Legality of Cannabis by U.S. Jurisdiction

The Man in the Iron Mask (French L'Homme au Masque de Fer; died 19 November 1703) was an unidentified prisoner of state during the reign of King Louis XIV of France (1643–1715). Warranted for arrest on 19 July 1669 under the pseudonym of "Eustache Dauger", he was apprehended on 28 July, incarcerated on 24 August, and held for 34 years in the custody of the same jailer, Bénigne Dauvergne de Saint-Mars, in four successive French prisons, including the Bastille. When he died there on 19 November 1703, his inhumation certificate bore the pseudonym of "Marchioly".

The true identity of this prisoner remains a mystery, even though it has been extensively debated by historians, and various theories have been expounded in numerous books and articles over the last three centuries. The ordeal of this prisoner has also been the subject of fictional works such as novels, poems, plays and films.

Selected list of historical candidates[edit]

The following is an incomplete list of individuals identified by historians as possible candidates for the Man in the Iron Mask. To be included in this list, the candidate must have been proposed or discussed in a published work.

The list is initially organized in chronological order of publication date, with sortable columns, as follows:

  • Year – the publication year of the work proposing the candidate (sortable column)
  • Candidate – the person proposed as a candidate (sortable column)
  • Vital dates – the candidate's dates of birth and death, "Unknown", or blank for imaginary candidates (sortable column)
  • Notes – supplementary details about the candidate (sortable column)
  • Author(s) – the name(s) of the author(s) who proposed, or published documents on, the candidate (sortable column)
  • Ref. – one or more references to works where the candidate was proposed or discussed (this column is not sortable).
Year Candidate Vital dates Notes Author(s) Ref.
1669 A Marshall of France or President of Parlement Saint-Mars reporting to Louvois on rumours about the prisoner. Saint-Mars (letter to Louvois on 31 August) [1][2][3][4][5]
1670 "I tell them tall tales to make fun of them." Evidence of Saint-Mars himself initiating rumours when asked about the prisoner. Saint-Mars (letter to Louvois on 12 April) [1][6][7][8]
1687 "Everyone tries to guess who my prisoner might be." Saint-Mars reporting rumours to Louvois. Saint-Mars (letter to Louvois on 3 May) [9][10][11][12]
[13][14]
1687 "... all the people that one believes dead are not." 16 January 1616 –
25 June 1669 		Saint-Mars hinting at François, Duke of Beaufort, quoted in a letter attributed to Louis Fouquet. Beaufort died at the Siege of Candia.[15][16] Louis Fouquet (letter in Nouvelles Écclésiastiques on 4 September) [17][18][19][20]
1688 François, Duke of Beaufort 16 January 1616 –
25 June 1669 		Saint-Mars reporting rumours to Louvois. Beaufort died at the Siege of Candia.[15][16] Saint-Mars (letter to Louvois on 8 January); François Joseph de La Grange-Chancel [21][22][23][24]
1688 Richard Cromwell 4 October 1626 –
12 July 1712 		Saint-Mars reporting rumours to Louvois. Richard Cromwell died in Cheshunt.[25] Saint-Mars (letter to Louvois on 8 January) [26][27][28]
1688 Henry Cromwell 20 January 1628 –
23 March 1674 		Saint-Mars reporting rumours to Louvois. Henry Cromwell died in Wicken.[29] Saint-Mars (letter to Louvois on 8 January) [26][30]
