | Windhoek |
Annulled marks
[edit]- Christine Mboma ran 48.54 in Bydgoszcz on 30 June 2021, but her performance was removed from the World Athletics database because of Testosterone regulations in women's athletics.
- Aminatou Seyni ran 49.19 in Lausanne on 5 July 2019, but her performance was removed from the World Athletics database because of Testosterone regulations in women's athletics.
Men (indoor)
[edit]- Correct as of March 2024.[40]
Rank | Time | Athlete | Nation | Date | Place | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 44.49 | Christopher Morales Williams | ![]() |
24 February 2024 | Fayetteville | [41] |
2 | 44.52 | Michael Norman | ![]() |
10 March 2018 | College Station | |
3 | 44.57 | Kerron Clement | ![]() |
12 March 2005 | Fayetteville | |
4 | 44.62 | Randolph Ross | ![]() |
12 March 2022 | Birmingham | [42] |
5 | 44.63 | Michael Johnson | ![]() |
4 March 1995 | Atlanta | |
6 | 44.71 | Noah Williams | ![]() |
13 March 2021 | Fayetteville | [43] |
7 | 44.75 | Elija Godwin | ![]() |
25 February 2023 | Fayetteville | [44] |
44.75 A | 11 March 2023 | Albuquerque | [45] | |||
8 | 44.80 | Kirani James | ![]() |
27 February 2011 | Fayetteville | |
9 | 44.82 | Tyrell Richard | ![]() |
9 March 2019 | Birmingham | [46] |
10 | 44.85 | Fred Kerley | ![]() |
11 March 2017 | College Station | |
11 | 44.86 | Akeem Bloomfield | ![]() |
10 March 2018 | College Station | |
12 | 44.88 | Bralon Taplin | ![]() |
3 February 2018 | College Station | |
13 | 44.91 | Auhmad Robinson | ![]() |
9 March 2024 | Boston | [47] |
14 | 44.93 | LaShawn Merritt | ![]() |
11 February 2005 | Fayetteville | |
44.93 A | Ryan Willie | ![]() |
11 March 2023 | Albuquerque | [48] | |
16 | 45.00 | Jereem Richards | ![]() |
19 March 2022 | Belgrade | [49] |
17 | 45.02 | Danny Everett | ![]() |
2 February 1992 | Stuttgart | |
18 | 45.03 | Torrin Lawrence | ![]() |
12 February 2010 | Fayetteville | |
Deon Lendore | ![]() |
1 March 2014 | College Station | |||
Kahmari Montgomery | ![]() |
9 March 2019 | Birmingham | [46] | ||
21 | 45.04 | Champion Allison | ![]() |
26 February 2022 | College Station | [50] |
22 | 45.05 | Thomas Schönlebe | ![]() |
5 February 1988 | Sindelfingen | |
Alvin Harrison | ![]() |
28 February 1998 | Atlanta | |||
Karsten Warholm | ![]() |
2 March 2019 | Glasgow | [51] | ||
Trevor Bassitt | ![]() |
19 March 2022 | Belgrade | [49] | ||
Jacory Patterson | ![]() |
25 February 2023 | Fayetteville | [44] |
Notes
[edit]While recognized as world bests, the times of 44.52 by Michael Norman and 44.49 by Christopher Morales Williams are not ratified as world records.[52][53]
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 45.05:
- Michael Johnson also ran 44.66 (1996) and 44.97 (1995).
- Christopher Morales Williams also ran 44.67 (2024).
- Randolph Ross also ran 44.83 (2022), 44.99 (2021).
- Michael Norman also ran 45.00 (2018).
- Fred Kerley also ran 45.02 (2017), 45.03 (2021).
- Akeem Bloomfield also ran 45.02 (2018).
- Kahmari Montgomery also ran 45.04 (2019).
