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These are the selected anniversaries for July that appear on the United States portal.

1. The "edit" links edit the portal subpages that are displayed as sections here.
2. The layout design for these subpages is at Portal:United States/Anniversaries/Layout.

See also

• Yearly "...in the United States" articles, such as 2024 in the United States.
• United States history categories (Select [+] to view subcategories)

July 1

Portal:United States/Anniversaries/July/July 1

• 1863 – The Battle of Gettysburg, one of the most famous battles of the Civil War, begins.
• 1870 – The Department of Justice (seal pictured) formally comes into existence.
• 1879 – Charles Taze Russell publishes the first edition of the religious magazine The Watchtower.
• 1892 – The Homestead strike, a strike by the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers against the Carnegie Steel Company, begins.
• 1984 – The PG–13 rating is introduced by the MPAA.
• 1987 – Radio station WFAN in New York City is launched as the world's first all-sports radio station.

Edit July 1 anniversaries • July 1 anniversaries on English Wikipedia

July 2

Portal:United States/Anniversaries/July/July 2

• 1777 – Vermont becomes the first American territory to abolish slavery.
• 1839 – Twenty miles off the coast of Cuba, 53 rebelling African slaves led by Joseph Cinqué (pictured) take over the slave ship Amistad. After the ship was captured in American waters, the Supreme Court would rule that the Africans mutinied to regain their freedom after being kidnapped and sold illegally.
• 1881 – Charles J. Guiteau shoots and fatally wounds President James Garfield, who would eventually die from an infection on September 19.
• 1890 – Congress passes the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
• 1937 – Amelia Earhart and navigator Fred Noonan are last heard from over the Pacific Ocean while attempting to make the first equatorial round-the-world flight.
• 1964 – President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964, meant to prohibit segregation in public places.

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July 3

Portal:United States/Anniversaries/July/July 3

• 1775 – George Washington takes command of the Continental Army at Cambridge, Massachusetts.
• 1852 – Congress establishes the United States's second mint in San Francisco, California.
• 1878 – George M. Cohan (pictured), considered the father of American musical comedy and known in the decade before World War I as "the man who owned Broadway", was born.
• 1884 – Dow Jones and Company publishes its first stock average.
• 1890 – Idaho is admitted as the 43rd U.S. state.
• 1952 – Puerto Rico's Constitution is approved by the United States Congress.

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July 4

Portal:United States/Anniversaries/July/July 4

Today is Independence Day in the United States.

• 1776 – The Second Continental Congress declares itself free of British rule with the publishing of the Declaration of Independence (pictured).
• 1802 – At West Point, New York the United States Military Academy opens.
• 1804 – Nathaniel Hawthorne, author of The Scarlet Letter, is born.
• 1939 – Lou Gehrig, recently diagnosed with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, tells a crowd at Yankee Stadium that he considered himself "The luckiest man on the face of the earth" as he announces his retirement from major league baseball.
• 1966 – President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Freedom of Information Act into law.

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July 5

Portal:United States/Anniversaries/July/July 5

• 1935 – The National Labor Relations Act, which governs labor relations in the United States, is signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
• 1937 – Spam (pictured), the canned luncheon meat, is introduced into the market by the Hormel Foods Corporation.
• 1954 – Elvis Presley has his first commercial recording session. He sang That's All Right (Mama) and Blue Moon of Kentucky.
• 1971 – The Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, lowering the voting age from 21 to 18 years, is formally certified by President Richard Nixon.
• 1989 – Oliver North is sentenced by U.S. District Judge Gerhard A. Gesell to a three-year suspended prison term, two years probation, $150,000 in fines and 1,200 hours community service for his role in the Iran–Contra affair.

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July 6

Portal:United States/Anniversaries/July/July 6

• 1785 – The dollar is chosen as the monetary unit for the United States.
• 1887 – David Kalakaua (pictured), monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii, is forced at gunpoint to sign the 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii, which supposedly set up a constitutional monarchy but in reality transferred most power to American and European elites.
• 1892 – 3,800 striking steelworkers engage in a day-long battle with Pinkerton agents during the Homestead Strike, leaving 10 dead and dozens wounded.
• 1933 – The first Major League Baseball All-Star Game is played in Chicago's Comiskey Park. The American League defeats the National League, 4 to 2.
• 1986 – Davis Phinney became the first American cyclist to win a road stage of the Tour de France.

