Legality of Cannabis by U.S. Jurisdiction

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International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR)
ISSN: 2319-4421
Volume 3, No. 4, March 2014
i-Explore International Research Journal Consortium
www.irjcjournals.org
14
Role of SHGs-Bank Linkage Programme in Women
Empowerment: A Block Level Study of Mewat Haryana
Mohammed Nizamuddin, Research Scholar, CSEP/SSS, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
Dr. Perways Alam, Assistant Professor, Yasin Meo Degree College, Nuh, (Mewat), Haryana, India
ABSTRACT
Since ancient time in India, it has been evident that women
have always placed a very respectable position in the
society. Gender equality in different socio economic
sphere has always been the top priority among policy
makers, decision makers and the government. In the
present socio-economic scenario, notions of women
empowerment and their security can always be observed
in the manifestos of all the political parties and this is the
need of hour too for sustainable development. Despite
making myriad efforts to the women empowerment, the
present socio economic status of women in India is very
miserable. In this context, NABARD came ahead to launch
Self Help Group (SHG) and bank linkage programme in
1992. These programmes have become a very effective
tool of uplifting the socio economic status of poor women.
There are adequate facts across the globe to show, how
the SHG and bank linkage programme through its
functioning can provide productive employment
opportunities, safe credit facilities, saving opportunities
and thereby can eradicate poverty. However, this
programme had started very late in the district of Mewat
as compared to other districts in the state of Haryana.
Therefore in order to access the success of this particular
programme in rural Mewat, an attempt is going to be
made to study the pre and post economic condition of
women SHG member of Nuh block of Mewat district in
Haryana.
Keywords:
Self Help Groups, Bank Linkage Programme, Women
Empowerment, Poverty Eradication, Employment.
1.
INTRODUCTION
Since ancient time it has been evident that women in our
country have a respectable place in the society. But it has
become more than six decades of independence, the socio-
economic status of women is very severe in the rural and
backward areas like Mewat. In the economy of our
country, women constitute about fifty percent of the total
human resources. However women are the more deprived
and underprivileged than men as they are subject to many
socio-economic and cultural constraints (Lakshmi and
Vidivalagan, 2012).
Now it is the need of hour for achieving sustainable
development that the development initiatives for women
empowerment must be given importance to eradicate
poverty, gender inequality, increase better standard of
living. Self Help Group (SHGs) as small credit
cooperatives is playing a vital role for all poor and all
women in rural India. As it is well known universal truth
which Aristotle said, “Man is a social animal”. Since his
birth man generally does not live alone. His insight of the
world is based on his face to face interaction with his
family members, friends and members of his community.
Therefore, man always mingles with various groups.
These groups in the society function as political, financial
as well as social purposes. When people come together
with an idea or an inspiration to improve themselves and
solve their common problems, Self Help Groups are
formed. Self help groups have historical background. The
Self Help Group movement has flourished and spread out
in India on account of the success of NABARD pilot
project in 1992 and the main focus has been given on Self
Help Group as a reliable instrument for women
empowerment in the 9th five year plan (Ghadge, 2014).
SHGs-Bank Linkage Programme is emerging as a cost
effective mechanism for providing financial services to the
“Unreached Poor” (Shivakumar and Prabhakaran, 2012)
which has been successful not only in meeting financial
needs of the rural poor women but also strengthen
collective self help capacities of the poor, leading to their
empowerment. Rapid progress in SHG formation has now
turned into an empowerment movement among women
across the country (Biswas, 2007).
Self Help Group by mobilizing women around thrift and
credit activities have resulted in economic self reliance
there by changing their social attitude and status in the
family and society Self Help Group has emerged as a key
programming strategy for most of the women development
activities (Alam and Mohammed, 2012).
Most of the women across the globe rely on working in the
informal sector for an income. Empowering women in
developing countries is very essential to reduce global
poverty since women represent most of the world’s poor
population. For achieving sustainable development and
harmonious growth of a nation would be possible only
when women are considered as equal partners in progress
International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR)
ISSN: 2319-4421
Volume 3, No. 4, March 2014
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15
with men. However, in most developing countries, women
have a low social and economic status (Gaonkar, 2004).
Emancipation of women is a pre-requisite for nation's
economic development and social upliftment (Dey et.al,
2014). Poverty is the main obstacle for the improvement in
the living standard of the women. The role of women and
the need to empower them are the main focus of human
development programmes i.e. Millennium Development
Goals, including poverty alleviation (Report on India’s
MDGs, 2012).
