Page 1

Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business and Economics

ISSN 2345-4695

2022, 10(2), 63‒85

Copyright © 2013-2022

www.scientificia.com

IRANIAN WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS: GOOD, BAD, UGLY

Zahra Mina Fam

University of Malaya, Malaysia

E-mail: zahra.minafam@mail.com

Received June 2022; accepted September 2022

Abstract

Women, like men, have achieved many successes in the field of business. In the following, we intend

to introduce Iranian women entrepreneurs. When it comes to business or entrepreneurship, women en-

trepreneurs can show strength on par with men due to the many successes they have achieved in this

field. In today's era, we see more desire of Iranian women to participate economically, socially and

especially to study for higher scientific degrees, which makes them very active in the field of entrepre-

neurship. Most of these women are the founders of multinational companies and have reached their

maximum goals in today's world and this way continues. Our world has seen many successful leaders

and women in various fields including politics, fashion, design, music, entertainment, technology and

science. In this article, we are going to introduce some Iranian women entrepreneurs,

Research paper

Keywords: Women Entrepreneurs, Iran, Entrepreneurship, Business, Female

Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Mina Fam, Z. (2022). Iranian women entrepreneurs:

Good, Bad, Ugly. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business and Economics, 10(2), 63–85.

Mina Fam, Z. 2022. Iranian women entrepreneurs: Good, Bad, Ugly

64

Introduction

Looking at the list of billionaires in the world, one can see the names

of many Iranians who are active in the fields of industry, technology and pro-

duction and have succeeded in achieving great wealth through their efforts

and perseverance. Some of these rich Iranians are women who have registered

their names among the most successful and richest people in Iran and the

world in various fields such as fashion and clothing, technology and industry.

In the continuation of this article, we are going to get to know ten cases of

Iranian women entrepreneurs who live abroad. This classification is based on

the property value of these people (Dana et al., 2021, 2022). In Iran, entrepre-

neurship is a very new phenomenon and research in this field, especially

women's entrepreneurship is very limited. Although in recent years the desire

of Iranian women to have economic and social participation and especially in

higher education has increased, the optimal use of their participation in eco-

nomic affairs has not been possible. In recent years, women, who make up

half of the country's population, have become more inclined towards univer-

sity education, and the rate of entry of women and girls into universities is

increasing year by year (Dheer & Salamzadeh, 2022; Ebrahimi et al., 2021,

2022; Ed-Dafali et al., 2023; Farsi et al., 2012; Guerrero et al., 2014, 2015).

Meanwhile, according to official statistics, the unemployment rate among ed-

ucated women is increasing significantly. It seems that it is not practical to

attract this number of educated personnel in the existing government organi-

zations, which are mostly facing the inflation of human resources. Due to its

limited scope in Iran, the private sector has naturally not been able to achieve

significant success in attracting these national capitals. Therefore, one of the

Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business, and Economics, 2022, 10(2), 63–85

65

important ways to solve this problem is the development of entrepreneurship

among women and girls.

Entrepreneurship in Iran

Every year, the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) provides

statistics on the state of entrepreneurship in many countries around the world,

which has created evidence to confirm assumptions about entrepreneurship.

This report shows the state of entrepreneurship in various indicators around

the world, but at the same time states that each country will have a certain

level of entrepreneurial activity according to the state of its environmental

and contextual factors. On the other hand, while common views on entrepre-

neurship often focus on independent startups, GEM pays attention to stability

and ongoing value, as well as the challenges of mature businesses and the

need for entrepreneurship in different types of businesses, such as family

businesses, organizational entrepreneurship, and solo entrepreneurs. pays at-

tention In the following, we will come across the statistics and figures given

in the latest report of the Global Entrepreneurship Watch Center to describe

the state of entrepreneurship in Iran: (i) Population (2018): 81.4 million peo-

ple; (ii) GDP growth (2017, annual percentage change): 3.7%; (iii) World

Bank's Ease of Doing Business Index (2018): 56.98 out of 100; World rank:

128 out of 190; (iv) World Bank Score in Business Start Index (2018): 67.79

out of 100; Global ranking: 173 out of 190; (v) Global competitiveness rank-

ing according to the World Economic Forum (2018): 89 out of 140; and (vi)

Average income group according to the World Economic Forum (2018):

Above normal (Hameed et l., 2021; Horst et al., 2021; Hosseini et al., 2022,

Mina Fam, Z. 2022. Iranian women entrepreneurs: Good, Bad, Ugly

66

Jafari Moghadam et al., 2012, 2014; Kawamorita Kesim, 2013, 2016, 2020,

2021, 2022).

Although the rate of startup activities has decreased from 13% in 2017

to 10% in 2018, Iran's entrepreneurial community is still strong. Also, re-

cently, the rate of entrepreneurial goals among young people, especially those

with university education, has increased, which is due to the Iranian govern-

ment's emphasis on promoting the culture of entrepreneurship in higher edu-

cation and education. One of the main strategies of the knowledge-based en-

trepreneurship development program in Iran is the development of innovation

centres in universities. For this reason, this country shows an improving rate

of general entrepreneurial activities. The rate of business ownership has in-

creased in 2018, which means that Iranian companies have been able to main-

tain their competitive edge in the market. Based on this, the preparation and

approval of the private and public sector partnership law for the optimal use

of existing resources has been given much attention (Mirjana et al., 2019,

2021; Moghadam & Salamzadeh, 2018; Moghadamzadeh et al., 2020; Mur-

schetz et al., 2023; Naderibeni et al., 2020; Palalić et al., 2022).

Entrepreneurial potential and support: Measures related to social

attitudes, self-perception, affiliations and goals can indicate the presence of

potential entrepreneurs in a community as well as other people who support

their efforts. Entrepreneurs rely on a wide range of stakeholders, including

investors, suppliers, customers, employees, and even family and friends.