Edit July 6 anniversaries • July 6 anniversaries on English Wikipedia

July 7

Portal:United States/Anniversaries/July/July 7

• 1798 – Congress rescinds treaties with France sparking the "Quasi-War".
• 1863 – United States begins its first military draft; exemptions cost $300.
• 1898 – President William McKinley signs the Newlands Resolution, annexing Hawaii as a territory of the United States.
• 1928 – Sliced bread (pictured) is sold for the first time by the Chillicothe Baking Company of Chillicothe, Missouri.
• 1930 – Industrialist Henry J. Kaiser begins construction of the Boulder Dam (now known as Hoover Dam).
• 1952 – The ocean liner SS United States passes Bishop's Rock on her maiden voyage, breaking the transatlantic speed record to become the fastest passenger ship in the world.
• 1958 – President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the Alaska Statehood Act into law.

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July 8

Portal:United States/Anniversaries/July/July 8

• 1839 – Industrialist and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller (pictured) is born.
• 1889 – The first issue of the Wall Street Journal is published.
• 1932 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average reaches its lowest level of the Great Depression, bottoming out at 41.22.
• 1947 – Reports are broadcast that an Unidentified flying object crash landed in Roswell, New Mexico.
• 1948 – The United States Air Force accepts its first female recruits into a program called Women in the Air Force (WAF).
• 1970 – Richard Nixon delivers a special congressional message enunciating Native American Self-Determination as official US Indian policy, leading to the Indian Self-Determination Act.

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July 9

Portal:United States/Anniversaries/July/July 9

• 1846 – By an Act of Congress, a 39-square-mile (100 km²) area south of the Potomac River that had been a part of Washington, DC is returned to Virginia.
• 1850 – President Zachary Taylor dies sixteen months into his term in office and Millard Fillmore becomes the 13th President of the United States.
• 1868 – The 14th Amendment is ratified, guaranteeing African Americans full citizenship and giving all persons in the United States due process of law.
• 1918 – In Nashville, Tennessee, an inbound local train collides (pictured) with an outbound express train, killing 101 and injuring 171 people, making it the deadliest rail accident in United States history.
• 1922 – Johnny Weissmuller swims the 100 meters freestyle in 58.6 seconds breaking a world swimming record and the 'minute barrier'.
• 1962 – Andy Warhol's Campbell's Soup Cans exhibition opens at the Ferus Gallery in Los Angeles.

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July 10

Portal:United States/Anniversaries/July/July 10

• 1778 – Louis XVI of France declares war on the Kingdom of Great Britain, diverting British attention, troops, and supplies from the American Revolutionary War.
• 1890 – Wyoming is admitted as the 44th U.S. state.
• 1913 – Death Valley, California (pictured) hits 134 °F (~56.7 °C), the highest temperature ever recorded in the United States.
• 1962 – Telstar, the world's first communications satellite, is launched into orbit.
• 1966 – The Chicago Freedom Movement, led by Martin Luther King Jr., holds a rally at Soldier Field in Chicago, Illinois. As many as 60,000 people came to hear Dr. King as well as musicians Mahalia Jackson, Stevie Wonder, and Peter, Paul and Mary.
• 1992 – In Miami, Florida, former Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega is sentenced to 40 years in prison for drug and racketeering violations.

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July 11

Portal:United States/Anniversaries/July/July 11

• 1767 – John Quincy Adams, sixth President of the United States and considered to be one of the greatest diplomats in American history, is born.
• 1796 – The United States takes possession of Detroit from Great Britain under terms of the Jay Treaty.
• 1804 – Vice President Aaron Burr mortally wounds former Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton in a duel.
• 1921 – Former President William Howard Taft (pictured) is sworn in as 10th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, becoming the only person to ever serve as both President and Chief Justice.
• 1955 – The phrase In God We Trust is added to all US currency.
• 1960 – To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee is first published.