Apart from myriad programs relating to poverty
alleviation has been started, it was observed that micro
credit system through SHGs bank linkage programme
plays a very significant role for the woman empowerment
in rural areas so as to the poor families could be benefited.
Rapid progress in SHG formation has now turned into an
empowerment movement among women across the
country. Economic empowerment results in women’s
ability to influence or make decision independently,
increased self confidence, better status and role in
household etc (Hardeep and Harkiranjeet, 2013).
The empowerment of women through SHGs would give
benefit not only to the women at individual level but also
for the family and community as a whole through
collective action for development (Singh, 2013). Micro-
finance programmes are important initiatives for providing
small credit to the rural poor in order to alleviate poverty.
Micro-financing programmes through Self-Help Groups
(SHGs), introduced in several parts of India, have the
potential to minimize the problem of inadequate access of
the poor to the banking services. Since women
empowerment is critical to the socio-economic progress of
the country, investing in women’s capacity building and
empowering them to exercise their choices is not only
valuable itself but is also the surest way to contribute to
economic growth and overall development (Dasgupta,
2001; Dhavamani, 2010).
Empowerment of women has now become a key issue in
the Government’s Five-Year Plans-by organizing women
into SHGs to make the beginning of a major process of
empowering women. Whilst, the agenda of SHGs is
‘Empowerment’ and shift from dormant masses of the
rural women to vibrant masses by bringing more income
in the hands and control of women so that they can lead a
better social life.
In the state of Haryana, the SHG- Bank linkage
programme started in 1997-98. Since then the number of
SHGs linked to the banks have increased considerably
especially during the last few years. But the district Mewat
was carved out from the district Gurgaon on 4 April, 2005,
as it is socio-economically backward district in the state.
Therefore in order to access the success of this particular
programme in Haryana, an attempt is going to be made to
study the SHGs bank linkage programme for the
upliftment of poor women of Nuh block of Mewat district
in Haryana.
2.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main objectives of the study are as follows-
i.
To know the socio economic status of SHG women
members of Nuh block of Mewat district.
ii.
To analyse the impact of SHG-Bank linkage
programme on economic empowerment of women.
iii.
To identify the impact of SHG- Bank linkage
programme on political knowledge of SHG women
members in the study area.
iv.
To identify the activities undertaken by the group
members of SHG for economic empowerment.
3.
PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA
The geographical area selected for study is the Mewat
district of Haryana. The Mewat district was carved out
from erstwhile Gurgaon and Faridabad districts, which
came into existence on 4th April 2005 as the 20th district
of the Haryana State. The district headquarter is located at
Nuh. The district comprises of five blocks namely Nuh,
Tauru, Nagina, Firozpur Jhirka and Punhana. As per
census 2011, Mewat had a population of 10,89,263 of
which male and female were 5,71,162 and 5,18,101
respectively. Average literacy rate of Mewat in 2011 were
54.08 percent. If things are looked out at gender wise,
male and female literacy rate were 69.94 and
36.60 respectively. Sex Ratio in Mewat district is 906 as
per 2011 census data.
Figure 1 Geographical Map of District Mewat
Source: www.haryanawatch.blogspot.in
As per 2011 census, 88.6 percent population of Mewat
district lives in rural areas of villages. In rural areas of
Mewat district, sex ratio is 907 females per 1000 males.
Literacy rate in rural areas of Mewat district is 45.74
International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR)
ISSN: 2319-4421
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percent as per census data 2011. Gender wise, male and
female literacy stood at 60.38 percent and 26.65 percent
respectively. Our study area Nuh block is one of the five
blocks of Mewat district. Today, Nuh is an important trade
centre for agricultural products such as wheat, mustard,
Chana, peddy, jwar, Barely, Sugar cane, as Anaaj Mandi is
situated here. The important institutions here are the ITI
College at Kherla, Sweing training centre for women in
Kherla and Hasan Khan Mewati Medical College in
Nalhar-the first of its kind in district Mewat.
4.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Mewat district is one of the most backward districts of
Haryana. It is socially; economically as well as
educationally backward district as overall literacy rate is
also significantly lower than the national and state
average. Further the area is absolutely backward in terms
of Industrialization. Therefore the SHGs-Bank Linkage
programme in this particular area has a very high prospect
through providing gainful self employment opportunity to
the poor women for their empowerment. SHGs-Bank
Linkage programme although started quite late in Haryana
as compared to the other parts of the country but in recent
years it has taken the momentum Therefore in order to
evaluate the success of this programme in Haryana, one of
its backward district has been selected as the area of the
study.
