658*658 659*659 Joseph D. Garrison, Robert A. Richardson, New Haven, CT, for plaintiff.

James V. Minor, Richard A. Robinson, Stamford, CT, for defendant.

RULING ON MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL

DALY, District Judge.

Following a three-day trial of this diversity action the jury determined that the defendant Thom Serrani ("Serrani" or "Mayor"), the former Mayor of Stamford, Connecticut, was liable for invading the privacy of the plaintiff Frederic Sargeant ("Sargeant"). The jury awarded Sargeant $20,000 in damages. Serrani now moves for a new trial, asserting that the Court committed error in its evidentiary rulings and jury instructions and arguing that the jury's verdicts were against the weight of the evidence. Mindful of the First Amendment rights asserted by both Sargeant and Serrani, the Court nonetheless remains unpersuaded by the defendant's 660*660 arguments. Accordingly, and for the reasons stated below, the motion is denied.

BACKGROUND

The following evidence was introduced at trial. Sargeant became an officer with the Stamford Police in September, 1973, and he advanced to the rank of Lieutenant in November, 1978. While at this position he developed an excellent performance record and experienced no significant health problems.

Sargeant was working the midnight shift on April 11, 1982 when he responded to a radio call reporting a pursuit of several youths, who were fleeing from a smash-and-grab theft of an "Atari" game from a storefront window. The youths led several Stamford officers on a high-speed chase through the city, and Sargeant and another officer attempted to set up a roadblock. As Sargeant exited his patrol car at the roadblock the youths' car drove directly towards him, and he fired his service revolver at the driver before jumping out of the car's way.

Immediately after the incident Sargeant suffered from acute anxiety and depression, related not only to his narrow escape but to the significant possibility that he could have killed a juvenile who was attempting to avoid apprehension for relatively minor offenses. These symptoms increased in severity, and Sargeant received medical treatment. Thereafter Sargeant was placed on sick leave by the Police Department, and he subsequently was diagnosed as suffering Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder — Acute ("PTSD").

During this period the City of Stamford, pursuant to a municipal contract, maintained a sick leave policy which provided an injured officer with indefinite sick leave and which established no deadlines for disability determinations. As a result, an injured officer received full pay and benefits until the officer either returned to work or obtained a disability pension. This policy was very costly to the City and was a frequent source of friction between the City and the police union when the two sides negotiated contracts. Serrani inherited this issue when he became Mayor of Stamford in 1984, as he oversaw negotiations for contracts with the union.^[1] Each successive contract, however, maintained the sick-leave provision. Exhs. 11, 15.

Sargeant sought treatment with Dr. Reid J. Daitzman ("Daitzman"), a clinical psychologist, immediately after going on sick leave, and his treatment continued until January 1983, when Police Chief John T. Considine ("Considine") refused Sargeant permission to resume possession of his police firearm. Both Sargeant and Dr. Daitzman believed that this decision harmed Sargeant's recovery by cutting short his effort to desensitize himself to his traumatic experience. Dr. Daitzman subsequently concluded that Sargeant could never recover from the injury sufficiently to carry a firearm, and as the Police Department required all officers to be able to carry weapons, the psychological injury effectively ended Sargeant's career. Sargeant then applied to the City's Pension Board for a disability pension on August 5, 1983. See Exh. 9.

On August 13, 1984, under the pretense of reviewing Sargeant's condition and his intent to resume his duties, the Police Commission summoned Sargeant to one of its regular meetings. After a short period of questioning the Commission recommended to the Chief Considine that Sargeant be terminated effective September 1, 1984, and the Chief followed this recommendation. Sargeant appealed the decision to the State Board of Mediation and Arbitration, which on October 22, 1985 found that the City had acted prematurely in discharging Sargeant without providing him with prior notice that his termination was being considered. Exh. 12. The Board ordered the City to return Sargeant to sick leave status with all contractual benefits. The Board also noted the City's own position that "the doctors are uniform in their opinions that he could not return to work as a police officer," and directed the City to take the necessary steps to recommend to the Pension Board that Sargeant be 661*661 given a disability pension. Id. Thereafter, despite the efforts of Sargeant and his attorney,^[2] the Pension Board did not act on his request for a disability pension until December 14, 1988, when it approved a pension amounting to 25 percent of his salary. Sargeant appealed this decision, and he ultimately was granted a full disability pension at 50 percent of his salary.