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July 12

Portal:United States/Anniversaries/July/July 12

• 1817 – American author, poet, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, and leading transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau (pictured) was born.
• 1812 – The United States invades Canada at Windsor, Ontario as part of the War of 1812.
• 1862 – The Medal of Honor, the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government, is authorized by the Congress.
• 1917 – The Bisbee Deportation occurs as vigilantes kidnap] and deport nearly 1,300 striking miners and others from Bisbee, Arizona.
• 1967 – The Newark riots, which were sparked when two white policemen beat an African-American cabdriver until he needed to be hospitalized, began in Newark, New Jersey. The riots would leave 26 dead, 725 injured, and cause ten million dollars in damages.
• 1979 – Disco Demolition Night, a promotional event which involved the demolition of a crate of disco music records, is held at Comiskey Park, in Chicago, Illinois.

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July 13

Portal:United States/Anniversaries/July/July 13

• 1787 – The Continental Congress enacts the Northwest Ordinance, establishing governing rules for the Northwest Territory. It also established procedures for the admission of new states and limited the expansion of slavery.
• 1863 – In New York City, opponents of conscription begin three days of rioting, regarded as the worst riot in United States history.
• 1923 – The Hollywood Sign (modern version pictured) is officially dedicated in the hills above Hollywood, Los Angeles. It originally read "Hollywoodland", but the four last letters were dropped after renovation in 1949.
• 1973 – Alexander Butterfield, deputy assistant to President Richard Nixon, reveals the existence of the Nixon tapes to the special Senate committee investigating the Watergate break in.
• 1985 – The Live Aid benefit concert, which featured three dozen world famous musical artists and bands, takes place in Philadelphia's John F. Kennedy Stadium, as well as in London, with companion concerts around the world.

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July 14

Portal:United States/Anniversaries/July/July 14

• 1798 – The Sedition Act becomes law in the United States making it a federal crime to write, publish, or utter false or malicious statements about the [nited States government.
• 1881 – Notorious Wild West outlaw Billy the Kid is shot and killed by Pat Garrett outside Fort Sumner, then in the New Mexico Territory.
• 1900 – Armies of the Eight-Nation Alliance, of which the United States was a member, capture Tientsin during the Boxer Rebellion in China.
• 1960 – Jane Goodall arrives at the Gombe Stream National Park in present-day Tanzania to begin her famous study of chimpanzees in the wild.
• 1965 – The Mariner 4 flyby of Mars takes the first close-up photos of another planet.
• 1969 – The United States $500, $1,000, $5,000 and $10,000 bills ($5000 bill pictured) are officially withdrawn from circulation.

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July 15

Portal:United States/Anniversaries/July/July 15

• 1838 – Ralph Waldo Emerson delivers the Divinity School Address at Harvard Divinity School, discounting Biblical miracles and declaring Jesus a great man, but not God. The Protestant community reacts with outrage.
• 1806 – United States Army Lieutenant Zebulon Pike begins an expedition from Fort Bellefontaine near St. Louis, Missouri, to explore west. Pike's account of the expedition, including his capture and release by Spanish forces in Mexico, became so popular that it was translated and sold in Europe.
• 1870 – Georgia becomes the last of the former Confederate states to be readmitted to the Union.
• 1916 – In Seattle, Washington, William Boeing (pictured) and George Conrad Westervelt incorporate Pacific Aero Products, which would later be renamed Boeing.
• 1959 – The steel strike of 1959 begins, leading to significant importation of foreign steel for the first time in United States history.
• 2003 – AOL Time Warner disbands Netscape Communications Corporation. The Mozilla Foundation is established on the same day.

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July 16

Portal:United States/Anniversaries/July/July 16

• 1769 – Father Junípero Serra founds Mission San Diego de Alcalá, the first mission in California. The mission later evolves into the city of San Diego.
• 1945 – The Atomic Age begins when the United States successfully detonates (pictured) a plutonium-based test nuclear weapon at the Trinity site near Alamogordo, New Mexico.
• 1955 – The original Disneyland park opens in Anaheim, California.
• 1957 – United States Marine Major John Glenn flies a F8U Crusader supersonic jet from California to New York in 3 hours, 23 minutes and 8 seconds setting a new transcontinental speed record. Glenn would later be selected by NASA for training as an astronaut on account of his experience with supersonic flight.
• 1999 – John F. Kennedy Jr., his wife Carolyn Bessette Kennedy, and sister-in-law Lauren Bessette are killed in a plane crash off the coast of Martha's Vineyard. The Piper Saratoga aircraft was piloted by Kennedy.

