While there is much commonality, different parts of the tree of life use slightly different genetic codes.[1] When translating from genome to protein, the use of the correct genetic code is essential. The mitochondrial codes are the relatively well-known examples of variation. The translation table list below follows the numbering and designation by NCBI.[2] Four novel alternative genetic codes were discovered in bacterial genomes by Shulgina and Eddy using their codon assignment software Codetta, and validated by analysis of tRNA anticodons and identity elements;[3] these codes are not currently adopted at NCBI, but are numbered here 34-37, and specified in the table below.
- The standard code
- The vertebrate mitochondrial code
- The yeast mitochondrial code
- The mold, protozoan, and coelenterate mitochondrial code and the mycoplasma/spiroplasma code
- The invertebrate mitochondrial code
- The ciliate, dasycladacean and hexamita nuclear code
- The deleted kinetoplast code; cf. table 4.
- deleted, cf. table 1.
- The echinoderm and flatworm mitochondrial code
- The euplotid nuclear code
- The bacterial, archaeal and plant plastid code
- The alternative yeast nuclear code
- The ascidian mitochondrial code
- The alternative flatworm mitochondrial code
- The Blepharisma nuclear code[4]
- The chlorophycean mitochondrial code
- (none)
- (none)
- (none)
- (none)
- The trematode mitochondrial code
- The Scenedesmus obliquus mitochondrial code
- The Thraustochytrium mitochondrial code
- The Pterobranchia mitochondrial code
- The candidate division SR1 and gracilibacteria code
- The Pachysolen tannophilus nuclear code
- The karyorelict nuclear code
- The Condylostoma nuclear code
- The Mesodinium nuclear code
- The peritrich nuclear code
- The Blastocrithidia nuclear code
- The Balanophoraceae plastid code (not shown on web)[4][5]
- The Cephalodiscidae mitochondrial code
- The Enterosoma code[3]
- The Peptacetobacter code[3]
- The Anaerococcus and Onthovivens code[3]
- The Absconditabacterales code[3]
The alternative translation tables (2 to 37) involve codon reassignments that are recapitulated in the DNA and RNA codon tables.
Table summary
[edit]Comparison of alternative translation tables for all codons (using IUPAC amino acid codes):
Amino-acid biochemical properties | Nonpolar | Polar | Basic | Acidic | Termination: stop codon * |
Codon | Translation table ID (see above) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | |
TTT | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F |
TTC | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F |
TTA | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | * | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
TTG | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
TCT | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
TCC | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
TCA | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | * | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
TCG | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
TAT | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
TAC | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
TAA | * | * | * | * | * | Q | * | * | * | * | * | Y | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | Q | Q | Y | E | E | * | Y | * | * | * | * |
TAG | * | * | * | * | * | Q | * | * | * | * | * | * | Q | L | * | L | * | * | * | * | Q | Q | Y | E | E | W | * | * | * | * | * |
TGT | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C |
TGC | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C |
TGA | * | W | W | W | W | * | W | C | * | * | W | W | * | * | W | * | * | W | G | * | W | W | * | * | W | * | W | * | * | * | G |
TGG | W | W | W | W | W | W | W | W | W | W | W | W | W | W | W | W | W | W | W | W | W | W | W | W | W | W | W | W | W | W | W |
CTT | L | L | T | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
CTC | L | L | T | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
CTA | L | L | T | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
CTG | L | L | T | L | L | L | L | L | L | S | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | A | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
CCT | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P |
CCC | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P |
CCA | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P |
CCG | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P |
CAT | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H |
CAC | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H |
CAA | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q |
CAG | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q |
CGT | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
CGC | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
CGA | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | W |
CGG | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | Q | W | W |
ATT | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I |
ATC | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I |
ATA | I | M | M | I | M | I | I | I | I | I | M | I | I | I | M | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I |
ATG | M | M | M | M | M | M | M | M | M | M | M | M | M | M | M | M | M | M | M | M | M | M | M | M | M | M | M | M | M | M | M |
ACT | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T |
ACC | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T |
ACA | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T |
ACG | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T |
AAT | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N |
AAC | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N |
AAA | K | K | K | K | K | K | N | K | K | K | K | N | K | K | N | K | K | K | K | K | K | K | K | K | K | K | K | K | K | K | K |
AAG | K | K | K | K | K | K | K | K | K | K | K | K | K | K | K | K | K | K | K | K | K | K | K | K | K | K | K | K | K | K | K |
AGT | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
AGC | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
AGA | R | * | R | R | S | R | S | R | R | R | G | S | R | R | S | R | R | S | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | R | R | R | R |
AGG | R | * | R | R | S | R | S | R | R | R | G | S | R | R | S | R | R | K | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | K | M | R | R | R |
GTT | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V |
GTC | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V |
GTA | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V |
GTG | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | V |
GCT | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A |
GCC | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A |
GCA | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A |
GCG | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A |
GAT | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
GAC | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
GAA | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E |
GAG | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E |
GGT | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G |
GGC | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G |
GGA | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G |
GGG | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G | G |
Notes
[edit]Three translation tables have a peculiar status:
- Table 7 is now merged into translation table 4.
- Table 8 is merged to table 1; all plant chloroplast differences due to RNA edit.
- Table 32 is not shown on the web page, but is present in the ASN.1 format "gc.prt" release.[4]
Other mechanisms also play a part in protein biosynthesis, such as post-transcriptional modification.
References
[edit]- ^ Watanabe, Kimitsuna; Suzuki, Tsutomu (2001). "Genetic Code and its Variants". Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. doi:10.1038/npg.els.0000810. ISBN 047001590X.
- ^ Elzanowski, Andrzej; Jim Ostell (7 July 2010). "The Genetic Codes". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
- ^ a b c d e Shulgina, Yekaterina; Eddy, Sean R. (9 November 2021). "A computational screen for alternative genetic codes in over 250,000 genomes". eLife. 10. doi:10.7554/eLife.71402. PMC 8629427. PMID 34751130.
- ^ a b c "NCBI genetic code table in ASN-1 format, with changelog: gc.prt".
- ^ Su, Huei-Jiun; Barkman, Todd J.; Hao, Weilong; Jones, Samuel S.; Naumann, Julia; Skippington, Elizabeth; Wafula, Eric K.; Hu, Jer-Ming; Palmer, Jeffrey D.; DePamphilis, Claude W. (15 January 2019). "Novel genetic code and record-setting AT-richness in the highly reduced plastid genome of the holoparasitic plant Balanophora". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 116 (3): 934–943. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116..934S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1816822116. PMC 6338844. PMID 30598433.
See also
[edit]External links
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- Stefanie Gabriele Sammet; Ugo Bastolla & Markus Porto (14 June 2010). "Comparison of translation loads for standard and alternative genetic codes". BMC Evol Biol. 10 (178): 178. Bibcode:2010BMCEE..10..178S. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-178. PMC 2909233. PMID 20546599.
- Liliana Torcoroma García; Ney Ribeiro Leite; Juan D Alfonzo; Otavio Henrique Thiemann (31 July 2007). "Effects of Trypanosoma brucei tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetases silencing by RNA interference". Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 102 (6). Rio de Janeiro.