Women (indoor)
[edit]- Correct as of March 2024.[54]
Rank | Time | Athlete | Nation | Date | Place | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 49.17 | Femke Bol | ![]() |
2 March 2024 | Glasgow | [55] |
2 | 49.48 A | Britton Wilson | ![]() |
11 March 2023 | Albuquerque | [45] |
3 | 49.59 | Jarmila Kratochvílová | ![]() |
7 March 1982 | Milan | |
4 | 49.68 | Natalya Nazarova | ![]() |
18 February 2004 | Moscow | |
5 | 49.76 | Taťána Kocembová | ![]() |
2 February 1984 | Vienna | |
6 | 50.01 | Sabine Busch | ![]() |
2 February 1984 | Vienna | |
7 | 50.02 | Nicola Sanders | ![]() |
3 March 2007 | Birmingham | |
8 | 50.04 | Olesya Krasnomovets | ![]() |
18 February 2006 | Moscow | |
9 | 50.10 | Lieke Klaver | ![]() |
18 February 2024 | Apeldoorn | [56] |
10 | 50.15 | Olga Zaytseva | ![]() |
25 January 2006 | Moscow | |
Talitha Diggs | ![]() |
25 February 2023 | Fayetteville | [57] | ||
12 | 50.21 | Vania Stambolova | ![]() |
12 March 2006 | Moscow | |
Shaunae Miller-Uibo | ![]() |
13 February 2021 | New York City | [58] | ||
14 | 50.23 | Irina Privalova | ![]() |
12 March 1995 | Barcelona | |
15 | 50.24 | Alexis Holmes | ![]() |
2 March 2024 | Glasgow | [55] |
16 | 50.28 | Petra Müller | ![]() |
6 March 1988 | Budapest | |
17 | 50.33 | Rhasidat Adeleke | ![]() |
25 February 2023 | Lubbock | [57] |
18 | 50.34 | Christine Amertil | ![]() |
12 March 2006 | Moscow | |
Kendall Ellis | ![]() |
10 March 2018 | College Station | |||
20 | 50.36 | Sydney McLaughlin | ![]() |
10 March 2018 | College Station | |
21 | 50.37 | Natalya Antyukh | ![]() |
18 February 2006 | Moscow | |
22 | 50.40 | Dagmar Neubauer | ![]() |
2 February 1984 | Vienna | |
23 | 50.41 | Svetlana Pospelova | ![]() |
5 March 2005 | Madrid | |
24 | 50.42 | Olga Kotlyarova | ![]() |
27 January 2001 | Moscow | |
25 | 50.43 | Amber Anning | ![]() |
24 February 2024 | Fayetteville | [59] |
Notes
[edit]Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 50.42:
- Femke Bol also ran 49.24 (2024), 49.26 (2023), 49.63 (2024), 49.69 (2024), 49.85 (2023), 49.96 (2023), 50.20 (2023) and 50.30 (2022).
- Jarmila Kratochvílová also ran 49.64 (1981) and 49.69 (1983).
- Taťána Kocembová also ran 49.97 (1984).
- Natalya Nazarova also ran 49.98 (2006).
- Olesya Krasnomovets also ran 50.04 (2006).
- Lieke Klaver also ran 50.16 (2024) and 50.34 (2023).
- Alexis Holmes also ran 50.34 A (2024).
Fastest relay splits
[edit]
Men[edit]
|
Women[edit]
|
Most successful athletes
[edit]3 or more 400-metre victories at the Olympic Games and World Championships:
- 6 wins: Michael Johnson (USA) - Olympic Champion in 1996 and 2000, World Champion in 1993, 1995, 1997 and 1999.
- 4 wins: Marie-Jose Perec (FRA) - Olympic Champion in 1992 and 1996, World Champion in 1991 and 1995.
- 3 wins: Cathy Freeman (AUS) - Olympic Champion in 2000, World Champion in 1997 and 1999.
- 3 wins: Jeremy Wariner (USA) - Olympic Champion in 2004, World Champion in 2005 and 2007.
- 3 wins: Christine Ohuruogu (GBR) - Olympic Champion in 2008, World Champion in 2007 and 2013.
- 3 wins: LaShawn Merritt (USA) - Olympic Champion in 2008, World Champion in 2009 and 2013.
- 3 wins: Wayde van Niekerk (RSA) - Olympic Champion in 2016, World Champion in 2015 and 2017.
- 3 wins: Shaunae Miller-Uibo (BAH) - Olympic Champion in 2016 and 2020, World Champion in 2022.
The Olympic champion has frequently won a second gold medal in the 4 × 400 metres relay. This has been accomplished 14 times by men; Charles Reidpath, Ray Barbuti, Bill Carr, George Rhoden, Charles Jenkins, Otis Davis, Mike Larrabee, Lee Evans, Viktor Markin, Alonzo Babers, Steve Lewis, Quincy Watts, Jeremy Wariner and LaShawn Merritt; and 4 times by women; Monika Zehrt, Valerie Brisco-Hooks, Olga Bryzgina and Sanya Richards-Ross. All but Rhoden, Markin, Zehrt and Bryzgina ran on American relay teams. Injured after his double in 1996, Johnson also accomplished the feat in 2000 only to have it disqualified when his teammate Antonio Pettigrew admitted to doping.
