The words `privileges and immunities' relate to the rights of persons, place or property; a privilege is a peculiar right, a private law, conceded to particular persons or places

—holding that the First Amendment "wholly prohibits the action of the legislative or judicial power of the Union on the subject matter of a religious establishment, or any restraint on the free exercise of religion

While riding on circuit, Supreme Court Justice Henry Baldwin rejected recent holdings of Pennsylvania's highest court, as well as contrary pronouncements by the state legislature, and held that the constitution and laws of Pennsylvania required allowing unincorporated religious groups to take property by devise.

The orthodox view of the Privileges and Immunities Clause was that it did not limit how a state treats its own citizens.

From a general perspective, some federal courts have held that “[t] he words 'privileges and immunities' [only] relate to the rights of persons, place or property

Beacons were seen as central to the community's well-being, so that the erection of beacons was a charitable purpose.

In only a few instances did courts find a state law to violate the privileges and immunities clause, and those cases, interestingly, all involved core privileges of trade and commerce or rights that could be described as those of an alien friend

Curtis cites several state court decisions that suggest the Bill of Rights might have constrained the states, even after the Barron decision.

See, for example, Pfeffer, Church, Stqte & Freedom at 117 (cited in note 100)(stating that there is "no indication in any of the debates or writings that the purpose of the stylistic change was to leave the executive and judicial branches of government free of the restriction imposed on the Congress'); Levy, Legacy of Suppression at 233-34 (cited in note 99

In order to execute the duty required of them, it was necessary for the judges to examine the code of English statute law from the beginning to incorporated as statutes into the law of Pennsylvania

[CITATION] Tabellarischer Überblick der US-amerikanischen Entscheidungen

[PDF] IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE