Haikou | |
---|---|
海口話 | |
Pronunciation | [hai˨˩˧ xau˨˩˧ ue˨˧] |
Native to | Southern China |
Region | Haikou, Hainan |
Early forms | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Glottolog | hain1237 |
Linguasphere | 79-AAA-ked |
The Haikou dialect is a topolect of Chinese and a subvariety of Hainanese spoken in Haikou, the capital of the Hainan province and island of China.
Phonology
[edit]The Haikou dialect has the following initials:[4]
Labial | Dental | Sibilant | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stop / Affricate | voiceless | t | ts | k | ʔ | |
voiced implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ||||
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | x | h | |
voiced | v | z | ||||
Lateral | l |
The finals are:[5]
Vocalic codas | Nasal codas | Stop codas | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | ai | au | am | aŋ | ap | ak | ||
ia | iau | iam | iaŋ | iap | iak | |||
ua | uai | uaŋ | uak | |||||
ɛ | e | eŋ | ek | |||||
ue | ||||||||
o | ɔi | ɔu | ɔm | ɔŋ | ɔp | ɔk | ||
io | iɔŋ | iɔk | ||||||
i | iu | im | in | ip | it | |||
u | ui | un | oŋ | uk | ok |
There are also two syllabic nasals, /m̩/ and /ŋ̍/.[5]
The tone categories (described using Chao tone letters) are:[5][6]
level | rising | departing | entering | |
---|---|---|---|---|
upper | 24 | 213 | 35 | 5 |
lower | 21 | 33 | 3 | |
55ʔ |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
- ^ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- ^ Chen (1996), p. 4.
- ^ a b c Chen (1996), p. 5.
- ^ Yan (2006), p. 142.
Sources
[edit]- Chen, Hongmai (1996), Hǎikǒu fāngyán cídiǎn 海口方言詞典 [Haikou dialect dictionary], Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects, vol. 16, Nanjing: Jiangsu Education Press, ISBN 978-7-5343-2886-2.
- Yan, Margaret Mian (2006), Introduction to Chinese Dialectology, LINCOM Europa, ISBN 978-3-89586-629-6.