Global Entrepreneurship Monitor examines a wide range of people's attitudes

and perceptions about entrepreneurship and its cognitive part. Social atti-

tudes: Social attitudes deal with the issue of what vision and attitude people

have towards becoming an entrepreneur. Do they think an entrepreneur is

Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business, and Economics, 2022, 10(2), 63–85

67

high in their society? Do they believe entrepreneurship is a good career

choice? To what extent do the media cover entrepreneurship and entrepre-

neurs? Also, the degree of difficulty and ease that people assign to starting a

business is measured in this part (Romanovich et al., 2022; Salamzadeh,

2012, 2014, 2015, 2018, 2020, 2021; Salamzadeh & Dana, 2021,2022;

Salamzadeh & Kawamorita Kesim, 2015, 2017; Salamzadeh & Kirby, 2017;

Salamzadeh & Marković, 2016, 2018; Salamzadeh & Ramadani, 2021).

Self-perception: To measure self-perception, GEM asks people if

they see opportunities around them. This concept can indicate whether there

are many opportunities in an environment. Also, to some extent, it recognizes

the abilities of a society in recognizing opportunities. There may be opportu-

nities in the environment, but the level of people's awareness of these oppor-

tunities is different. Entrepreneurial intentions: Perhaps the closest indica-

tor to measure the entrepreneurial potential in society is to examine the inten-

tion of people to start a business. Entrepreneurial intentions report the per-

centage of working adults (ages 18-64) who plan to start their own business

in the next three years. Indeed, intention alone is not a reliable indicator of

starting a business, but it can be argued that those who started their own busi-

nesses were those who had already planned or at least considered becoming

entrepreneurs (Paramba et al. 2023; Pereira et al., 2021; Radovic Markovic &

Salamzadeh, 2018; Radovic Markovic et al., 2012, 2013, 2016, 2019; Rah-

man et al. 2021, 2022, 2023; Ramadani et al., 2022).

Entrepreneurial context: As this report and previous GEM reports

have shown, each economy has its own entrepreneurial profile in terms of the

amount of activity in different stages of entrepreneurship, the characteristics

of entrepreneurs and their businesses, and the attitudes and perceptions that

Mina Fam, Z. 2022. Iranian women entrepreneurs: Good, Bad, Ugly

68

people have towards this activity. Likewise, the environment in which it op-

erates is unique in every country and has strengths and weaknesses that en-

trepreneurs in that region must use to grow or overcome its limitations. Global

Monitor (GEM) has long surveyed entrepreneurs and professionals in entre-

preneurship-related fields such as entrepreneurship education, government,

and finance, asking them questions covering 12 areas that appear to be im-

portant factors for Entrepreneurial progress. Also, these 12 conditions have

been the subject of scientific research that examines the relationship between

entrepreneurship and its environment. These twelve factors are: (i) Entrepre-

neurial finance: This variable describes the level of entrepreneurs' under-

standing of sufficient funds to start an entrepreneurial activity. The factor of

finance in entrepreneurship evaluates the accessibility and efficient function-

ing of stock markets as well as access to financing channels for entrepreneurs.

This concept includes informal investment, angel investors, private investors,

banks, government loans, grants, subsidies as well as fundraising; (ii) Advo-

cacy and communication of government policies: This factor evaluates the

extent to which entrepreneurs are satisfied with government policies and sup-

port. For example, whether policymakers mention entrepreneurship in public

discourse and set specific regulations to improve conditions for the working

workforce and small and medium enterprises (SMEs); (iii) Government poli-

cies, taxes and bureaucracy: This factor shows whether entrepreneurs and

economic activists consider the current taxes affordable and balanced or not.

This factor measures the amount of bureaucracy in business processes and

facilities for financing entrepreneurial activities; (iv) Government entrepre-

neurship programs: This factor assesses what specific programs government

agencies offer for entrepreneurs and how they do so. This includes grants,

Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business, and Economics, 2022, 10(2), 63–85

69

accelerators, growth centres and agencies that advise entrepreneurs; (v) En-

trepreneurship education in schools: This factor includes entrepreneurs' as-

sessment of the extent of entering entrepreneurial content into school pro-

grams and whether schools introduce students to entrepreneurial values or

not; (vi) Entrepreneurship training after school: This factor includes the in-

clusion of entrepreneurship topics in after-school programs such as universi-

ties, business schools, and professional centres. This factor includes the ef-

fectiveness of educational systems in creating entrepreneurial skills and val-

ues in adults; (vii) Transfer of research and development: This factor consid-

ers the transfer of research and development efforts from universities and re-

search centres to industry and business sectors. At the same time, it examines

the extent to which engineers and scientists can commercialize and market

research findings; (viii) Commercial and professional infrastructure: This fac-

tor indicates the supply and price of professional services of people such as

accountants, lawyers and consultants who help entrepreneurs at the beginning

of their entrepreneurial journey and start their business; (ix) Physical infra-

structure: It facilitates communication, transportation, and business activities

nationally and internationally through aspects such as high-speed Internet and

mobile phone services, real estate (land, buildings), reliable utilities, and ad-

vanced highways, railways, ports, and airports. he does; (x) Domestic market

dynamics: This factor analyzes whether there is a free market that none of the

entities uses to influence or set prices and whether they face changes in supply

when demand changes; (xi) Obstacles or regulations to enter the domestic

market: This factor shows the general state of the market in terms of entry

conditions for entrepreneurs with new and disruptive ideas. In fact, it exam-

ines the factors that can facilitate entrepreneurship by weakening them; (xii)

Mina Fam, Z. 2022. Iranian women entrepreneurs: Good, Bad, Ugly

70

Cultural and social norms: This factor shows whether the society shows focus

on entrepreneurship within the culture through behaviour, opinions, language

and customs. This issue can encourage entrepreneurs to accept, support and

pay much attention to entrepreneurial activities (Salamzadeh & Romanovich,

2022; Salamzadeh & Roshandel Arbatani, 2020; Salamzadeh et al., 2013-

2023).

Women make up 49.25 per cent of the country's population. While

their economic participation rate is 20%, which is far from the average eco-

nomic activity rate of women in the world (35%). The desire of women and

girls for university education has increased in recent years, and girls account

for more than 65% of university admissions. But despite having higher edu-

cation, they are not in a suitable situation in terms of employment (Arasti &

Salamzadeh, 2018; Arbabi et al., 2022; Batrancea et al., 2019, 2022;

Bkhandari et al., 2021; Bouzari et al., 2021).