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July 17

Portal:United States/Anniversaries/July/July 17

• 1867 – Harvard School of Dental Medicine, the first dental school in United States, is established in Boston.
• 1944 – Near the San Francisco Bay, two ships laden with ammunition for combat in World War II explode in Port Chicago, California, killing 320.
• 1945 – President Harry Truman, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, the three main Allied leaders of World War II, begin their final summit of the war, the Potsdam Conference. The meeting would end on August 2.
• 1975 – An American Apollo and a Soviet Soyuz dock with each other in orbit as part of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, marking the first link-up between spacecraft from the two nations.
• 1989 – The first flight of the B-2 Spirit stealth bomber (pictured) takes place.

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July 18

Portal:United States/Anniversaries/July/July 18

• 1863 – One of the first formal African American military units, the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, unsuccessfully assaults Confederate-held Battery Wagner in the Second Battle of Fort Wagner (pictured). Despite suffering heavy losses, the 54th was widely acclaimed for its valor during the battle, and the event helped encourage the further enlistment and mobilization of African-American troops.
• 1914 – The U.S. Congress forms the Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps, indicating for the first time the Army's intent to make aircraft a permanent part of the military.
• 1921 – John Glenn, the first American astronaut to orbit the Earth, was born.
• 1937 – Hunter S. Thompson, the creator of Gonzo journalism, was born.
• 1969 – After a party on Chappaquiddick Island, Senator Ted Kennedy from Massachusetts drives off a wooden bridge into a tide-swept pond, leading to the death of his passenger, Mary Jo Kopechne.

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July 19

Portal:United States/Anniversaries/July/July 19

• 1848 – The two day Women's Rights Convention opens in Seneca Falls, New York. "Bloomers" (pictured), which come to be heavily associated with the feminism movement, are introduced at the convention.
• 1863 – At Buffington Island in Ohio, Confederate General John Hunt Morgan's raid into the north is mostly thwarted when a large group of his men are captured while trying to escape across the Ohio River.
• 1942 – In a major Allied victory in the Battle of the Atlantic, German Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz orders the last U-boats to withdraw from their positions off the Atlantic coast of the United States in response to the effective American convoy system.
• 1963 – Joe Walker flies a North American X-15 to a record altitude of 106,010 metres (347,800 feet) on X-15 Flight 90. Exceeding an altitude of 100 km, this flight qualifies as a human spaceflight under international convention.
• 1983 – Michael W. Vannier, Jeffrey L. Marsh, and James O. Warren publish the first three-dimensional reconstruction of a human head using Computed tomography (CT).

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July 20

Portal:United States/Anniversaries/July/July 20

• 1926 – A convention of the Southern Methodist Church votes to allow women to become ministers.
• 1934 – Police in Minneapolis, Minnesota fire upon truck drivers who were striking as part of the Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934, killing two and wounding sixty-seven.
• 1940 – President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Hatch Act of 1939, limiting political activity by Federal government employees.
• 1942 – The first unit of the Women's Army Corps begins training in Des Moines, Iowa.
• 1948 – In New York City, twelve leaders of the Communist Party USA are indicted under the Smith Act including William Z. Foster and Gus Hall.
• 1969 – Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin land on the Moon (pictured), becoming the first humans to do so. They would walk on the surface of the moon the next day.

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July 21

Portal:United States/Anniversaries/July/July 21

• 1873 – At Adair, Iowa, Jesse James and the James–Younger Gang pull off the first successful train robbery in the American Old West.
• 1899 – Ernest Hemingway, author of such classics of American literature as A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, and The Old Man and the Sea, is born.
• 1925 – In Dayton, Tennessee, the Scopes Trial concludes. High school biology teacher John T. Scopes is found guilty of teaching evolution in class and is fined $100.
• 1938 – Janet Reno, the first female United States Attorney General, is born.
• 1969 – Having landed on the moon late the previous day, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin become the first men to walk on the Moon, as part of the Apollo 11 mission.
• 1997 – The fully restored USS Constitution (pictured), also known as Old Ironsides, celebrates her 200th birthday by setting sail for the first time in 116 years.