Throughout the five and a half year period his application was pending Sargeant remained on sick leave, receiving full salary and benefits. Sargeant's status came under the scrutiny of the Stamford press in late 1987, when the Police Department's sick leave policy again became an issue in negotiations over a new union contract. Several newspaper articles discussing the policy mentioned Sargeant's ongoing sick leave, and noted the nature of his injury and the length of time he had remained at full salary instead of either returning to work or receiving a disability pension. Exhs. 18, 515-517, 519.

Mayor Serrani then joined the fray, not to press the Pension Board for a long-overdue official decision on Sargeant's retirement but to criticize Sargeant in a series of public comments. First, at a press conference on November 24, 1987 the Mayor noted that Sargeant had been fired and reinstated in 1984, and he remarked that Sargeant "should be fired again."^[3] Second, on August 1, 1988 the Mayor sent an open letter to the police officers of Stamford concerning the contract negotiations then in progress. In the letter Serrani warned of the abuse of the existing sick leave policy, and he declared that "we should not be paying full salaries to people who are sound in mind and limb." Exh. 17. He also specifically mentioned that Sargeant continued to draw his salary from the City "while living in Vermont," and he disparaged "[p]eople who abuse the system in this manner." Exh. 17.^[4]

Attorney Cohen then wrote a newspaper opinion article on January 8, 1989 which did not mention Sargeant by name, but which discussed the problems with the lengthy delays experienced by several disabled police officers who had applied to the Pension Board for disability pensions. Exh. 19.^[5] Finally, six days after Cohen's article was published, 662*662 and four weeks after Sargeant had been awarded a pension, Serrani was quoted in another article as stating that the Sargeant case "hurts people with legitimate disabilities." Exh. 20.^[6] This last comment also occurred after the signing of a new police contract, which contained a timetable requiring regular review of the status of any officer on sick leave, and which therefore removed police officers' sick leave as an issue in public dispute.

Sargeant subsequently filed the instant action, claiming that Serrani's written and spoken comments invaded his privacy. Specifically, Sargeant asserted that Serrani's comments portrayed him in a false light before the public, unreasonably intruded into his seclusion and solitude, and gave unreasonable publicity to his private life. Serrani argued in response that he simply had made responsive, good faith public comments on a matter of legitimate public concern. After a three-day trial the jury found the Mayor liable on Sargeant's false light and unreasonable publicity claims, while finding that Serrani did not invade Sargeant's privacy by unreasonable intrusion. Further, the jury found that Serrani neither had acted within the scope of his official position and in good faith, nor had made statements that only contained information in the public record. The jury initially awarded no damages, however, but stated that "We would like an appropriate [sic] public apology by the Mayor to retired Lt. Sargeant." Jury Interrog. at 2. The Court refused to accept this verdict, and directed the jury to determine an amount of damages upon a finding of liability. The following day the jury repeated its findings as to liability and official immunity and awarded Sargeant $20,000 in damages. The defendant now moves for a new trial.

DISCUSSION

I. Standard for a New Trial

Rule 59 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that a court may order a new trial following a jury verdict "for any of the reasons for which new trials have heretofore been granted in actions at law in the courts of the United States." Fed.R.Civ.P. 59(a)(1). The Court need not view the evidence in favor of the verdicts, but may grant a new trial "even if there is substantial evidence to support the jury's verdict." Song v. Ives Labs., Inc., 957 F.2d 1041, 1047 (2d Cir.1992). While a new trial may be granted if there was substantial error in the admission or exclusion of evidence or if the Court committed error in its jury instructions, see Montgomery Ward & Co. v. Duncan, 311 U.S. 243, 251, 61 S.Ct. 189, 194, 85 L.Ed. 147 (1940), the Court may not grant a new trial unless it is convinced that "the jury has reached a seriously erroneous result or that the verdict is a miscarriage of justice." Smith v. Lightening Bolt Prods., Inc., 861 F.2d 363, 370 (2d Cir.1988). The burden on the defendant therefore is substantial. See Strobl v. New York Mercantile Exch., 582 F.Supp. 770, 777 (S.D.N.Y.1984).