Top International Iranian Female Entrepreneurs

Anousheh Ansari is an American engineer living in Iran and the pres-

ident of Prodea Systems. She has also worked as CEO of Telecom Technol-

ogies and Inc. Anusha was also the fourth self-sponsored space traveller and

the first woman to fly to the International Space Station with her own funding.

she had engraved the two flags of Iran and America on her astronaut suit,

which had a lot of positive feedback among the Iranian community. She has

always been known as the richest Iranian woman. Parisa Tabriz was hired

by Google just a few months after graduating in 2007 and worked as a man-

ager and security specialist in this giant of the technology world. The richest

Iranian woman who has proudly raised the Iranian flag on Google. She is also

Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business, and Economics, 2022, 10(2), 63–85

71

the team leader and most of the time responsible for Chrome security. Parisa

Tabriz is now one of the most important and valuable assets of Google. her

work is hacking Google services as a "white hat" hacker and she is engaged

in cyber warfare against criminal or "black hat" hackers. Shahrazad Rafati

is the founder of BroadbandTV Corp, a digital broadcasting company that

operates the largest multi-platform collection in the world. Shahrzad is known

as the founder of the technology and commercial archetype that created the

synergy between major show business companies such as the NBA. Shah-

razad Rafati, an Iranian girl living in Canada, lived in our country until 2000,

then immigrated to Canada and was even once introduced as the best female

entrepreneur in this country. Within the first 1,000 days of working at her

fledgling company, Rafati partnered with content providers in Canada and

other countries, and now the company has 319 million users. Broadband TV

is a technology media company that works with network operators and adver-

tisers. Sahar Hashemi, the founder of the Republic coffee shop chain in Eng-

land, is now known as one of the richest Iranian women with a fortune of 35

million dollars. She owns around 110 of these coffee shops across the UK.

Sahar is known as the creator of a coffee chain called Coffee Republic and a

candy brand called Skinny Candy. She is a regular speaker and important lec-

turer on topics such as revolution and entrepreneurship. Sahar Hashemi has

also written several best-selling books in her field. In 2011, she was invited

to the British Entrepreneurs Association to make recommendations to the

government on entrepreneurship measures. In June 2012, the entrepreneur

was awarded the highest rank in the British Empire for services to the econ-

omy and to charity. Roxanne Varza was born in the United States and studied

French and political economy, but later in life, she was drawn to startups. She

Mina Fam, Z. 2022. Iranian women entrepreneurs: Good, Bad, Ugly

72

is currently the director of Station F, the world's largest startup campus, and

director of Microsoft startups in France. Roxanne is fluent in three living lan-

guages of the world, she is also an ambassador for epilepsy. Also, the Busi-

ness Insider website has named Roxana Varza as the sixth most successful

woman under 30 in the field of technology. she was even invited once to meet

with the president of France to talk about the problems of start-ups.

Top Domestic Iranian Female Entrepreneurs

Seyedah Fatemeh Moghimi is the first Iranian woman who was able

to register an international transport company in her name. She is a successful

entrepreneur, she is the first woman to get a license for a transport company

and she is also mentioned as one of the richest women in Iran in economic

circles. The position and work positions she has held so far are 3 terms of

membership in the board of directors of the trade association of international

transport companies, 12 years of membership and headship of the dispute res-

olution department and handling complaints of traders, companies and driv-

ers, etc. In this position, she was able to close more than 95% of these cases

with peace and compromise between the parties. Moghimi is also a member

of the friendship associations of Iran and different countries and the CEO of

the National Association of Women Entrepreneurs and a member of the study

and research group of the North-South Corridor. Moghimi was recognized as

the top entrepreneur in the Islamic world in 2012. Also, Fatemeh Moghimi

was a candidate for the parliamentary elections in 1994. she has two citizen-

ships in Iran and Canada and currently lives in Iran with her two children.

Banafshe Sediq is the founder and manager of Shigal Industrial Production

Company. In addition to managing this manufacturing company, she is the

Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business, and Economics, 2022, 10(2), 63–85

73

managing director of the National Association of Women Entrepreneurs and

has other experiences such as being the chairman of the board of directors of

the Mersal Charity Foundation, a member of the board of directors of the

Asian Women's Empowerment Institute, a member of the Automobile Parts

Manufacturers Association, a member of the Iranian Industry Research and

Development Association and a member of the managers of Saveh Industries

in her portfolio. Her job creation has caused her to be called the most success-

ful Iranian female entrepreneur. Azadeh Danandeh, with a bachelor's degree

in engineering and computer science, works in the communications and in-

formation technology product group and is the CEO of Baharan Information

Technology Company, which was established in 2003 and is a successful and

well-known company in this field. Danandeh is a member of the board of

directors of the Computer Trade Union Organization of Tehran Province, a

member of the Central Council of the Computer Trade Union Organization

of the country and a member of the Women Entrepreneurs Association, and

in the working environment of the group she manages, female personnel are

fully used, which is very successful. Marzieh Senoui is a student of chemis-

try expert and works in the food industry product group. she is also the CEO

of Elixir Gol Sorkh Pharmaceutical Company, which was established in 2004.

She is an active member of the Association of Medicinal Plants, a member of

the Board of Directors of the Entrepreneurs Association of the country, a

member of the Association for the Protection of Consumer Rights, a member

of the Association of Managers of Khorasan Province, a member of the Board

of Directors of the Business Women Association, a member of the Associa-

tion of Exporters of the Country, and a member of the Association for the

Mina Fam, Z. 2022. Iranian women entrepreneurs: Good, Bad, Ugly

74

Development and Promotion of Production and Trade of Halal Products. Re-

ceived the certificate of the title of the best technological unit in the science

and technology parks of the country, certificate of appreciation from Khora-

san Razavi Governorate, scientific approval from the research institute, cer-

tificate of appreciation from the Chamber of Commerce as the top lady of the

industry, the title of the exemplary unit from Khorasan Agricultural Jihad, the

title of the exemplary unit from the Supervision Department Khorasan and

several other plaques and certificates are among her achievements.

