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Taiwan, officially the Republic of China, has 112 diplomatic missions across the world as of January 2024[update].[a] Due to the One-China policy held by the People's Republic of China on the Chinese mainland, other states are only allowed to maintain relations with one of the two countries.[2] As most countries have changed their recognition to the latter over time, only 13 of Taiwan's diplomatic missions have official status, consisting of twelve embassies and one consulate-general.[1] This makes Taiwan one of the few countries in the world that has resident embassies in all of the states with which it has formal diplomatic relations.[3]
Despite these barriers, 59 United Nations members maintain relations with Taiwan on an unofficial basis.[3] In addition, Taiwan has informal relations with Somaliland, a state that is not internationally recognized by any other country, including China.[4][5] To serve these locations and other places throughout the world, 92 semi-official representative offices are utilized for matters that would otherwise be handled by embassies or consulates. Their heads are still appointed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, making them de facto missions.[6] Owing to pressure from the People's Republic, most of these offices cannot operate under either the country's official or common name, using the name of the capital Taipei instead to avoid addressing Taiwan's political status.[7] There have recently been two notable exceptions to this; the offices in Somaliland (opened 2020) and Lithuania (2021) use "Taiwan" in their names.[8][9][6][10][11] Taiwan also maintains permanent missions to the European Union and the World Trade Organization, with the latter under the name "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kimmen and Matsu".[12]
Taiwan has also established informal representation in China's two Special Administrative Regions. In Hong Kong, the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Hong Kong provides services similar to a consulate,[13][14] while relations to Macau are handled by the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Macau.[15] In addition, under a mechanism established in 2010, the Taiwanese government is directly represented in negotiations with its Hong Kong counterpart by the Taiwan–Hong Kong Economic and Cultural Co-operation Council (ECCC), with the latter operating a similar office in reciprocation.[16] Taiwan also maintains unofficial diplomatic exchanges with China using the Straits Exchange Foundation, but the organization does not have a physical presence in the mainland as of 2020.[17]
Diplomatic missions
[edit]Official
[edit]Country | Region | City | Mission | Opened | Notes | Ref(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Americas | Belize City | Embassy | 1989 | [21] | |
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Africa | Mbabane | Embassy | 1968 | Also serves ![]() |
[22] |
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Americas | Guatemala City | Embassy | 1935 | Initially consulate, promoted to legation in 1954 and embassy in 1960 Also serves: |
[23] |
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Americas | Port-au-Prince | Embassy | 1960 | Initially legation, promoted to embassy in 1965 | [24] |
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Europe | Rome[c] | Embassy | 1943 | Started as legation, promoted to embassy in 1959 Also serves ![]() |
[25] |
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Oceania | Majuro | Embassy | 1998 | Also serves ![]() |
[26] |
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Oceania | Koror | Embassy | 1999 | [27] | |
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Americas | Asunción | Embassy | 1959 | [28] | |
Ciudad del Este | Consulate-general | 1988 | [28] | |||
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Americas | Basseterre | Embassy | 1984 | [29] | |
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Americas | Gros Islet | Embassy | 2007 | Also serves: |
[30] |
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Americas | Kingstown | Embassy | 1983 | Also serves: |
[31] |
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Oceania | Funafuti | Embassy | 1998 | [32] |
De facto
[edit]Multilateral organizations
[edit]Organization | City | Mission | Opened | Notes | Ref(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Brussels | Representative office | 2001 | Also direct representative to ![]() |
[99] |
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Geneva | Permanent mission | 2002 | [100] |
Former