Alleging that the Court committed substantial error both in the exclusion of evidence and in its jury instructions, and asserting that the jury verdicts were against the weight of the evidence, Serrani argues that the Court should exercise its discretion and order a new trial. The Court reviews these contentions in light of the Supreme Court's directive that, in reviewing a case in which both parties assert rights under the First Amendment, the Court "must make a finding of the whole record so as to assure that the judgment does not constitute a forbidden intrusion on the field of free expression." New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 285, 84 S.Ct. 710, 728, 11 L.Ed.2d 686 (1964) (quotation omitted).

II. Exclusion of Evidence

As an initial matter Serrani argues that the Court erred in granting Sargeant's motion in limine concerning evidence of the plaintiff's comments before the Police Commission and the Board of Mediation and Arbitration.^[7] 663*663 Specifically, Serrani asserts that he should have been permitted to establish that the Police Commission properly terminated Sargeant on August 13, 1984, and that the Board of Mediation and Arbitration incorrectly reversed this decision. See Deft's Mem. at 25-26. Serrani proffered the evidence at trial to establish the truth of his statements to the effect that Sargeant had been reinstated erroneously and should be fired again.

Sargeant correctly notes that the City never appealed the decision of the Board of Mediation and Arbitration, and thus it was collaterally estopped from raising the issue in this Court. See Pltf's Mem. at 29-30 n. 7 (citing University of Tennessee v. Elliott, 478 U.S. 788, 106 S.Ct. 3220, 92 L.Ed.2d 635 (1983)). Moreover, the focus of this action was upon Serrani's statements concerning Sargeant, and evidence of Sargeant's termination or the process he received before the Police Commission therefore concerned a collateral issue that would have confused the jury unnecessarily. The proffered evidence thus was properly excluded. See Fed. R.Evid. 403; see also Contemporary Mission, Inc. v. Bonded Mailings, Inc., 671 F.2d 81 (2d Cir.1982).

III. Jury Instructions

The defendant also disputes the substantive content of several of the instructions of law given the jury. As a general matter "[t]he impact of a jury instruction `is not to be ascertained by merely considering isolated statements but by taking into view all the instructions given and the tendencies of the proof in the case to which they could possibly be applied.'" Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts, 388 U.S. 130, 156-57, 87 S.Ct. 1975, 1992-93, 18 L.Ed.2d 1094 (1966) (plurality opinion) (quoting Seaboard Air Line R. Co. v. Padgett, 236 U.S. 668, 672, 35 S.Ct. 481, 482, 59 L.Ed. 777 (1915)). Reviewing the charge as a whole according to this standard, the Court rejects each of the defendant's contentions.

A. Expression of Opinion

Serrani first argues that the Court improperly refused to charge the jury that any opinions expressed by the defendant must be granted complete protection under the First Amendment. See Deft's Mem. at 16; see also Deft's Request to Charge at 6 (citing Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323, 339-40, 94 S.Ct. 2997, 3006-08, 41 L.Ed.2d 789 (1974) ("Under the First Amendment there is no such thing as a false idea. However pernicious an opinion may seem, we depend for its correction not on the conscience of judges and juries but on the competition of other ideas."); Goodrich v. Waterbury Republican-American, Inc., 188 Conn. 107, 111 n. 4, 113, 119, 448 A.2d 1317 (1982)). Serrani argues that the jury should have been directed to determine if the Mayor's statements were protected as opinions. Deft's Mem. at 16.

There is some question whether the opinion-fact distinction so familiar in libel law, see, e.g., Gertz, 418 U.S. at 440, 94 S.Ct. at 3051, applies to claims of invasion of privacy under state common law. See Goodrich, 188 Conn. at 125-29, 448 A.2d 1317. Even if the distinction is found to be applicable to a state-law claim of invasion of privacy, however, the determination of whether a statement is one of fact or one of opinion is for the Court, not the jury. See Gertz, 418 U.S. at 340, 94 S.Ct. at 3007; Mr. Chow of New York v. Ste. Jour Azur S.A., 759 F.2d 219, 224 (2d Cir.1985).