Challenges Facing Iranian Women's Entrepreneurship

In addition to the global challenges faced by women in entrepreneur-

ship and setting up businesses for themselves and others, Iranian women face

separate obstacles, which according to social and economic experts, some of

these obstacles are caused by the environment and the other part is subject to

personality bottlenecks. And it is the education of women. Considering the

all-round participation of women in higher education and their effective pres-

ence in the fields of science and knowledge, which indicates the existence of

competence and capability in them, the creation of businesses based on entre-

preneurship by women in small and medium scales, whether as work at home

or In the form of creating production companies, it will have important

achievements. Considering the nascent nature of women's entrepreneurship,

there are many problems. The most important of them are cultural/social

problems, the solution of which requires the implementation of appropriate

policies and mechanisms. Some of the socio-cultural problems facing wom-

en's entrepreneurship are: (i) Men's opposition to their wives' activities in eco-

Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business, and Economics, 2022, 10(2), 63–85

75

nomic enterprises and creating a profession or job; (ii) Due to cultural re-

strictions, women are expected to spend their lives in a protected environment

to keep them away from confronting stronger people; and (iii) Women are

also expected to limit their activities to housekeeping and child care.

In addition to the above, women's entrepreneurship also faces limita-

tions, the most important of which are the following: (i) The prominence of

their role in the family, as well as the increasing need of men for their perma-

nent presence in the family; (ii) Existence of negative thoughts and beliefs

about the role of women in business; (iii) Relatively lower educational levels

for women due to limited access to job training opportunities in most coun-

tries; (iv) More limited opportunities in the public sector to develop women's

skills; (v) Inadequate access of women entrepreneurs to technology, support

services and information; (vi) Women's less access to financial credits due to

the weakness of issues related to guarantees and small amounts of credits, as

well as the existence of a negative attitude towards the nature and low repay-

ment ability of female entrepreneurs (Salehi et al., 2023; Soleimani et al.,

2023; Yakubu et al., 2022; Yazdanpanah et al., 2023; Zarea & Salamzadeh,

2012).

Considering the mentioned obstacles and problems that slow down

the growth of entrepreneurship by women, the lack of self-confidence, fear of

failure and blame from people around, especially family members, are obsta-

cles. High self-confidence, good thinking and having a positive outlook on

life, predicting the future and not being afraid of failure and having a sense of

fighting with problems, a sense of helping others, concern for serving others,

honesty and balance between one's role at home and outside the family, De-

fining a clear goal for entrepreneurship, receiving training and having a long-

Mina Fam, Z. 2022. Iranian women entrepreneurs: Good, Bad, Ugly

76

term plan and goal are among the features that entrepreneurs should consider

to enter the market.

Towards the Future

In the world, women play a bigger role in the economy of their country

every day, in rich countries, the low rate of population growth along with the

ageing of the population has made governments aware of the need for wom-

en's economic activity. In the past, the use of women's labour force, as it has

been done in the case of men, has not progressed and expanded much, so most

women, even educated women, have a high rate of unemployment. But now-

adays, the role of women in creating new businesses has been noticed and a

large share of women have entered the labour market in this way. In devel-

oped and developing countries, women are considered a hope for the advance-

ment of their families and the growth and development of their countries.

Meanwhile, women entrepreneurs can turn threats into opportunities by tak-

ing advantage of their creativity and risk-taking, and thus communicate with

the business market. Governments have also become more sensitive and

aware of women's economic activity due to the economic crises that most

countries are dealing with, as well as the low population growth rate. Because

ignoring this percentage of the population and depriving society of its benefits

will result in many losses. Many governments in economic crises have been

able to overcome the crises of their society by adopting measures and policies

and by benefiting from women's labour force and succeeding in the path of

development. Considering that a huge part of society is made up of women,

among women, examining the situation of female heads of the household is

of particular importance since female heads of the household often suffer

Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business, and Economics, 2022, 10(2), 63–85

77

from poor economic conditions, lack of suitable jobs, inadequate pensions,

and lack of sources of income. They are considered as the poorest social clas-

ses in the society. Also, in the current society of Iran, which is suffering from

chronic unemployment and employment crisis, and men are in jobs from

which they cannot earn income, there is very little room for the life and work

of women who are the breadwinners of the family, so the entrepreneurship of

this segment of the society It is of particular importance.

References

1.

Arasti, Z., & Salamzadeh, A. (2018). A review of the status of social entrepreneurship research

and education in Iran. Entrepreneurship Education and Research in the Middle East and North

Africa (MENA) Perspectives on Trends, Policy and Educational Environment, 325-346.

2.

Arbabi, F., Khansari, S. M., Salamzadeh, A., Gholampour, A., Ebrahimi, P., & Fekete-Farkas,

M. (2022). Social networks marketing, value co-creation, and consumer purchase behavior: com-

bining PLS-SEM and NCA. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 15(10), 440.

3.

Batrancea, L. M., Nichita, A., De Agostini, R., Batista Narcizo, F., Forte, D., de Paiva Neves

Mamede, S., ... & Budak, T. (2022). A self-employed taxpayer experimental study on trust,

power, and tax compliance in eleven countries. Financial Innovation, 8(1), 96.

4.

Batrancea, L., Nichita, A., Olsen, J., Kogler, C., Kirchler, E., Hoelzl, E., ... & Zukauskas, S.

(2019). Trust and power as determinants of tax compliance across 44 nations. Journal of Eco-

nomic Psychology, 74, 102191.

5.

Bkhandari, M. P., Shvindina, H. O., Sahqani, G. B., Paul, S., Rai, M., Vasylieva, T. A., ... &

Atteraya, M. S. (2021). Social Inequality as Global Challenge.

6.

Bouzari, P., Salamzadeh, A., Soleimani, M., & Ebrahimi, P. (2021). Online social networks and

women’s entrepreneurship: A comparative study between Iran and Hungary. JWEE, (3-4), 61-

75.

7.

Dana, L. P., & Salamzadeh, A. (2021). Why do artisans and arts entrepreneurs use social media

platforms?: Evidence from an emerging economy. Nordic Journal of Media Management, 2(1),

23-35.