Olympic medalists
[edit]Men
[edit]Women
[edit]World Championships medalists
[edit]Men
[edit]Medalists by country
[edit]Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ![]() |
11 | 8 | 6 | 27 |
2 | ![]() |
2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
3 | ![]() |
1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
4 | ![]() |
2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
5 | ![]() |
2 | 0 | 3 | 5 |
6 | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
7 | ![]() |
0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
8 | ![]() |
0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
![]() |
0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
![]() |
0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
![]() |
0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
![]() |
0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
13 | ![]() |
0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
![]() |
0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
![]() |
0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
![]() |
0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
![]() |
0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
![]() |
0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Women
[edit]§ : awarded following doping disqualification.
Medalists by country
[edit]Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ![]() |
4 | 3 | 4 | 11 |
2 | ![]() |
2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
3 | ![]() |
2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
![]() |
2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |
5 | ![]() |
1 | 3 | 0 | 4 |
6 | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | |
![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | |
![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | |
10 | ![]() |
1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
11 | ![]() |
1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
![]() |
1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |
13 | ![]() |
0 | 4 | 6 | 10 |
14 | ![]() |
0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
15 | ![]() |
0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
16 | ![]() |
0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
17 | ![]() |
0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
![]() |
0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | |
13 | ![]() |
0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
World Indoor Championships medalists
[edit]Men
[edit]Women
[edit]- A Known as the World Indoor Games
Season's bests
[edit]
Notes and references
[edit]- ^ Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences, "Aerobic versus anaerobic training for success in various athletic events" by Shepard, R. J., 1978
- ^ Škraba, Žiga P. (15 August 2016). "43.03 – The Fastest 400m in History". Žiga P. Škraba. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
- ^ Ramsay, George (26 February 2024). "Canadian teenager Christopher Morales Williams denied 400m indoor world record due to starting block issue". CNN.
- ^ "Who is Oscar Pistorius ??? « Flightunit : News, Tips, Music, video, games & more". Archived from the original on 17 August 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
- ^ "Men's outdoor 400 Metres". iaaf.org. IAAF. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
- ^ "Women's outdoor 400 Metres". iaaf.org. IAAF. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
- ^ "Senior Outdoor 400 Metres Men". World Athletics. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
- ^ "All-time men's best 400m". alltime-athletics.com. 8 January 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
- ^ "Men's 400m Results" (PDF). Rio 2016 official website. 14 August 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
- ^ "400 Metres Result | 7th IAAF World Championships in Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
- ^ a b c d "Men's 400m - Final results" (PDF). Olympics. 7 August 2024. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
- ^ "400 Metres Result | 11th IAAF World Championships in Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
- ^ "61st ANNUAL MT. SAC RELAYS". rtspt.com. RecordTiming. 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
- ^ "400 Metres Result | 15th IAAF World Championships". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
- ^ "400m Results" (PDF). IAAF. 4 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
- ^ "400 Metres Result | IAAF World Athletics Championships, DOHA 2019". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
- ^ a b Karen Rosen (26 June 2022). "McLaughlin breaks world 400m hurdles record with 51.41 at US Championships". World Athletics. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
- ^ Cathal Dennehy (29 May 2022). "Norman reigns in fierce 400m clash with record run in Eugene". World Athletics. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
- ^ "Wanda Diamond League Hayward Field - Eugene, OR (USA) 27th - 28th May 2022 Results 400m Men" (PDF). Retrieved 1 June 2023.
- ^ "IAAF DIAMOND LEAGUE Lausanne (SUI) 6 July 2017 Results 400m Men" (PDF). Retrieved 1 June 2023.