The Court found that Serrani's statements purported to declare facts, not opinions, and charged pursuant to this finding. For example, Serrani began his letter to the police officers with the request that "I hope you will ... allow me the opportunity to set the record straight," and he then asserted that Sargeant did not suffer from a legitimate 664*664 disability. Exh. 17; see supra note 5 and accompanying text. Facts, as distinguished from opinions, are susceptible to proof or disproof of their falsity, see Buckley v. Littell, 539 F.2d 882, 894 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 1062, 97 S.Ct. 785, 786, 50 L.Ed.2d 777 (1977), and Serrani did not challenge Sargeant's position at trial that his disability was genuine. Accordingly, as the Court found the statements in question asserted facts, not opinions, Serrani's request for a jury charge on statements of opinion properly was denied.^[8]

B. Reckless Disregard

Serrani next argues that the Court erred in charging that he could be found liable if he had actual knowledge that his statements were false, or if he acted in reckless disregard as to their falsehood and the false light in which the plaintiff would be placed. See Deft's Mem. at 17-18. Serrani argues that this charge on reckless disregard reduced the definition of "malice" to negligence and denied Serrani the right to express comment on public issues. Id. (citing Charles Parker Co. v. Silver City Crystal Co., 142 Conn. 605, 615-16, 116 A.2d 440 (1955)).

In New York Times Co. v. Sullivan the Supreme Court defined actual malice as knowledge that a defamatory statement is false, or reckless disregard of a statement's truth or falsity. New York Times, 376 U.S. at 279, 280, 84 S.Ct. at 725, 726.^[9] As it is rare that a speaker will admit to serious doubts as to the truth of a statement, the subjective determination of whether such serious doubts existed may be proved by inference. Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc., 692 F.2d 189, 196 (1st 665*665 Cir.1982), aff'd, 466 U.S. 485, 104 S.Ct. 1949, 80 L.Ed.2d 502 (1984). Therefore, a jury may infer actual malice from objective circumstances which can serve to override the speaker's claims of good faith. Brown v. Petrolite Corp., 965 F.2d 38, 47 (5th Cir. 1992). Moreover, while a defendant's mere failure to investigate does not in itself establish reckless disregard, see Gertz, 418 U.S. at 343, 94 S.Ct. at 3009; St. Amant v. Thompson, 390 U.S. 727, 733, 88 S.Ct. 1323, 1326, 20 L.Ed.2d 262 (1968), such a finding has been made when a defendant "failed to investigate a story weakened by inherent improbability, internal inconsistency or apparent reliable contrary information." Zerangue v. TSP Newspapers, Inc., 814 F.2d 1066, 1070 (5th Cir.1987); see also Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts, 388 U.S. 130, 156-59, 87 S.Ct. 1975, 1992-94, 18 L.Ed.2d 1094 (1966) (plurality opinion); Holbrook v. Casazza, 204 Conn. 336, 528 A.2d 774 (1987); Jonap v. Silver, 1 Conn.App. 550, 474 A.2d 800 (1984) (holding reckless disregard shown where defendant published letter attributing certain statements to plaintiff, even though plaintiff voiced objections prior to publication).

In defining "reckless disregard," the Court charged the jury that Serrani must in fact have been aware, prior to making his statements, that the statements and the light in which those statements placed the plaintiff probably were false. The jury also was instructed to consider whether Serrani failed to investigate the facts from the records available to him, whether he failed to seek the advice of other knowledgeable persons, or whether he continued making statements after receiving notice of their falsity. The Court further charged the jury that this element had to be proven by clear and convincing evidence. This charge was in accord with prevailing law, as set forth above, and Serrani's argument therefore fails.