8.

Dana, L. P., Ramadani, V., Palalic, R., & Salamzadeh, A. (2022). Artisan and Handicraft Entre-

preneurs. Springer International Publishing.

Mina Fam, Z. 2022. Iranian women entrepreneurs: Good, Bad, Ugly

78

9.

Dana, L. P., Salamzadeh, A., & Davis, C. D. (2023). Blue Ocean Versus Red Ocean Strategy.

SAGE Publications, Inc..

10. Dana, L. P., Salamzadeh, A., Hadizadeh, M., Heydari, G., & Shamsoddin, S. (2022). Urban en-

trepreneurship and sustainable businesses in smart cities: Exploring the role of digital technolo-

gies. Sustainable Technology and Entrepreneurship, 1(2), 100016.

11. Dana, L. P., Salamzadeh, A., Mortazavi, S., & Hadizadeh, M. (2022). Investigating the impact of

international markets and new digital technologies on business innovation in emerging markets.

Sustainability, 14(2), 983.

12. Dana, L. P., Salamzadeh, A., Mortazavi, S., Hadizadeh, M., & Zolfaghari, M. (2022 b). Estudios

estratégicos futuros y resiliencia empresarial: Análisis de tendencias en tecnología digital y mer-

cados emergentes. Tec Empresarial, 16(1), 87-100.

13. Dana, L. P., Salamzadeh, A., Ramadani, V., & Palalić, R. (2022 c). The New Economy with

Aspects of the Bazaar. In Understanding Contexts of Business in Western Asia: Land of Bazaars

and High-Tech Booms (pp. 521-534).

14. Dana, L. P., Salamzadeh, A., Ramadani, V., & Palalic, R. (Eds.). (2022). Understanding contexts

of business in Western Asia: Land of bazaars and high-tech booms (Vol. 4). World Scientific.

15. Dana, L. P., Tajpour, M., Salamzadeh, A., Hosseini, E., & Zolfaghari, M. (2021). The impact of

entrepreneurial education on technology-based enterprises development: The mediating role of

motivation. Administrative Sciences, 11(4), 105.

16. Dheer, R. J., & Salamzadeh, A. (2022). Pandemic threats: how SMEs can respond to the chal-

lenges from global crises. International Journal of Globalisation and Small Business, 13(1), 1-17.

17. Ebrahimi, P., Salamzadeh, A., Gholampour, A., & Fekete-Farkas, M. (2021). Social networks

marketingand Hungarian online consumer purchase behavior: the microeconomics strategic view

based on IPMA matrix. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 20(4), 1-7.

18. Ebrahimi, P., Salamzadeh, A., Soleimani, M., Khansari, S. M., Zarea, H., & Fekete-Farkas, M.

(2022). Startups and consumer purchase behavior: Application of support vector machine algo-

rithm. Big Data and Cognitive Computing, 6(2), 34.

19. Ed-Dafali, S., Mohiuddin, M., Al Azad, M. S., & Salamzadeh, A. (2023). Entrepreneurial Lead-

ership and Designing Industry 4.0 Business Models: Towards an Innovative and Sustainable Fu-

ture for India. In Indian SMEs and Start-Ups: Growth through Innovation and Leadership (pp.

333-358).

20. Farsi, J. Y., Imanipour, N., & Salamzadeh, A. (2012). Entrepreneurial university conceptualiza-

tion: case of developing countries. Global business and management research: an international

journal, 4(2), 193-204.

Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business, and Economics, 2022, 10(2), 63–85

79

21. Guerrero, M., Urbano, D., & Salamzadeh, A. (2014). Evolving entrepreneurial universities: Ex-

periences and challenges in the Middle Eastern context. Handbook on the entrepreneurial univer-

sity, 163-187.

22. Guerrero, M., Urbano, D., & Salamzadeh, A. (2015). Entrepreneurial transformation in the Mid-

dle East: experiences from Tehran Universities. Technics Technologies Education Management,

10(4), 533-537.

23. Hameed, N. S. S., Salamzadeh, Y., Rahim, N. F. A., & Salamzadeh, A. (2021). The impact of

business process reengineering on organizational performance during the coronavirus pandemic:

moderating role of strategic thinking. foresight.

24. Horst, S. O., Salamzadeh, A., Ebrahimi, P., & Kolli, S. (2021). Co-creation in provider side for

developing innovative services: how new technology-based firms benefit from social media plat-

forms. Nordic Journal of Media Management, 2(2), 109-126.

25. Hosseini, E., Saeida Ardekani, S., Sabokro, M., & Salamzadeh, A. (2022). The study of

knowledge employee voice among the knowledge-based companies: the case of an emerging

economy. Revista de Gestão, 29(2), 117-138.

26. Hosseini, E., Tajpour, M., Salamzadeh, A., & Ahmadi, A. (2022). Team Performance and the

Development of Iranian Digital Start-ups: The Mediating Role of Employee Voice. In Managing

Human Resources in SMEs and Start-ups: International Challenges and Solutions (pp. 109-140).

27. Jafari Moghadam, S., Salamzadeh, A., & Yousefiyar, A. (2014). Factors Affecting Senior Man-

agers’ Entrepreneurial Behavior in Iranian Pioneer Banks. In International Conference on Entre-

preneurship (ICE 2014), Tehran, Iran.

28. Jafari Moghadam, S., Zaefarian, R., & Salamzadeh, A. (2012). Challenges of entrepreneurship e-

education: Evidence from a developing country. Entrepreneurship Education-A Priority for the

Higher Education Institutions, Forthcoming.

29. Kawamorita Kesim, H., Salamzadeh, A., & Demiryürek, K. (2016, February). Academic entre-

preneurship: Some evidence from a Turkish University. In The Third International Conference

on Entrepreneurship (ICE2016), Tehran, Iran.

30. Kawamorita Kesim, H., Salamzadeh, A., & Jafari Moghadam, S. (2013, September). Intellectual

Capital and Internationalization of Entrepreneurial Universities. In 5th International Conference

on International Conference on Intellectual Capital Management.