1711 An English milord Mentioned in a letter from Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine to her aunt, Sophia of Hanover. Eduard Bodemann [31][32]
1719 "A man jailed as a schoolboy aged 12-13 for writing verses against the Jesuits." Answer given in c. 1703 to Renneville by Bastille turnkey Antoine Rû and surgeon Abraham Reilhe, who had both attended to the prisoner. Constantin de Renneville [33][34][35]
1745 Louis, Count of Vermandois 2 October 1667 –
18 November 1683 		Died at the Siege of Kortrijk.[36] (Anonymous); Henri Griffet [37][38][39][40]
1768 James, Duke of Monmouth 9 April 1649 –
15 July 1685 		Beheaded on Tower Hill, London.[41] Germain-François Poullain de Saint-Foix [42][43][44]
1770 Ercole Antonio Mattioli 1 December 1640 –
April 1694 		Died soon after his transfer from Pignerol to the island of Sainte-Marguerite.[45][46] Mattioli was the prime candidate for several 19th century historians.[47] Joseph-Louis, Baron de Heiss; Pierre Roux-Fazillac; Louis Dutens; Joseph Delort; George Agar-Ellis; Théodore Iung; Marius Topin; Frantz Funck-Brentano [48][49][50][51]
[52][53][54][55]
[47]
1771 A brother of Louis XIV An elder, illegitimate brother by an unknown father. Voltaire; Jean-Louis Carra; Quintin Craufurd [56][57][58][59]
1783 Yevtokiatsi Avedick 1657 –
21 July 1711 		Died in Paris and buried at the Saint-Sulpice cemetery.[60] Pierre, Chevalier de Taulès [61][62][63]
1789 Nicolas Fouquet 27 January 1615 –
23 March 1680 		Died in Pignerol.[64][65] Remains initially stored at the convent of Église Sainte-Claire in Nice and reburied in the family crypt at the Église Sainte-Marie-des-Anges in Paris, on 28 March 1681.[66] (Anonymous); Paul Lacroix; Pierre-Jacques Arrèse [67][68][69][70]
[71]
1789 A brother of Louis XIV A twin brother. Michel de Cubières; Jean-Louis Soulavie; Alexandre Dumas; Marcel Pagnol [72][73][74][75]
[76][77]
1790 A brother of Louis XIV An elder, illegitimate brother fathered by George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham; supposedly born in 1626. Louis-Pierre Manuel Charpentier [78][79][80]
1791 A brother of Louis XIV A younger brother, fathered by Mazarin. Jean Baptiste De Saint-Mihiel; Charles-Henri, baron de Gleichen [81][82][83]
1867 A spy named Guibert, brought to Pignerol by Nicolas Catinat This was Catinat himself, disguised as a new prisoner, sent by Louvois on a secret mission to capture Casale.[84] Jules Loiseleur [85][86][87]
1869 Louis de Rohan-Guéméné a.k.a. Chevalier de Rohan 1635 –
27 November 1674 		Leader of a conspiracy to overthrow Louis XIV. Beheaded at the Bastille.[88] (Anonymous, in Journal de Mâcon) [89][90][91]
1872 Louis Oldendorf Unknown Leader of a conspiracy against Louis XIV. Had several aliases but real identity unknown. Arrested in 1673 and sent to the Bastille, then released without trial.[92][93] Théodore Iung [53][94][95]
1879 Sébastien de Penancoët de Kéroualze 1646 –
15 March 1671 		Died on board his ship Monarque.[96] François Ravaisson [97][98][99]
1883 Molière 15 January 1622 –
17 February 1673 		Died soon after performing on stage.[100] Anatole Loquin [101][102][103]
1890 A valet, anonymised as "Eustache Dauger" Unknown –
19 November 1703 		Confirmed as the 'man in the mask' by Mongrédien in 1952. Many theories have been proposed for his real identity, including that of Eustache Dauger de Cavoye, which was disproved by Mongrédien in 1953.[104][105] Jules Lair; Aymard Le Pippre; Andrew Lang; Emile Laloy; Alberto Pittavino; Georges Mongrédien; Marcel Pagnol; Jean-Christian Petitfils; Paul Sonnino; Josephine Wilkinson [106][107][108][109]