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July 22

Portal:United States/Anniversaries/July/July 22

• 1796 – Surveyors of the Connecticut Land Company name an area in Ohio "Cleveland" after Gen. Moses Cleaveland, the superintendent of the surveying party.
• 1849 – Emma Lazarus (pictured), who's sonnet "The New Colossus" appears on the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty, is born.
• 1934 – Outside of Chicago's Biograph Theater, gangster and bank-robber John Dillinger, known by the moniker "Public Enemy No. 1", is mortally wounded by FBI agents.
• 1937 – The Senate votes down President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's proposal to add more justices to the Supreme Court.
• 1993 – During the Great Flood of 1993, levees near Kaskaskia, Illinois rupture, forcing the entire town to evacuate by barges operated by the Army Corps of Engineers.

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July 23

Portal:United States/Anniversaries/July/July 23

• 1903 – Ford Motor Company sells its first car.
• 1926 – Fox Film buys the patents for the Movietone sound system, a sound-on-film system for motion pictures which guarantees that the visual and audio components of a film are synchronized.
• 1940 – Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles issues a declaration on the U.S. non-recognition policy of the Soviet annexation and incorporation of three Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
• 1962 – The communications satellite Telstar (pictured) relays the first live trans-Atlantic television signal.
• 1967 – The 12th Street Riot breaks out in Detroit, Michigan. It would result in 43 deaths, 342 injurues, and 1,400 destroyed buildings.
• 1972 – The satellite Landsat 1, designed to collect environmental, geological, and agricultural information on Earth, is launched.

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July 24

Portal:United States/Anniversaries/July/July 24

• 1897 – Amelia Earhart (pictured), known both for accomplishments as an aviation pioneer and for her disappearance over the central Pacific Ocean, was born.
• 1943 – Operation Gomorrah, a massive bombing campaign targeting the city of Hamburg, begins. American airplanes bomb the city by day, and British and Canadian airplanes bomb the city by night. By the end of the operation in November, 9,000 tons of explosives will have killed more than 30,000 people and destroyed 280,000 buildings.
• 1950 – Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, the military base adjacent to the civilian run Kennedy Space Center, launches its first rocket, a Bumper V-2.
• 1959 – At the opening of the American National Exhibition in Moscow, Vice President Richard Nixon and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev hold the "Kitchen Debate".
• 1974 – The Supreme Court unanimously rules that President Richard Nixon does not have the authority to withhold subpoenaed White House tapes, and that Nixon must surrender the tapes to the special prosecutor investigating the Watergate scandal.

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July 25

Portal:United States/Anniversaries/July/July 25

• 1722 – Dummer's War, a series of battles between British colonists and the Wabanaki Confederacy, begins.
• 1866 – Congress passes legislation authorizing the rank of General of the Army. Ulysses S. Grant (pictured) becomes the first officer to hold the rank, and one of two to become President of the United States after holding the rank (the other being Dwight D. Eisenhower.)
• 1898 – The land invasion of Puerto Rico by the United States begins with U.S. troops landing at harbor of Guánica, Puerto Rico. Sea-based shelling of the capital city of San Juan had been taking place since May in preparation for the landing.
• 1946 – An atomic bomb is detonated underwater in the lagoon of Bikini Atoll as part of Operation Crossroads.
• 1969 – In response to a lack of combat success in the Vietnam War and public pressure at home, President Richard Nixon outlines the Nixon Doctrine, which states that the United States now expects its Asian allies to take charge of their own military defenses.

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July 26

Portal:United States/Anniversaries/July/July 26

• 1788 – New York ratifies the United States Constitution, becoming the 11th state.
• 1941 – World War II: In response to the Japanese occupation of French Indo-China, President Franklin D. Roosevelt orders the seizure of all Japanese assets in the United States.
• 1947 – President Harry S. Truman signs the National Security Act into law, creating the Central Intelligence Agency, reorganizing the U.S. Armed Forces, and establishing the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
• 1948 – President Harry S. Truman signs Executive Order 9981, officially ending racial segregation in the military.
• 1963 – Syncom 2 (pictured), the world's first communication satellite to fly in geosynchronous orbit, is launched.
• 1990 – The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 is signed into law by President George H. W. Bush.