5.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
5.1
Sample and Sampling Technique
Out of the seventy nine Gram Panchyats (GPs) of Nuh
Development Block, Malab, Salamba, Akera, Nuh,
Firozpur namak and Ujjina, has been purposively selected
as the study area. The logic behind this is, out of the
selected GPs the first three are comparatively backward in
terms of financial and economic infrastructure whereas the
rest three are relatively developed in terms of the same. A
sample of 30 SHGs, five from each of the six GPs has
been randomly selected. Information on 150 women
members (that is 5 members from each SHGs) has been
collected. Thus the study is based on multi stage sampling.
5.2
Data and Data Sources
The present study is mainly based on primary data. The
macro data about the SHGs of the area has been collected
from the officials of Mewat Development Agency (MDA)
Nuh Mewat. And the primary data is collected from the
women members of the selected SHGs with the help of
standard questionnaire through survey method using
personal interview schedule.
5.3
Research Design and Statistics used in the
Study
The data collected for the selected 30 SHGs are
represented and interpreted through statistical tables and
Pie charts. The study is essentially a descriptive one. It
aims at describing the role played by SHGs-Bank Linkage
programme in women empowerment through providing
them financial security.
6.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
6.1
Socio Economic Status of the Respondents
6.1.1. Distribution of the Respondents on The Basis
of Age Group
Table 1 represents the distribution of the respondents on
the basis of age group. This section is included in order to
show the impact of SHGs-Bank Linkage programme on
the women of different age group. It is clear from the table
that majority (42.67 percent) of the respondents are from
the age group of 30-40, followed by 30% in the age group
of 40-50 and 21.33 percent in the age group of 40-50.
However it can be noticed from the table that SHGs-Bank
Linkage programme is not very much popular among the
women in the age group of below 20 and above 50. It is a
matter of concern that SHGs-Bank Linkage programme is
unable to target the section of senior women. As this
section of the women are mostly financially insecure.
Table 1 Distribution of the Respondents on the Basis of
Age
Age Group
(in years)
Number of
Respondents
Percentage
Below 20
5
3.33
20-30
32
21.33
30-40
64
42.67
40-50
45
30.00
Above 50
4
2.67
TOTAL
150
100.00
Source: Field Survey by the Author
6.1.2. Marital status of the women
Married women, many often in the poor are subjected to
domestic violence and they are mostly dominated by their
husband in terms of financial matters (Dey et.al 2013). In
this context SHGs-Bank Linkage programme can play a
greater role in economic empowerment of these women by
providing them the opportunity to participate in economic
activities.
Table 2 Marital Status of the Respondents
Marital
Status
Number of
Respondents
Percentage
Married
114
76.00
Unmarried
27
18.0
Widow & Divorced
9
6.0
TOTAL
150
100.00
Source: Field Survey by the Author
Further this may reduce the frequency of domestic
violence against them, because if they could earn, they
will be treated as an asset to the family. However, apart
from the married women, this programme is also
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important to the widow and divorced women, because
these women in some societies particularly in the poor
society are considered as burden to the family. Therefore
these women should come out to avail the benefit of this
programme. It is clearly evident from table 2 that SHGs-
Bank Linkage programmes are playing a great role
towards economic enhancement of married women. Most
of the respondents (76 percent) are married and 18.00
percent of the respondents are yet to get married. However
to assess the success of this particular programme among
the widow and divorced women a separate study is
needed.
6.1.3. Distribution of the respondents on the basis of
Educational attainment
The most important thing of SHG-Bank Linkage
programme is that both illiterate and literate women can
participate in the programme is to be benefited.
Table 3 Educational Attainment of Respondents
Education
Number of
Respondents
Percentage
Illiterate
99
66.00
Primary
36
24.00
High School
10
6.67
Higher Secondary
5
3.33
Graduate
0
0.00
TOTAL
150
100.00
Source: Field Survey by the Author
The illiterate and mere literate women, who are generally
excluded from formal line can take the opportunity of
becoming a member of SHG and thereby can become an
economic agent. It can be seen from the above table 3 that
majority (66.00 percent) of the respondents are illiterate.
Whereas 24 percent are of primary up to class v and 6.67
percent are High School Level Education. 3.33 percent of
the respondents were found Higher Secondary level
education whereas no one was found graduate during the
primary survey. But It is positive aspect of the
programmes that educational attainment is not a barrier to
join SHGs.
7.
IMPACT
OF
SHGS-BANK
LINKAGE PROGRAMME ON ECONOMIC
UPLIFTMENT OF THE RESPONDENTS
Since the main objective of this research paper is to
identify the role played by SHG-Bank Linkage programme
in economic empowerment to the poor women, so that the
effectiveness of this programme under the following
heads:
7.1
Income Level of the Respondents
Economic empowerment of the poor is possible through
increasing their income level. Alternatively speaking,
income generation is the only way to break the vicious
circle of poverty. As an instrument of economic
upliftment, the success of SHG–Bank Linkage programme
can be realized only when it can raise the income level of
the poor women.
Table 4 Impact of SHGs-Bank Linkage Programme on
Income Level of the Respondent
Opinion
Number of
Respondents
Percentage
Yes
109
72.67
Can’t Say
41
27.33
TOTAL
150
100.00
Source: Field Survey by the Author
The above table 4 clearly reveals that SHGs have brought
much improvement in the income level of the respondents.
Majority (72.67 percent) of the respondents are replied
that they have enjoyed increase in their income level after
joining SHGs. However 27.33 percent of respondents
revealed that they are waiting to realize the impact of
SHG-Bank Linkage programme on their income level.
7.2
Saving Pattern of the Respondents
Income generation schemes are definitely the way to
improve the economic status of the poor, but it doesn't
provide the guarantee of sustainable economic
development. SHGs-Bank Linkage programme as it has
seen above can bring a positive impact on the income level
of the poor and thereby economic enhancement of them.
But it must have a positive impact on the saving level of
the respondents. This is because increase in economic
status in true sense will occur when increase in income can
provide them financial security over time and saving is the
only way to ensure this. The impact of the SHG–Bank
Linkage programme on the saving pattern of the women
SHG members is shown in table 5. The table reveals that
9.33 percent of the members in post SHGs period are
saving both in the group account as well as in their
personal saving account. The table represents the saving
behaviour of the respondent both pre SHGs and post SHGs
period.
Table 5 Change in the Saving Pattern of Respondents
Particular
s
Pre SHGs
Post SHGs
No. of
Respondents
%
No. of
Respondents
%
In SHGs
0
0
150
100
Personal
A/C in
Banks
0
0
14
9.33
No
Savings
150
100
-
-
TOTAL
150
100
150
100
Source: Field Survey by the Author
It appears from table 5 that none of the respondents had
any kind of saving in the pre SHG period. However after
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joining in SHG, all the respondent members as part of the
mandatory saving of the group are saving in the group
account of the SHGs. Thus SHGs formation has 100
percent positive impact in the saving habit of the
respondents. But the mandatory saving of the group
members can not actually help in their economic
upliftment, this is because the group members save a very
marginal amount in the group account. Only 9.33 percent
the members along with saving in mandatory saving of the
group, are also saving in their individual bank account.
Thus analyzing the saving behaviour of the respondents, it
appears that SHGs-Bank Linkage programme yet has not
been able to yield the desired result in sustainable
economic upliftment for the poor women of the study area.
7.3
Credit facilities to HSGs Member
Economic upliftment for the poor is also possible through
providing them cheap and safe credit facilities. It is
established by various researches that financial inclusion
of the poor will provide them productive employment
opportunities and thereby can improve their economic
condition. Further institutional credit is the way to protect
the financially excluded women from the clutches of
village moneylenders, who often exploit the poor by
charging exorbitant rates of interest and manipulating their
accounts. As a part of the financial inclusion strategy of
the country, SHGs-Bank Linkage programme is playing a
major role in institutionalizing rural credit by providing
access to cheap and safe credit facilities to the excluded
group, as after joining the SHGs, members now can meet
their marginal credit requirement from the group account
of the SHGs.
Table 6 Frequency of Taking Loan from SHG Account
No of time taken
loan from SHG
account
No of
Respondents
Percentage
Once
39
26.00
Twice
62
41.33
Thrice
34
22.67
Four Times
5
3.33
More than Four
Times
3
2.00
None
7
4.67
TOTAL
150
100
Source: Field Survey by the Author
It is clearly evident from the above table that altogether 95
percent of the members are taking the loan from Self Help
Groups and they are being benefited from it. And 41.33
percent of the members have taken loan twice while 26
percent have taken credit only once and 4.67 percent of the
members have not taken credit yet.
8.