C. Qualified Immunity

Serrani claims the Court incorrectly charged the jury regarding the qualified privilege of a public official to make fair comment on matters of public concern and that the charge was contrary to Barr v. Matteo, 360 U.S. 564, 79 S.Ct. 1335, 3 L.Ed.2d 1434 (1959) and Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 94 S.Ct. 1683, 40 L.Ed.2d 90 (1968). Deft's Mem. at 22. The Court charged the jury that Serrani had to prove three elements to establish this affirmative defense of qualified immunity: (1) that the statements were made when Serrani was upholding a public interest, such as the discharge of a duty required of his position as Mayor; (2) that his statements were made in a proper manner to proper parties only, and that the statements were limited in scope to the public interest he sought to advance; and (3) that he acted in good faith^[10] or relied on matters that solely existed in the public record. As this charge correctly stated the law, see Charles Parker Co., 142 Conn. at 615-16, 116 A.2d 440; Miles, 11 Conn.App. at 589, 529 A.2d 199 (1987), the defendant's claim is without merit. See also Dun & Bradstreet v. Greenmoss Builders, 472 U.S. 749, 762-63, 105 S.Ct. 2939, 2947-48, 86 L.Ed.2d 593 (1985); Lieberman v. Gant, 474 F.Supp. 848 (D.Conn.1979), aff'd, 630 F.2d 60 (2d Cir. 1980); Holbrook, 204 Conn. at 344, 528 A.2d 774.

Serrani also argues that the Court erred in excluding newspaper articles from its definition of "public record" in its qualified immunity charge. See Deft's Mem. at 24.^[11] None of the cases cited by Serrani stand for the proposition that a newspaper article constitutes a public record. Rather, the public records exception generally pertains to records that are on file with a public agency, as the public has the right to know the "true contents of th[ose] records." Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohen, 420 U.S. 469, 666*666 495, 95 S.Ct. 1029, 1046, 43 L.Ed.2d 328 (1975). The charge given the jury therefore correctly stated applicable law.

D. Damages

Serrani also claims Sargeant failed to prove any damages. Deft's Mem. at 19.^[12] He first argues that the plaintiff suffered no damage because he received a full salary while on sick leave. Sargeant sought damages not for lost salary, however, but for injuries to his right of privacy. See Jonap, 1 Conn.App. at 561, 474 A.2d 800. Recognizing this fact, Serrani also claims that Sargeant could not have sustained any injury as he "was `libel proof' because of his low reputation among his fellow officers" prior to the Mayor's statements. Deft's Mem. at 19 (emphasis omitted). Serrani ignores the testimony of Lieutenant Francis Cronin, who testified that Sargeant had been held in high esteem prior to his injury, and he further testified that many officers understood Sargeant's predicament in remaining on sick leave while awaiting action on his application for a disability pension. The question of Sargeant's reputation thus was one of fact for the jury to resolve.^[13] Accordingly, Serrani's arguments concerning the damages phase of this trial are without merit.

IV. Weight of the Evidence

Finally, Serrani claims that "the evidence is overwhelming that the Mayor only responded to a storm of press coverage concerning the important public issue of abuse of sick leave, and the Plaintiff was the `paradigm' of this problem." Deft's Mem. at 20-21. Therefore, Serrani argues, the Court erred in entering judgment against him on Sargeant's claims of invasion of privacy.^[14]

Serrani's claim requires a brief review of the evidence. Sargeant offered both testimony and documents upon which a reasonable jury could have found that the Mayor based his statements concerning Sargeant upon newspaper articles he had read in The Advocate, despite his belief that The Advocate was not a reliable newspaper. Further, Serrani admitted that under Stamford's Charter he possessed the authority as Mayor to examine any data in the possession of any officer, department, or board of the City, and he further admitted that he did not rely on this authority to investigate the true facts concerning Sargeant's sick leave and application for a disability pension. Indeed, the jury could have found that the Mayor relied exclusively for his facts on the articles in The Advocate, given Police Chief Considine's testimony that the Mayor never discussed Sargeant's situation with him. Serrani's reliance on newspaper articles for his facts despite his disbelief in the newspaper's credibility, and his failure to investigate the issue despite his authority to do so, support a finding that he 667*667 acted in reckless disregard of the truth of his statements.

