Although traces of anarchist ideas are found all throughout history, modern anarchism emerged from the Enlightenment. During the latter half of the 19th and the first decades of the 20th century, the anarchist movement flourished in most parts of the world and had a significant role in workers' struggles for emancipation. Various anarchist schools of thought formed during this period. Anarchists have taken part in several revolutions, most notably in the Paris Commune, the Russian Civil War and the Spanish Civil War, whose end marked the end of the classical era of anarchism. In the last decades of the 20th and into the 21st century, the anarchist movement has been resurgent once more, growing in popularity and influence within anti-capitalist, anti-war and anti-globalisation movements. (Full article...)
...that prior to the emergence of anarcho-pacifism at the outbreak of World War II, there was a general agreement among anarchists that violence was inevitable?
My second reason for not repeating EMMA GOLDMANN’S words is, that I, as an anarchist, have no right to advise another to do anything involving a risk to himself; nor would I give a fillip for an action done by the advice of some one else, unless it is accompanied by a well-argued, well-settled conviction on the part of the person acting, that it really is the best thing to do. Anarchism, to me, means not only the denial of authority, not only a new economy, but a revision of the principles of morality. It means the development of the individual as well as the assertion of the individual. IT means self-responsibility, and not leader worship. I say it is your business to decide whether you will starve and freeze in sight of food and clothing, outside of jail, or commit some overt act against the institution of property and take your place beside TIMMERMANN and GOLDMANN. And in saying this I mean to cast no reflection whatever upon Miss Goldmann for doing otherwise. She and I hold many differing views on both Economy and Morals; and that she is honest in hers she has proven better than I have proven mine. Miss Goldmann is a communist; I am an individualist. She wishes to destroy the right of property, I wish to assert it. I make my war upon privilege and authority, whereby the right of property, the true right in that which is proper to the individual, is annihilated. She believes that co-operation would entirely supplant competition; I hold that competition in one form or another will always exist, and that it is highly desirable it should. But whether she or I be right, or both of us be wrong, of one thing I am sure; the spirit which animates EMMA GOLDMAN is the only one which will emancipate the slave from his slavery, the tyrant from his tyranny — the spirit which is willing to dare and suffer.
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—Voltairine de Cleyre, In Defense of Emma Goldmann and the Right of Expropriation, December 16, 1893.
1906 - After having attempted to kill Alfonso XIII of Spain at his wedding, Catalan anarchist Mateu Morral (pictured) killed the guard transporting him to prison, and then committed suicide.
1876 - Christo Botev (Khristo Bôtef) (1848-1876) dies. Bulgarian poet & revolutionist, propagandist, writer; first Bulgarian anarchist. Leads a partisan army of 200 fighters into Bulgaria to overthrow Ottoman rule. Dies in battle.
1890 - Louise Michel's political opponents attempt to place her in an insane asylum. Michel flees to England.
1919 - Anarchists influenced by Luigi Galleani carry out a series of coordinated bombings across the eastern United States. Explosions also damage the homes of Attorney General Alexander Mitchell Palmer & Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt; the bomber is killed in the process.
1919 - Luigi Bertoni & Italian anarchists, implicated in the "Plot of Zurich", appear in a Swiss court today, after being held in detention the previous 13 months. The so-called "plot" was a political pretext to arrest Bertoni, publisher of "Le Réveil communiste anarchiste", & others opposing World War I. A nationwide protest movement agitated for their release.
1925 - Gueorgui Cheitanov dies (1896 &ndash 1925). Anarchist militant captured & executed, along with his companion Mariola Sirakova & others, by the Aleksandar Tsankov led government during a crackdown on leftists following a Communist bombing in Sofia.
1991 - Procession in Sofia to the monument of Christo Botev, the first Bulgarian anarchist & national hero, who perished in the struggle for liberation of Bulgaria from Turkish power today in 1876 (noted above).
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