IMPACT
OF
POLITICAL
KNOWLEDGE ON THE SHGS MEMBERS
SHGs-Bank Linkage programmes are definitely improved
the political knowledge of the group members. Various
formal meetings organized at the block level and informal
meetings within the group will help the group members to
acquire knowledge about different government schemes
and thereby enable them to avail the benefits. The benefits
and improved knowledge of respondents are exhibited in
the table 7. The table shows that 82 percent SHGs
respondents said that their political knowledge on different
government scheme has improved after joining SHGs.
Whereas 18 percent ignored that they have not improved
their political knowledge regarding various government
schemes in the study area as well as district level.
Table 7 Impact of Political knowledge on SHGs
Members
Political
Knowledge
No of
Respondents
Percentage
Say Improved
123
82.00
Say Not
Improved
27
18.00
TOTAL
150
100
Source: Field Survey by the Author
9.
TYPES
OF
ECONOMIC
ACTIVITIES PERFORMED BY SHGS
MEMBERS
Particularly, Self Help Groups in this area are engaged in
different types of economic activities. We observed ten
types of full time economic activities which are buffalo,
petty shop/busin, However an important finding is that
some women of SHGs members are engaged in full time
business, whereas some others are doing their business
seasonally or part time. sheep/Goat, poultry farm,
consumption, house repair, flour mill, sewing machine,
Fooder and marriage etc. which are as given below in the
table 8. Above table 8 shows that most of the SHGs are
engaged in full time economic activity while others are
engaged in part time and necessary activities. As Haryana
known for it’s milk production, most of the respondents
are engaged in buffalo and sheep/goat rearing which are of
22 percent and 7.33 percent respectively. 20 percent of
respondents are engaged in managing petty shops and 10
percent are engaged for making things for consumption
purposes like pickle, papad etc. whereas 10.67 percent
respondents have take credit from SHGs for their house
repairmen.
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Table 8 Distribution of SHGs on the basis of Economic
Activities
Economic Activities
Number of
Respondents
Percentage
Buffalo
33
22.00
Petty Shop/ Busin
30
20.00
Sheep/ Goat
11
7.33
Poultry Farm
6
4.00
Consumption
15
10.00
House Repair
16
10.67
Flour Mill
7
4.67
Sewing Machine
7
4.67
Fooder
13
8.67
Marriage
12
8.00
TOTAL
150
100.00
Source: Field Survey by the Author
Whereas 4 percent of the total respondents are engaged in
poultry farm and another 4.67 percent have got credit each
for flour mill and purchasing sewing machines. However
8.67 percent was found during the survey they got credit
for fodder purchase for their animals whereas 8 percent
respondents have taken loans for purpose of marriage for
their daughters.
10. SUGGESTIONS
1. The educated unemployed women should also be
encouraged to participate in the programme.
2. Senior women should also be encouraged to
participate in the programme as they have good
experience of making different sort of things.
3. Self Help Groups should extend the area of their
business and try to reach to local markets to their
home making products.
4. The group members should be made insight that
Self Help Groups are not only the means of taking
easy loan or credit; rather it provides the
opportunity to improve their socio-economic
conditions.
5. The group members should collectively utilize the
benefits of different government schemes so as to
enhance their living standard and making individual
decision makers.
6. The government should provide proper initiatives
for the success of SHGs-Bank Linkage programme
in the prescribed areas especially rural and most
backward areas.
11. CONCLUSION
Women empowerment is not one time affair but a constant
process. The study illustrate that the main reason for
joining self help group is not be merely to get credit, it is a
process of empowering the women of poor and deprived
section. After joining the self help group the women are
economically and socially empowered. The self help
group is responsible for empowering women with the help
of promoting self reliance, self dependent, self confident,
and educating them to understand their fundamental rights.
This type of empowerment cannot be transformed or
delivered. It must be self generated such that it enables
them to take control over their lives and take decisions
independently. India is dedicated to the empowerment of
women but the journey towards progress is long and very
difficult. From the above discussion, it clearly appears that
the SHGs-Bank Linkage programme if implemented and
utilize properly, it can change the shape of rural economy
of India. But in our study area, the desired benefit of the
scheme is yet to realize. Since the programme is able to
achieve some sort of success in terms of income
generation for the poor women in rural areas but it has
failed to enhance the income of the respondent to some
extent which enable them to think for saving. However,
we can’t deny the success of this programme in the study
specially when we consider the widespread poverty,
illiteracy and unemployment among the women of the
rural areas in India.
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