31. Kawamorita, H., & Salamzadeh, A. (2021). Interdisciplinary Entrepreneurship And Innovation

Studies. Istanbul: Efe Academy Publishing.

32. Kawamorita, H., Salamzadeh, A., Demiryurek, K., & Ghajarzadeh, M. (2020). Entrepreneurial

universities in times of crisis: Case of COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Busi-

ness and Economics, 8(1), 77-88.

Mina Fam, Z. 2022. Iranian women entrepreneurs: Good, Bad, Ugly

80

33. Kawamorita, H., Salamzadeh, A., Kirby, D. A., & Demiryürek, K. (2022). The impact of the

COVID-19 pandemic on the development of entrepreneurial universities: A study of higher edu-

cation institutions in Turkey. In Socioeconomic Dynamics of the COVID-19 Crisis: Global, Re-

gional, and Local Perspectives (pp. 63-82). Cham: Springer International Publishing.

34. Markovic, M. R., Grozdanic, R., Baltazarevic, V., & Salamzadeh, A. (2014). General Conditions

For Development Of SMEs In Serbia.

35. Marković, M. R., Salamzadeh, A., & Vujičić, S. (2022). Resilient, Smart and Green Cities: The-

oretical Aproach. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Resilience, 5(1), 41-47.

36. Mirjana, R. M., Milos, V., & Aidin, S. (2021). Investigating Employment Discrimination and

Social Exclusion: Case of Serbia.

37. Mirjana, R. M., SALAMZADEH, A., & VUJICIC, S. (2019). Selection of Organization Models

and Creation of Competences of the Employed People for the Sake of Competititiveness Growth

in Global Business Environment. International Review, (1-2), 65.

38. Moghadam, S. J., & Salamzadeh, A. (2018). Do senior bankers care about entrepreneurial behav-

iour?: case of senior managers of Iranian vanguard banks. World Review of Entrepreneurship,

Management and Sustainable Development, 14(1-2), 271-287.

39. Moghadamzadeh, A., Ebrahimi, P., Radfard, S., Salamzadeh, A., & Khajeheian, D. (2020). In-

vestigating the role of customer co-creation behavior on social media platforms in rendering in-

novative services. Sustainability, 12(17), 6926.

40. Murschetz, P. C., Salamzadeh, A., & Khan, B. F. (2023). Media Business Model Management:

A Synopsis.

41. Naderibeni, N., Salamzadeh, A., & Radović-Marković, M. (2020). Providing an entrepreneurial

research framework in an entrepreneurial university. International Review, (1-2), 43-56.

42. Palalić, R., Dana, L. P., Ramadani, V., & Salamzadeh, A. (2022). The context for business in

Qatar. In Understanding Contexts of Business in Western Asia: Land of Bazaars and High-Tech

Booms (pp. 277-291).

43. Paramba, J. N., Salamzadeh, A., Karuthedath, S., & Rahman, M. M. (2023). Intellectual capital

and sustainable startup performance: A bibliometric analysis. Heritage and Sustainable Develop-

ment, 5(1), 19-32.

44. Pereira, J., Braga, V., Correia, A., & Salamzadeh, A. (2021). Unboxing organisational complex-

ity: how does it affect business performance during the COVID-19 pandemic?. Journal of Entre-

preneurship and Public Policy, 10(3), 424-444.

Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business, and Economics, 2022, 10(2), 63–85

81

45. Radovic Markovic, M., & Salamzadeh, A. (2018). The importance of communication in business

management. In Radovic Markovic, M., & Salamzadeh, A.(2018). The Importance of Communi-

cation in Business Management, The 7th International Scientific Conference on Employment,

Education and Entrepreneurship, Belgrade, Serbia.

46. Radovic Markovic, M., Lindgren, C., Grozdanic, R., Markovic, D., & Salamzadeh, A. (2012).

Freedom, individuality and women's entrepreneurship education. Entrepreneurship Education-A

Priority for the Higher Education Institutions, Forthcoming.

47. Radovic Markovic, M., Markovic, D., Demiray, U., Demiray, E., Vucekovic, M., & Salamzadeh,

A. (2012, December). Fostering entrepreneurship in higher education through e-learning: Case

study of Serbia and Turkey. In 1st Annual International Conference on Employment, Education

and Entrepreneurship.

48. Radovic Markovic, M., Salamzadeh, A., & Kawamorita Kesim, H. (2016, June). Barriers to the

advancement of women into leadership positions: A Cross National Study. In Prepared for the

International Scientific Conference on Leadership and Organization Development, Kiten, Bul-

garia (pp. 287-294).

49. Radovic Markovic, M., Salamzadeh, A., & Razavi, M. (2013). Women in business and leader-

ship: critiques and discussions. In The Second International Scientific Conference on Employ-

ment, Education and Entrepreneurship, Belgrade, Serbia (pp. 19-31).

50. Radovic Markovic, M., Salamzadeh, A., Markovic, D., Grozdanic, R., & Vucekovic, M. (2012,

December). e-Learning in business and entrepreneurship: Evidence from Serbia, Iran, and India.

In 1st Annual International Conference on Employment, Education and Entrepreneurship.

51. Radović-Marković, M., & Salamzadeh, A. (2012). The nature of entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurs

and entrepreneurial activities (pp. 87-97). Lap Lambert Academic Publishing.

52. Radović-Marković, M., Salamzadeh, A., & Vujičić, S. (2019). Selection of organization models

and creation of competences of the employed people for the sake of competitiveness growth in

global business environment. International Review, (1-2), 64-71.

53. Rahman, M. M., Rahaman, S. M., Salamzadeh, A., & Jantan, A. H. (2021). Positive consequences

of covid-19 pandemic: reflections based on university students community in Bangladesh. Inter-

national Review, (3-4), 83-92.

54. Rahman, M. M., Salamzadeh, A., & Tabash, M. I. (2022). Antecedents of entrepreneurial inten-

tions of female undergraduate students in Bangladesh: a covariance-based structural equation

modeling approach. JWEE, (1-2), 137-153.

55. Rahman, M. M., Tabash, M. I., Salamzadeh, A., Abduli, S., & Rahaman, M. S. (2022). Sampling

techniques (probability) for quantitative social science researchers: a conceptual guidelines with

examples. Seeu Review, 17(1), 42-51.

Mina Fam, Z. 2022. Iranian women entrepreneurs: Good, Bad, Ugly

82

56. Rahman, M. M., Terano, H. J., Rahman, M. N., Salamzadeh, A., & Rahaman, M. S. (2023).

ChatGPT and academic research: a review and recommendations based on practical examples.

Journal of Education, Management and Development Studies, 3(1), 1-12.

57. Ramadani, V., Rahman, M. M., Salamzadeh, A., Rahaman, M. S., & Abazi-Alili, H. (2022). En-

trepreneurship education and graduates' entrepreneurial intentions: Does gender matter? A multi-

group analysis using AMOS. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 180, 121693.

58. Romanovich, A. A., Dukhanin, S. A., Romanovich, M. A., & Salamzadeh, A. (2022, March).

Modernization of the Mill’s Working Bodies for the Production of Fine Building Materials. In

International Scientific Conference on Innovations and Technologies in Construction (pp. 9-16).

Cham: Springer International Publishing.

59. Salamzadeh, A. (2012). University Entrepreneurship Education: A Dynamic Approach. Proceed-

ings of the Asian Perspectives on Creativity, Innovation and Entrepreneurship.

60. Salamzadeh, A. (2014, May). Youth Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries: Do Young Peo-

ple Know Their Potentials?. In International Conference on Youth and Our Cultural Heritage (pp.

15-18).

61. Salamzadeh, A. (2015). Innovation accelerators: Emergence of startup companies in Iran. In 60th

Annual ICSB World Conference June (pp. 6-9).

62. Salamzadeh, A. (2015). New venture creation: Controversial perspectives and theories. Economic

Analysis, 48(3-4), 101-109.

63. Salamzadeh, A. (2018). Start-up boom in an emerging market: A niche market approach (pp. 233-

243). Springer International Publishing.

64. Salamzadeh, A. (2020). Five approaches toward presenting qualitative findings. Journal of the

International Academy for Case Studies, 26(3), 1-2.

65. Salamzadeh, A. (2020). The emergence of media entrepreneurship as a promising field of re-

search. Journal Of Organizational Culture, Communications And Conflict, 24(2), 1-2.

66. Salamzadeh, A. (2020). What constitutes a theoretical contribution?. Journal of Organizational

Culture, Communications and Conflict, 24(1), 1-2.

67. Salamzadeh, A. (2021). How artisans and arts entrepreneurs use social media platforms?. Journal

of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict, 25(2), 1-2.

68. Salamzadeh, A. (2021). HOW COULD UNIVERSITIES HELP ENTREPRENEURS MANAGE

GLOBAL CRISES?. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict, 25(3), 1-

2.

69. Salamzadeh, A., & Dana, L. P. (2021). The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: challenges

among Iranian startups. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 33(5), 489-512.

Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business, and Economics, 2022, 10(2), 63–85

83

70. Salamzadeh, A., & Dana, L. P. (2022). A systematic literature review of crisis management in

and by small and medium-sized enterprises. Small and Medium Sized Enterprises and the

COVID-19 Response, 1, 38-61.

71. Salamzadeh, A., & Dana, L. P. (2022). Entrepreneurship in Paraguay. In Entrepreneurship in

South America: Context, Diversity, Constraints, Opportunities and Prospects (pp. 155-179).

Cham: Springer International Publishing.

72. Salamzadeh, A., & Dana, L. P. (2022). Family Business in Qatar. In Family Business in Gulf

Cooperation Council Countries (pp. 53-66). Cham: Springer International Publishing.

73. Salamzadeh, A., & Kawamorita Kesim, H. (2015). Startup companies: Life cycle and challenges.

In 4th International conference on employment, education and entrepreneurship (EEE), Belgrade,

Serbia.

74. Salamzadeh, A., & Kawamorita Kesim, H. (2017). The enterprising communities and startup

ecosystem in Iran. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Econ-

omy, 11(4), 456-479.

75. Salamzadeh, A., & Kirby, D. A. (2017). New venture creation: How start-ups grow?. AD-minis-

ter, (30), 9-29.

76. Salamzadeh, A., & Marković, M. R. (2016). 2.3. BUSINESS ACCELERATORS AS CHAMPI-

ONS TO ACHIEVE RESILIENT GROWTH: A REVOLUTIONARY TREND IN A DEVEL-

OPING COUNTRY. IMPACT OF ECONOMIC POLICIES ON ATTAINING RESILIENT

GROWTH BOOK OF ABSTRACTS, 74.

77. Salamzadeh, A., & Markovic, M. R. (2018). Shortening the learning curve of media start-ups in

accelerators: Case of a developing country. In Evaluating media richness in organizational learn-

ing (pp. 36-48). IGI Global.

78. Salamzadeh, A., & Ramadani, V. (2021). Entrepreneurial ecosystem and female digital entrepre-

neurship–Lessons to learn from an Iranian case study. In The Emerald handbook of women and

entrepreneurship in developing economies (pp. 317-334). Emerald Publishing Limited.

79. Salamzadeh, A., & Romanovich, M. A. (2022). Entrepreneurship in Suriname. In Entrepreneur-

ship in South America: Context, Diversity, Constraints, Opportunities and Prospects (pp. 197-

210). Cham: Springer International Publishing.

80. Salamzadeh, A., & Roshandel Arbatani, T. (2020). Developing a framework for understanding

how media entrepreneurs act: An actor-network perspective. Contemporary applications of actor

network theory, 77-98.

81. Salamzadeh, A., Arasti, Z., & Elyasi, G. M. (2017). Creation of ICT-based social start-ups in

Iran: A multiple case study. Journal of enterprising culture, 25(01), 97-122.

Mina Fam, Z. 2022. Iranian women entrepreneurs: Good, Bad, Ugly

84

82. Salamzadeh, A., Arasti, Z., & Mohammadi Elyasi, G. (2018). Drawing a supportive framework

for creation of social startups in accelerators. Social Capital Management, 5(3), 365-384.