[edit]* | Mission closed due to withdrawal of official diplomatic recognition |
** | Same as above, but an unofficial office was set up to succeed it that is still in operation |
Country | Region | City | Mission | Opened | Closed | Notes | Ref(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Asia | Dhaka | Embassy (de facto) | 2004 | 2009 | Reassigned to representative office in India | [55][101] |
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Europe | Minsk | Embassy (de facto) | 1996 | 2006 | Reassigned to representative office in Russia | [102][103] |
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Africa | Cotonou | Embassy* | 1965 | [104] | ||
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Americas | La Paz | Embassy (de facto) | 1990 | 2009 | [105] [106] | |
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Africa | Gaborone | Embassy* | 1974 | [107] | ||
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Africa | Ouagadougou | Embassy* | 2018 | [108] | ||
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Asia | Phnom Penh | "Military mission" | 1972 | 1975 | [109] | |
Embassy (de facto) | 1994 | 1997 | [110][111] | ||||
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Africa | Bangui | Embassy* | 1964 | [112] | ||
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Americas | Bogotá | Embassy** | 1947 | 1980 | Initially legation, promoted to embassy in 1961 | [47] |
Barranquilla | Consulate-general* | 1972 | 1980 | Initially consulate, promoted to consulate-general in 1979 | [47] | ||
Consulate (de facto) | 1980 | 1991 | [47] | ||||
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Americas | San José | Embassy* | 2007 | [113] | ||
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Americas | Roseau | Embassy* | 2004 | [114] | ||
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Americas | Santo Domingo | Embassy* | 2018 | [115] | ||
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Americas | Guayaquil | Consulate (de facto) | 1974 | 1998 | [50] | |
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Americas | San Salvador | Embassy* | 2018 | [116] | ||
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Africa | Libreville | Embassy* | 1974 | [117] | ||
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Africa | Banjul | Embassy* | 1974 | [118] | ||
1996 | 2013 | [119][120] | |||||
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Europe | Athens | Embassy** | 1929 | 1972 | Started as legation, promoted to embassy in 1947 | [53] |
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Americas | Tegucigalpa | Embassy* | 1957 | 2023 | Started as legation, promoted to consulate in 1962, then embassy in 1965 | [121] |
San Pedro Sula | Consulate-general* | 1997 | 2023 | [122] | |||
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Asia | Taihoku | Consulate-General[aw] | 1930 | 1945 | [123] | |
Nagasaki | Consulate | 1912 | 1970 | Japan broke off diplomatic relations with Taiwan in 1972, when two years after the closure of the consulate in Nagasaki. | [124] | ||
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Oceania | Bairiki | Embassy* | 2004 | 2019 | [125][126] | |
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Europe | Riga | Consulate-general[ax] | 1992 | 1994 | [127] | |
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Africa | Monrovia | Embassy* | 1957 | 2003 | Started as legation, promoted to embassy in 1960 | [128][129][130] |
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Africa | Tripoli | Embassy (de facto) | 1980 | 1997 | [131] | |
2008 | 2011 | Closed due to the First Libyan Civil War | [132][133] | ||||
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Europe | Luxembourg | Embassy (de facto) | 1975 | 2002 | Reassigned to representative mission in Belgium/EU | [37][134] |
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Europe | Skopje | Embassy*[ay] | 1999 | 2001 | [135][136] | |
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Asia | Macau | Embassy (de facto) | 1945 | 1966 | Special commissariat | [137][138] |
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Africa | Antananarivo | Embassy* | 1960 | 1972 | Formerly a consulate-general before Madagascar's independence | [139] |
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Africa | Lilongwe | Embassy* | 2008 | [140] | ||
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Oceania | Aiwo | Embassy * | 1980 | 2024 | Originally consulate-general, promoted to embassy in 1990, closed due to breaking off of relations between 2002-2005 and since 2024. | [32][1] |