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July 27

Portal:United States/Anniversaries/July/July 27

• 1789 – After being approved by Congress six days earlier, President George Washington signs into law a bill creating the first federal executive department, the Department of Foreign Affairs. It is later renamed the Department of State.
• 1928 – The animated short "A Wild Hare" is released, introducing the cartoon character Bugs Bunny.
• 1938 Gary Gygax, co-creator of Dungeons & Dragons and the father of role-playing games, is born.
• 1953 – The United States, The People's Republic of China, and North Korea sign an armistice agreement, ending combat in the Korean War. Syngman Rhee, the president of South Korea, refuses to sign the armistice but pledges to observe it. Because a peace treaty was never signed, the war has yet to technically end.
• 1974 – The House of Representatives Judiciary Committee votes 27 to 11 to recommend impeachment proceedings begin against President Richard Nixon for obstruction of justice.
• 1995 – In Washington, DC, the Korean War Veterans Memorial (pictured) is dedicated.

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July 28

Portal:United States/Anniversaries/July/July 28

• 1868 – The 14th Amendment to the Constitution is passed, establishing African American citizenship and guaranteeing due process of law.
• 1896 – The City of Miami, Florida is incorporated.
• 1932 – Under orders from President Herbert Hoover, a military force under the command of General Douglas MacArthur and Major George S. Patton forcefully dispersed (pictured) the Bonus Army, a group of World War I veterans who had assembled in Washington D.C. to demand cash redemption of their service certificates. Public backlash would contribute to Hoover's defeat at the hands of Franklin Delano Roosevelt in Hoover's 1932 reelection campaign.
• 1945 – A US Army B-25 bomber accidentally crashes into the 79th floor of the Empire State Building killing 14 injuring 26.
• 1996 – Kennewick Man, the remains of a prehistoric man, was discovered near Kennewick, Washington.

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July 29

Portal:United States/Anniversaries/July/July 29

• 1858 – United States and Japan sign the Harris Treaty, which opens up Japanese ports to American trade and grants foreigners extraterritoriality.
• 1864 – Confederate spy Belle Boyd is arrested by Union troops and detained at the Old Capitol Prison in Washington, DC.
• 1920 – Construction of the Link River Dam begins as part of the Klamath Reclamation Project.
• 1958 – President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs into law the National Aeronautics and Space Act, which creates the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
• 1965 – Vietnam War: The first 4,000 101st Airborne Division paratroopers arrive in Vietnam, landing at Cam Ranh Bay.
• 1967 – In the worst U.S. naval disaster since World War II, the USS Forrestal catches on fire (pictured) off the coast of North Vietnam, killing 134.

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July 30

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• 1619 – In Jamestown, Virginia, the first representative assembly in the America, the House of Burgesses, convenes for the first time.
• 1863 – Henry Ford (pictured), industrialist, founder of the Ford Motor Company, and sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production, is born.
• 1932 – Flowers and Trees, the first Academy Award winning cartoon and first cartoon short to use Technicolor, premieres.
• 1956 – A Joint resolution of Congress is signed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, authorizing "In God We Trust" as the national motto.
• 1965 – President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Social Security Act of 1965 into law, establishing Medicare and Medicaid.
• 1975 – Teamsters Union president Jimmy Hoffa disappears from the parking lot of the Machus Red Fox restaurant in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit, at about 2:30 p.m. He is never seen or heard from again.

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July 31

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• 1777 – Congress passes a resolution that commissions French aristocrat Lafayette (pictured) as a major-general of the United States army. Lafayette would become a key military leader in the Revolutionary War.
• 1790 – Samuel Hopkins is issued the first patent issued by the government of the United States.
• 1930 – The radio mystery program The Shadow is aired for the first time.
• 1961 – At Fenway Park in Boston, the first tie in a Major League Baseball All-Star Game occurs when the game is stopped in the 9th inning because of rain.
• 1964 – The space probe Ranger 7 sends back the first close-up photographs of the moon. The images are a thousand times clearer than anything ever seen from earth-bound telescopes.
• 1976 – NASA releases the famous Face on Mars photo, which had been taken by the Viking 1 satellite.

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