83. Salamzadeh, A., Azimi, M. A., & Kirby, D. A. (2013). Social entrepreneurship education in

higher education: insights from a developing country. International Journal of Entrepreneurship

and Small Business, 20(1), 17-34.

84. Salamzadeh, A., Dana, L. P., Mortazavi, S., & Hadizadeh, M. (2022). Exploring the Entrepre-

neurial Challenges of Disabled Entrepreneurs in a Developing Country. In Disadvantaged Minor-

ities in Business (pp. 105-128). Cham: Springer International Publishing.

85. Salamzadeh, A., Ebrahimi, P., Soleimani, M., & Fekete-Farkas, M. (2022). Grocery apps and

consumer purchase behavior: application of Gaussian mixture model and multi-layer perceptron

algorithm. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 15(10), 424.

86. Salamzadeh, A., Ebrahimi, P., Soleimani, M., & Fekete-Farkas, M. (2021). An AHP approach to

identify the barriers of sustainable geotourism development in Iran: an economic view. Geoher-

itage, 13(3), 65.

87. Salamzadeh, A., Farjadian, A. A., Amirabadi, M., & Modarresi, M. (2014). Entrepreneurial char-

acteristics: insights from undergraduate students in Iran. International Journal of Entrepreneur-

ship and Small Business, 21(2), 165-182.

88. Salamzadeh, A., Farsi, J. Y., Motavaseli, M., Markovic, M. R., & Kesim, H. K. (2015). Institu-

tional factors affecting the transformation of entrepreneurial universities. International Journal of

Business and Globalisation, 14(3), 271-291.

89. Salamzadeh, A., Hadizadeh, M., & Mortazavi, S. S. (2020). Investigating the Impact of Social

Media on Entrepreneurship Development: Explaining the moderating role of Digital Technolo-

gies and Social Norms. Media Studies, 15(2), 1-17.

90. Salamzadeh, A., Hadizadeh, M., & Mortazavi, S. S. (2021). Realization of online entrepreneur-

ship education based on new digital technologies in Iran: A scenario planning approach. Journal

of Entrepreneurship Development, 14(3), 481-500.

91. Salamzadeh, A., Hadizadeh, M., Rastgoo, N., Rahman, M. M., & Radfard, S. (2022). Sustaina-

bility-oriented innovation foresight in international new technology based firms. Sustainability,

14(20), 13501.

92. Salamzadeh, A., Kawamorita Kesim, H., & Karami, M. (2019, March). Media business models:

A holistic approach. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of Research in Innova-

tion and Technology.

93. Salamzadeh, A., Kesim, H. K., & Salamzadeh, Y. (2016). Entrepreneurial universities and brand-

ing: A conceptual model proposal. World Review of Science, Technology and Sustainable De-

velopment, 12(4), 300-315.

Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business, and Economics, 2022, 10(2), 63–85

85

94. Salamzadeh, A., Mortazavi, S. S., & Hadizadeh, M. (2022). Social Media and Digital Technolo-

gies Among Pottery Makers and in the Sewing Sector. In Artisan and Handicraft Entrepreneurs:

Past, Present, and Future (pp. 217-238). Cham: Springer International Publishing.\

95. Salamzadeh, A., Mortazavi, S., Hadizadeh, M., & Braga, V. (2023). Examining the effect of busi-

ness model innovation on crisis management: the mediating role of entrepreneurial capability,

resilience and business performance. Innovation & Management Review, 20(2), 132-146.

96. Salamzadeh, A., Radovic Markovic, M., & Masjed, S. M. (2019). The effect of media conver-

gence on exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities. AD-minister, (34), 59-76.

97. Salamzadeh, A., Radović-Marković, M., & Ghiat, B. (2022). Women Entrepreneurs in Algeria.

Women Entrepreneurs in North Africa: Historical Frameworks, Ecosystems and New Perspec-

tives for the Region, 87-102.

98. Salamzadeh, Y., Farzad, F. S., Salamzadeh, A., & Palalić, R. (2021). Digital leadership and or-

ganizational capabilities in manufacturing industry: A study in Malaysian context. Periodicals of

Engineering and Natural Sciences (PEN), 10(1), 195-211.

99. Salamzadeh, Y., Nejati, M., & Salamzadeh, A. (2014). Agility path through work values in

knowledge-based organizations: a study of virtual universities. Innovar, 24(53), 177-186.

100. Salamzadeh, Y., Sangosanya, T. A., Salamzadeh, A., & Braga, V. (2022). Entrepreneurial uni-

versities and social capital: The moderating role of entrepreneurial intention in the Malaysian

context. The International Journal of Management Education, 20(1), 100609.

101. Salehi, F., Gharibnavaz, N., & Salamzadeh, A. (2023). Grey Markets Formation Emanating from

Economic Fluctuations and Customs Gaps (Case: Samsung Home Appliances). Journal of Busi-

ness Management, 15(1), 111-130.

102. Soleimani, M., Dana, L. P., Salamzadeh, A., Bouzari, P., & Ebrahimi, P. (2023). The effect of

internal branding on organisational financial performance and brand loyalty: mediating role of

psychological empowerment. Journal of Asian Business and Economic Studies, 30(2), 143-163.

103. Yakubu, B. N., Salamzadeh, A., Bouzari, P., Ebrahimi, P., & Fekete-Farkas, M. (2022). Identify-

ing the key factors of sustainable entrepreneurship in the Nigerian food industry: The role of

media availability. Entrepreneurial Business & Economics Review, 10(2).

104. Yazdanpanah, Y., Toghraee, M. T., Salamzadeh, A., Scott, J. M., & Palalić, R. (2023). The influ-

ence of entrepreneurial culture and organizational learning on entrepreneurial orientation: the

case of new technology-based firms in Iran. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior &

Research, 29(5), 1181-1203.

105. Zarea, H., & Salamzadeh, A. (2012). Identification of Output Performance Indicators in Com-

mercialization of University Research: An AHP based Study of EFQM Model. Journal of Entre-

preneurship Development, 4(15), 85-104.