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Americas | Managua | Embassy * | 1930 | 2021 | Originally consulate-general, promoted to legation in 1955 and then embassy in 1965, closed due to breaking off of relations in 1985-1990 and since 2021. | [141][142] |
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Africa | Niamey | Embassy* | 1974 | [143] | ||
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Africa | Abuja | Embassy (de facto) | 2001 | 2018 | Ultimately temporary relocation of Lagos office | [144][145] |
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Europe | Oslo | Embassy (de facto) | 1980 | 2017 | Reassigned to representative mission in Sweden | [37][146] |
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Americas | Panama City | Embassy* | 2017 | [147] | ||
Colón | Consulate-general | 2009 | [148] | ||||
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Africa | Kigali | Embassy* | 1972 | [149] | ||
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Americas | Lima | Embassy** | 1911 | 1971 | Continuation of Qing embassy opened in 1875 | [150] |
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Asia | Jeddah | Consulate (de facto) | 2017 | Reassigned to main office in Riyadh | [146] | |
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Africa | São Tomé | Embassy* | 2016 | [151] | ||
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Oceania | Honiara | Embassy* | 2019 | [152] | ||
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Africa | Pretoria | Embassy* | 1976 | 1998 | Succeeded by unofficial representative office | [153][85] |
Johannesburg | Consulate* | 1912 | 1998 | Continuation of a Qing-era consulate, succeeded by unofficial representative office | [153][85] | ||
Consulate (de facto) | 1998 | 2009 | [85][148] | ||||
Cape Town | Consulate** | 1973 | 1998 | [154][85] | |||
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Africa | Dakar | Embassy* | 1964 | [155] | ||
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Europe | Zürich | Embassy (de facto) | 1973 | 2007 | Merged with Bern office | [86] |
Lausanne | Consulate (de facto) | 1979 | 1994 | Moved to Bern | [86] | ||
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Africa | Lomé | Embassy* | 1972 | [156] | ||
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Oceania | Nukuʻalofa | Embassy* | 1998 | [157] | ||
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Americas | Montevideo | Embassy | 1957 | 1988 | [158] | |
Embassy (de facto) | 1992 | 2002 | Closure in 2002 intended to be temporary, no record since Reassigned to representative mission in Argentina |
[158][159] | |||
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Americas | Washington, D.C. | Embassy** | 1912 | 1978 | Continuation of Qing legation, promoted to embassy in 1935 | [160][161][162] |
Chicago | Consulate** | 1930 | 1979 | [92] | |||
Kansas City | Consulate | 1974 | 1978 | [163][164] | |||
Consulate (de facto) | 1985 | 2015 | Moved to Denver | [93] | |||
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Americas | Caracas | Embassy (de facto) | 1974 | 2009 | [165] |
Gallery
[edit]-
Embassy of the Republic of China (Taiwan) to Belize
-
Consulate-General of Taiwan in Ciudad del Este, Paraguay
-
Taipei Representative Office in Dublin
-
Building hosting the Taipei Economic and Cultural Center in Lisbon
-
Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States, Washington, D.C.
See also
[edit]Explanatory notes
[edit]- ^ This figure includes 110 diplomatic posts and permanent missions, official and unofficial, outside of China as of January 2024,[1] and two offices in Hong Kong and Macau. The Taipei Representative Office in the EU and Belgium is counted as one mission.
- ^ a b Dominican Republic is served by both the Embassy in Guatemala and the representative office in Miami, United States.
- ^ Located outside Vatican territory in Rome, Italy, a country in which Taiwan is not recognized.
- ^ a b Cayman Islands is served by both the Embassy in Saint Kitts and Nevis and the representative office in United Kingdom.
- ^ a b British Virgin Islands is served by both the Embassy in Saint Kitts and Nevis and the representative office in United Kingdom.
- ^ a b Although the office in Brussels was opened in 1976, it initially served only Belgium and did not start serving the European Union as an organization until 2001.
- ^ a b c Burundi is served by the representative offices in Belgium, France and South Africa.
- ^ a b c Cameroon is served by the representative offices in Belgium, France and Nigeria.
- ^ a b c Republic of the Congo is served by both the representative office in Nigeria and representative offices in Paris and Aix-en-Provence, France.