[110][111][112][113]
[114][115][116][117]
1893 General Vivien Labbé de Bulonde 15 November 1624 –
1709 		Imprisoned at the Citadel of Pignerol on 10 July 1691 and released by order of the king on 11 December 1691.[118] Étienne Bazeries & Émile Burgaud [119][120][121]
1893 A Dominican friar, anonymised as "Lapierre" after 1600 –
1694 		Died in Pignerol.[122] Domenico Carutti di Cantógno [123][124][125][126]
1893 A son from a prominent family Assumed to have committed a hideous crime. Fernand Bournon [127][128][96]
1899 A son of Louis XIV and Henrietta of England A rumour circulating during the 18th century. Maurice Boutry [129][96]
1899 A son of Henrietta of England and the Count of Guiche A rumour circulating during the 18th century. Maurice Boutry [129][96]
1899 A son of Henrietta of England and her page A rumour circulating during the 18th century. Maurice Boutry [129][96]
1899 A son of Christina of Sweden and Monaldeschi A rumour circulating during the 18th century. Maurice Boutry [129][96]
1903 Martin, a French valet of Paul Roux de Marcilly Unknown Martin's extradition from England to France was cancelled by Foreign Minister Hugues de Lionne on 13 July 1669.[130] Andrew Lang; Aimé-Daniel Rabinel; Marcel Pagnol [108][131][113][132]
[133]
1904 James de la Cloche c. 1644 –
7 September 1669 		Giacoppo Stuardo died in Naples.[134][135] Edith Carey; Marcel Pagnol [136][113][137][133]
1908 Dom Giuseppe Prignani after 1600 –
end of 1678 		Died in Rome.[138][139] Arthur Barnes [140][141][142][143]
1914 Jacques Bretel de Grémonville 1 March 1625 –
29 November 1686 		Died at Lyre Abbey. Franz Scheichl [144][145]
1931 Eustache Daugé Unknown Son of Daugers (Louis XIV's butler), and nephew of Canon Daugé, chaplain to the Archbishop of Sens.[146] Emile Laloy [147][148][149]
1932 Eustache Dauger de Cavoye, as himself 30 August 1637 –
Late 1680s 		Son of François d'Oger de Cavoye and Marie de Sérignan. Died at the Prison Saint-Lazare in Paris.[150] Maurice Duvivier [151][112]
1934 Marc de Jarrige de la Morelhie 1626 –
14 December 1680 		Son-in-law of Pardoux Gondinet, physician of Anne of Austria. Morelhie died in Saint-Yrieix-la-Perche. Pierre Vernadeau [152][153][154][155]
[145]
1954 Eustache Dauger de Cavoye, as half-brother of Louis XIV 30 August 1637 –
Late 1680s 		Imaginary son of Louis XIII and Marie de Sérignan. Died at the Prison Saint-Lazare in Paris.[150] Rupert Furneaux [156][157][158]
1955 Louis XIV's illegitimate father An imaginary, illegitimate grandson of Henry IV, coupled with Anne of Austria.[159] Hugh Ross Williamson, supporting a theory by Lord Quickswood [160]
1974 Eustache Dauger de Cavoye, as half-brother of Louis XIV 30 August 1637 –
Late 1680s 		Imaginary son of Anne of Austria and François d'Oger de Cavoye. Died at the Prison Saint-Lazare in Paris.[150] Marie-Madeleine Mast, Harry Thompson [161][162][163][164]
1978 Henry II, Duke of Guise 4 April 1614 –
2 June 1664 		Died in Paris.[165] Camille Bartoli [166][167][168]
1978 Queen Maria Theresa's dwarf black page, Nabo Unknown Alleged father of Louise Marie-Thérèse. Pierre-Marie Dijol [169][96]
2005 Charles de Batz d'Artagnan c. 1611 –
25 June 1673 		Died at the Siege of Maastricht.[170] Roger MacDonald [171]

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ a b Roux-Fazillac 1800, p. 105.
  2. ^ Mongrédien 1961, p. 185.
  3. ^ Pagnol 1977, p. 147.
  4. ^ Noone 1988, p. 257.
  5. ^ Petitfils 2004, p. 181.
  6. ^ Pagnol 1977, p. 168.
  7. ^ Noone 1988, p. 153.
  8. ^ Petitfils 2004, p. 182.
  9. ^ Roux-Fazillac 1800, p. 116.
  10. ^ Iung 1872, p. 90.
  11. ^ Laloy 1931–1933, p. 16.
  12. ^ Mongrédien 1961, p. 118.
  13. ^ Petitfils 2004, p. 66.
  14. ^ Noone 1988, p. 265.
  15. ^ a b Topin 1883, pp. 138–139.
  16. ^ a b Noone 1988, p. 64.
  17. ^ Azéma 1963, p. 150.
  18. ^ Brugnon 1989, p. 4.
  19. ^ Noone 1988, pp. 264–266.
  20. ^ Petitfils 2004, pp. 103–104.
  21. ^ Mongrédien 1961, pp. 52–55, 239.
  22. ^ Noone 1988, pp. 59–67.
  23. ^ Petitfils 2004, pp. 33, 191–192, 218–220.
  24. ^ Fréron 1768, p. 189.
  25. ^ Waylen & Cromwell 1897, p. 29.
  26. ^ a b Mongrédien 1961, p. 55.
  27. ^ Petitfils 2004, pp. 192, 202, 215.
  28. ^ Noone 1988, pp. 67, 125, 132, 147.
  29. ^ Waylen & Cromwell 1897, p. 47.
  30. ^ Petitfils 2004, pp. 192, 254.
  31. ^ Mongrédien 1961, pp. 31–32, 236.
  32. ^ Bodemann 1891, pp. 288–293.
  33. ^ Renneville 1724.
  34. ^ Petitfils 2004, pp. 25–30.
  35. ^ Noone 1988, pp. 103–105, 108–114.
  36. ^ Mongrédien 1961, p. 38.
  37. ^ Anonymous 1745.
  38. ^ Griffet 1769.
  39. ^ Ravaisson 1879, pp. 229, 329, 338, 421, 465.
  40. ^ Mongrédien 1961, pp. 33–40, 236.
  41. ^ Noone 1988, p. 74.
  42. ^ Saint-Foix 1768.
  43. ^ Mongrédien 1961, pp. 55–56.
  44. ^ Noone 1988, pp. 67–76.
  45. ^ Mongrédien 1961, pp. 133–135.
  46. ^ Noone 1988, p. 292.
  47. ^ a b Mongrédien 1961, pp. 57–159.
  48. ^ Heiss 1770, pp. 132–135.
  49. ^ Roux-Fazillac 1800.
  50. ^ Dutens 1806.
  51. ^ Delort 1825.
  52. ^ Agar-Ellis 1826.
  53. ^ a b Iung 1872.
  54. ^ Topin 1883.
  55. ^ Funck-Brentano 1933.
  56. ^ Voltaire 1770–1771.
  57. ^ Carra 1789, pp. 315–321.
  58. ^ Craufurd 1790, pp. 254–356.
  59. ^ Mongrédien 1961, pp. 40–49.
  60. ^ Mongrédien 1961, p. 171.
  61. ^ Taulès 1825, pp. 14, 19–20.
  62. ^ Mongrédien 1961, pp. 169–171.
  63. ^ Noone 1988, pp. 99–103.
  64. ^ Mongrédien 1961, p. 166.
  65. ^ Noone 1988, pp. 169–171.
  66. ^ Lair 1890, pp. 473–474.
  67. ^ Anonymous 1789, pp. 1–7.
  68. ^ Lacroix 1836.
  69. ^ Lacroix 1837.
  70. ^ Mongrédien 1961, pp. 164–169.
  71. ^ Arrèse 1969.
  72. ^ Cubières 1789.
  73. ^ Soulavie 1790, p. 173.
  74. ^ Dumas 1840, pp. 243–318.
  75. ^ Dumas 1850.
  76. ^ Mongrédien 1961, pp. 50–51.
  77. ^ Pagnol 1977, p. 13.
  78. ^ Charpentier 1790, pp. 1–180.
  79. ^ Mongrédien 1961, p. 50.
  80. ^ Noone 1988, pp. 43–45.
  81. ^ De Saint-Mihiel 1791.
  82. ^ Gleichen 1868, pp. 46–50.
  83. ^ Mongrédien 1961, p. 51.
  84. ^ de Broglie 1902, pp. 30–31.
  85. ^ Loiseleur 1882, pp. 242–246, 291.
  86. ^ Mongrédien 1961, pp. 101, 243.
  87. ^ Noone 1988, p. 254.
  88. ^ Topin 1883, p. 203.
  89. ^ Matte 1910, pp. 115–182.
  90. ^ Mongrédien 1961, pp. 171–172.
  91. ^ Noone 1988, p. 148.
  92. ^ Noone 1988, p. 82.
  93. ^ Petitfils 2004, p. 33.
  94. ^ Mongrédien 1961, pp. 172–177.
  95. ^ Noone 1988, pp. 82–83.
  96. ^ a b c d e f g Petitfils 2004, p. 255.
  97. ^ Ravaisson 1879.
  98. ^ Mongrédien 1961, pp. 177–178.
  99. ^ Noone 1988, p. 67.
  100. ^ Noone 1988, p. 96.
  101. ^ Loquin 1900.
  102. ^ Mongrédien 1961, pp. 178–180.
  103. ^ Noone 1988, pp. 88–99.
  104. ^ Mongrédien 1961, p. 252.
  105. ^ Mongrédien 1953, p. 55–58.
  106. ^ Lair 1890.
  107. ^ Le Pippre 1903.
  108. ^ a b Lang 1903.
  109. ^ Laloy 1913.
  110. ^ Pittavino 1931.
  111. ^ Pittavino 1932.
  112. ^ a b Mongrédien 1961, pp. 181–201.
  113. ^ a b c Pagnol 1977.
  114. ^ Petitfils 2004.
  115. ^ Noone 1988, pp. 175–210.
  116. ^ Sonnino 2016.
  117. ^ Wilkinson 2021.
  118. ^ Grandmaison 1894; pp. 3–4.
  119. ^ Bazeries & Burgaud 1893.
  120. ^ Mongrédien 1961, pp. 202–204, 253.
  121. ^ Noone 1988, pp. 87–88.
  122. ^ Mongrédien 1961, p. 209.
  123. ^ Carutti di Cantógno 1893.
  124. ^ Mongrédien 1961, pp. 204–209.
  125. ^ Noone 1988, pp. 160–164, 167, 169, 171–174.
  126. ^ Petitfils 2004, p. 74.
  127. ^ Bournon 1893, pp. 34, 156–159.
  128. ^ Noone 1988, p. 303.
  129. ^ a b c d Boutry 1899, p. 169.
  130. ^ Noone 1988, p. 187.
  131. ^ Rabinel 1969.
  132. ^ Noone 1988, pp. 185–188, 203–204, 285.
  133. ^ a b Petitfils 2004, pp. 135–137.
  134. ^ Noone 1988, p. 197.
  135. ^ Petitfils 2004, p. 138.
  136. ^ Carey 1924.
  137. ^ Noone 1988, pp. 187–197, 199–205, 283–285.
  138. ^ Visconti 1909, p. 55.
  139. ^ Petitfils 2004, pp. 140, 246.
  140. ^ Barnes 1908.
  141. ^ Mongrédien 1961, pp. 209–211.
  142. ^ Noone 1988, pp. 205–211, 285.
  143. ^ Petitfils 2004, pp. 138–140.
  144. ^ Scheichl 1914, pp. 186–197.
  145. ^ a b Petitfils 2004, pp. 33, 256.
  146. ^ Mongrédien 1961, p. 254.
  147. ^ Laloy 1931–1933.
  148. ^ Noone 1988, p. 235–237.
  149. ^ Petitfils 2004, pp. 143, 247, 256.
  150. ^ a b c Noone 1988, p. 233.
  151. ^ Duvivier 1932.
  152. ^ Vernadeau 1934.
  153. ^ Mongrédien 1934; p. 5, cols. 1–2.
  154. ^ Mongrédien 1961, pp. 219–220.
  155. ^ Noone 1988, pp. 46–47, 49, 57, 286.
  156. ^ Furneaux 1954, pp. 157–171.
  157. ^ Noone 1988, p. 239.
  158. ^ Petitfils 2004, pp. 143, 256.
  159. ^ Williamson 1957, p. 247.
  160. ^ Williamson 1957, pp. 239–254.
  161. ^ Mast 1974.
  162. ^ Thompson 1987, pp. 173–180.
  163. ^ Noone 1988, p. 239–230, 234.
  164. ^ Petitfils 2004, pp. 144–145, 256.
  165. ^ Michaud & Poujoulat 1839, p. 10.
  166. ^ Bartoli 1978.
  167. ^ Noone 1988, pp. 83–86.
  168. ^ Petitfils 2010, p. 33.
  169. ^ Dijol 1978.
  170. ^ Petitfils 2010, p. 225.
  171. ^ MacDonald 2005.

Sources[edit]

Books[edit]

Conference proceedings[edit]

  • Actes du Colloque International, Cannes 12-13 Septembre 1987 (1989). Il y a trois siècles, le Masque de fer (in French). Cannes, France: OMACC.{{cite conference}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
    • Brugnon, Stanislas (1989). "Identité de l'Homme au Masque de fer". Il y a trois siècles, le Masque de fer (in French). Cannes, France: OMACC.

Newspapers[edit]

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_candidates_for_the_Man_in_the_Iron_Mask