- ^ Roy Jordan (28 July 2019). "Kendricks tops 6.06m in Des Moines". IAAF. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
- ^ "400m Results". IAAF. 26 August 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
- ^ "400m Results" (PDF). www.sep-olympic.ch. 5 July 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
- ^ "400m". Archived from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
- ^ Jess Whittington (12 June 2021). "Burrell breaks world U20 400m hurdles record in Eugene". World Athletics. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
- ^ a b "400m Men - Heats Results". IAAF. 23 August 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
- ^ "Men's 400m Semifinal Results Summary" (PDF). olympics.com. 2 August 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
- ^ Roy Jordan (9 June 2018). "Benjamin and Norman break collegiate records at NCAA Championships". IAAF. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
- ^ "Toplists - All time Top lists - Senior Outdoor 400 Metres Women". World Athletics. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
- ^ "All-time women's best 400m". alltime-athletics.com. 26 November 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
- ^ "400m Results" (PDF). IAAF. 3 October 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
- ^ a b "Paulino powers to Olympic record to win 400m gold in Paris | News | Paris 24 | Olympic Games". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
- ^ "400m Result" (PDF). swisstiming.com. 20 July 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
- ^ "McLaughlin-Levrone cruises to 400m win at US Championships | REPORT | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
- ^ "Results". results.usatf.org. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
- ^ "400m Result" (PDF). swisstiming.com. 20 July 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
- ^ "400m Results". World Athletics. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
- ^ "Wilson clocks 49.13 for 400m, Hibbert breaks world U20 triple jump record with 17.87m | REPORT | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
- ^ "Pryce, Long and Jones impress in sprints at NCAA Championships | REPORT | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
- ^ "Toplists - All time Top lists - Senior Indoor 400 Metres Men". World Athletics. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
- ^ "Men 400m Result". flashresults.com. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
- ^ "400m Result" (PDF). Flash Results. 12 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
- ^ "Results: Men 400 M (Finals)". Flash Results. 13 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
- ^ a b "400m Result" (PDF). flashresults.com. 25 February 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
- ^ a b "Alfred, Garland and Wilson threaten world records at NCAA Indoor Championships | REPORT | World Athletics". www.worldathletics.org. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
- ^ a b "400m Results". flashresults.com. 9 March 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
- ^ "Men 400 M". flashresults.ncaa.com. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
- ^ "400m Result" (PDF). Flash Results. 11 March 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
- ^ a b "400m Results" (PDF). World Athletics. 19 March 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
- ^ "400m Result" (PDF). flashresults.com. 26 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "400m Final Results" (PDF). EAA. 2 March 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
- ^ "Norman lines up tilt at official world indoor 400m record in New York". 12 February 2021.
- ^ https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/trackandfield/christopher-morales-williams-400m-indoor-world-record-not-ratified-1.7127384
- ^ "Senior Indoor 400 Metres Women". iaaf.org. IAAF. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
- ^ a b "400m Final Result" (PDF). World Athletics. 2 March 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
- ^ "FLASH: Bol breaks world indoor 400m record with 49.24 in Apeldoorn". World Athletics. 18 February 2024. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
- ^ a b "Weekend Recap: All-Time Marks Canvas Conference Championships Weekend". USTFCCCA. 25 February 2023. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
- ^ Taylor Dutch (14 February 2021). "Three American Records and 10 National Records Fall at the New Balance Indoor Grand Prix". runnersworld.com. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
- ^ "Women 400m Result". flashresults.com. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
- ^ "4x400 Metres Relay Icons". Retrieved 10 June 2018.
Jeremy Wariner: The two-time world 400m champion was a key member of the USA 4x400m squad in the 2000s, picking up two Olympic relay golds and three world titles. He also boasts the second-fastest relay split in history with his 42.93 from the 2007 World Championships.
- ^ https://olympics.com/OG2024/pdf/OG2024/ATH/OG2024_ATH_C73D_ATHM4X400M------------FNL-000100--.pdf
- ^ "Men's 4×400m Relay Results". ncaa.com. 27 May 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
- ^ https://olympics.com/OG2024/pdf/OG2024/ATH/OG2024_ATH_C73D_ATHM4X400M------------FNL-000100--.pdf
- ^ https://olympics.com/OG2024/pdf/OG2024/ATH/OG2024_ATH_C73D_ATHM4X400M------------FNL-000100--.pdf
- ^ "Men's 4 x 400m Relay Final Results" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
- ^ https://olympics.com/OG2024/pdf/OG2024/ATH/OG2024_ATH_C73D_ATHM4X400M------------FNL-000100--.pdf
- ^ "{https://olympics.com/OG2024/pdf/OG2024/ATH/OG2024_ATH_C73D_ATHW4X400M------------FNL-000100--.pdf Athletics – Women's 4 x 400m Relay – Final – Results – Revised]", Olympics.com, 10 August 2024. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ "Athletics – 4 x 400m Relay Mixed – Final – Results – Revised", Olympics.com, 5 August 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
External links
[edit]- IAAF list of 400-metres records in XML
- All-time Masters men's 400 m list
- All-time Masters women's 400 m list
Well, that’s interesting to know that Psilotum nudum are known as whisk ferns. Psilotum nudum is the commoner species of the two. While the P. flaccidum is a rare species and is found in the tropical islands. Both the species are usually epiphytic in habit and grow upon tree ferns. These species may also be terrestrial and grow in humus or in the crevices of the rocks.
View the detailed Guide of Psilotum nudum: Detailed Study Of Psilotum Nudum (Whisk Fern), Classification, Anatomy, Reproduction