- ^ a b c Gabon is served by both the representative office in Belgium and the representative offices in Paris and Aix-en-Provence, France.
- ^ a b c Rwanda is served by the representative offices in Belgium, France and South Africa.
- ^ a b Falkland Islands is served by both the representative offices in Chile and United Kingdom.
- ^ a b Pakistan is served by both the representative offices in Hong Kong and Saudi Arabia.
- ^ a b Algeria is served by the representative offices in Paris and Aix-en-Provence, France.
- ^ a b Andorra is served by the representative offices in Paris and Aix-en-Provence, France.
- ^ a b c Benin is served by both the representative office in Nigeria and representative offices in Paris and Aix-en-Provence, France.
- ^ a b Burkina Faso is served by both the representative offices in France and Nigeria.
- ^ a b Chad is served by the representative offices in Paris and Aix-en-Provence, France.
- ^ a b Comoros is served by both the representative offices in France and South Africa.
- ^ a b Libya is served by both the representative offices in France and Jordan.
- ^ a b Mauritania is served by the representative offices in Paris and Aix-en-Provence, France.
- ^ a b Monaco is served by the representative offices in Paris and Aix-en-Provence, France.
- ^ a b Morocco is served by the representative offices in Paris and Aix-en-Provence, France.
- ^ a b Senegal is served by the representative offices in Paris and Aix-en-Provence, France.
- ^ a b Togo is served by the representative offices in Paris and Aix-en-Provence, France.
- ^ a b Tunisia is served by the representative offices in Paris and Aix-en-Provence, France.
- ^ a b Romania is served by both the representative offices in Hungary and Slovakia.
- ^ a b Bangladesh is served by both the representative offices in India and Thailand.
- ^ a b Qatar is served by both the representative offices in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.
- ^ French Polynesia is served by both the representative offices in Fiji and Auckland, New Zealand.
- ^ Previously located in Abuja from 2001 to 2018.
- ^ a b Ghana is served by both the representative offices in Nigeria and United Kingdom.
- ^ a b Sierra Leone is served by both the representative offices in Nigeria and United Kingdom.
- ^ a b Ukraine is served by both the representative offices in Poland and Russia.
- ^ a b Georgia is served by both the representative offices in Russia and Turkey.
- ^ a b Kazakhstan is served by both the representative offices in Russia and Turkey.
- ^ a b Kyrgyzstan is served by both the representative offices in Russia and Turkey.
- ^ a b Tajikistan is served by both the representative offices in Russia and Turkey.
- ^ a b Turkmenistan is served by both the representative offices in Russia and Turkey.
- ^ a b Uzbekistan is served by both the representative offices in Russia and Turkey.
- ^ a b Djibouti is served by both the representative offices in Saudi Arabia and Somaliland.
- ^ a b Ethiopia is served by both the representative offices in Saudi Arabia and Somaliland.
- ^ a b Kenya is served by both the representative offices in Somaliland and South Africa.
- ^ a b Uganda is served by both the representative offices in Somaliland and South Africa.
- ^ a b Eritrea is served by both the representative offices in South Africa and United Arab Emirates.
- ^ a b Seychelles is served by both the representative offices in South Africa and United Kingdom.
- ^ a b Somalia is served by both the representative offices in South Africa and United Arab Emirates.
- ^ a b Turks and Caicos Islands is served by both the representative offices in United Kingdom and Miami, United States.
- ^ In 1930, the Nationalist government opened the consulate-general in Taihoku (Taipei), when Taiwan was under Japanese rule until it was closed in 1945 after the end of the war. It was succeeded by an unofficial representative office that is still operating.
- ^ Although Latvia did not establish relations with Taiwan, it allowed the consulate to function as an official diplomatic office. It was succeeded by an unofficial representative office that is still operating.
- ^ Although embassies were established by each country, relations only went up to ministerial level, and the Taiwanese embassy was staffed with a chargé d'affaires.
References
[edit]Citations
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