Serrani also knew or should have known that his statements were false because of the actions taken by the State Board of Mediation and Arbitration, attorney Cohen, and the City of Stamford. Serrani stated that Sargeant had been fired once and "should be fired again" despite the fact that the Board of Mediation and Arbitration, in a published opinion, reversed the plaintiff's termination and ordered his reinstatement, a decision the City did not appeal. See Exh. 12. Following the Mayor's comments attorney Cohen was quoted in two separate newspaper articles to the effect that the Mayor was uninformed about the facts, see Exhs. 14, 512. After these articles appeared Serrani drafted and sent his two-page letter to the police officers of Stamford, naming Sargeant as the primary example of the abuse of the sick leave system. See Exh. 17. Attorney Cohen then published his commentary on January 8, 1989, generally criticizing the City's delay in processing disability pension applications. See Exh. 19. Nonetheless, on January 14, 1989, Serrani again accused Sargeant of exploiting "loopholes" in the system, and stating that Sargeant's actions hurt people with "legitimate disabilities." Exh. 12. Serrani made these statements despite the fact that the City itself consistently took the position, based on the opinion of all of the medical experts, that Sargeant suffered from a legitimate disability.

Under these circumstances, where all of the reliable information contradicted his statements, the jury reasonably could have found, by clear and convincing evidence, that Serrani spoke and wrote with the awareness that his statements were false or that he did so with reckless disregard of their truth. The evidence thus supports the jury's finding of liability on Sargeant's claim of invasion of privacy by false light. See Time, Inc. v. Hill, 385 U.S. 374, 87 S.Ct. 534, 17 L.Ed.2d 456 (1967); Goodrich, 188 Conn. at 126-28, 448 A.2d 1317.

Serrani also argues that the evidence was insufficient to support the jury's verdict on Sargeant's claim of invasion of privacy by unreasonable publication. See Deft's Mem. at 20. The jury was charged that to prove this claim, Sargeant had to establish three elements: (1) Serrani made public statements or made statements he knew would be made public; (2) Serrani's statements dealt with facts that were not of "legitimate concern" to the public; and (3) Serrani's statements would be considered highly offensive by a reasonable person in Sargeant's position.^[15] In giving an affirmative answer on this Count, the jury concluded that Serrani's public statements would be considered highly offensive by a reasonable person. Serrani argues, however, that the evidence introduced at trial demonstrated that his statements were of legitimate public concern. See id. at 20-21.

The Court directed the jury, when addressing the question of whether Serrani's comments touched matters of legitimate public concern, to consider the social value of the facts contained in his statements, the degree to which a reasonable person considers those facts private, and the degree to which Sargeant voluntarily revealed those facts publicly himself or sought to keep them private. See Goodrich, 188 Conn. at 130-32, 448 A.2d 1317. A reasonable person would consider Sargeant's medical diagnosis to be a private fact, and Sargeant did not voluntarily reveal this fact but actively sought to keep it private. See, e.g., Exh. 37 (letter from Cohen to Police Department) ("We wish to notify you of a continuing objection on behalf of Lt. Sargeant to any disclosure of his personnel or medical files ... because such a disclosure would constitute an invasion of Lt. Sargeant's personal privacy."). Further, while the issue of sick leave was a matter of some social value, the jury reasonably could find that the nature of Sargeant's disability was not, particularly as Serrani publicized false facts concerning Sargeant's condition. Cf. Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn, 420 U.S. 469, 489-90, 95 S.Ct. 1029, 1043-44, 43 L.Ed.2d 328 (1975). Finally, the last of Serrani's 668*668 comments occurred after the City and the police officers' union had agreed on a contract that corrected some of the perceived problems with the sick leave policy, and therefore this comment had no relevance to any ongoing public debate. See supra note 8 and accompanying text. As the jury thus reasonably could conclude that Serrani's comments concerning Sargeant did not address a matter of legitimate public concern, the Court is convinced that the jury did not reach a "seriously erroneous result" as to this claim. Katara v. D.E. Jones Commodities, Inc., 835 F.2d 966, 970 (2d Cir.1987). Accordingly, the weight of the evidence supports the jury's finding of liability on Sargeant's claims of invasion of privacy by false light and by unreasonable publicity.^[16]

CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, the defendant's motion for a new trial is hereby DENIED.

SO ORDERED.

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