In algebraic geometry, the normal cone of a subscheme of a scheme is a scheme analogous to the normal bundle or tubular neighborhood in differential geometry.
Definition[edit]
The normal cone CXY or of an embedding i: X → Y, defined by some sheaf of ideals I is defined as the relative Spec
When the embedding i is regular the normal cone is the normal bundle, the vector bundle on X corresponding to the dual of the sheaf I/I2.
If X is a point, then the normal cone and the normal bundle to it are also called the tangent cone and the tangent space (Zariski tangent space) to the point. When Y = Spec R is affine, the definition means that the normal cone to X = Spec R/I is the Spec of the associated graded ring of R with respect to I.
If Y is the product X × X and the embedding i is the diagonal embedding, then the normal bundle to X in Y is the tangent bundle to X.
The normal cone (or rather its projective cousin) appears as a result of blow-up. Precisely, let
The global sections of the normal bundle classify embedded infinitesimal deformations of Y in X; there is a natural bijection between the set of closed subschemes of Y ×k D, flat over the ring D of dual numbers and having X as the special fiber, and H0(X, NX Y).[1]
Properties[edit]
Compositions of regular embeddings[edit]
If are regular embeddings, then is a regular embedding and there is a natural exact sequence of vector bundles on X:[2]
If are regular embeddings of codimensions and if is a regular embedding of codimension
If is a closed immersion and if is a flat morphism such that , then[3][citation needed]
If is a smooth morphism and is a regular embedding, then there is a natural exact sequence of vector bundles on X:[4]
Cartesian square[edit]
For a Cartesian square of schemes
Dimension of components[edit]
Let be a scheme of finite type over a field and a closed subscheme. If is of pure dimension r; i.e., every irreducible component has dimension r, then is also of pure dimension r.[5] (This can be seen as a consequence of #Deformation to the normal cone.) This property is a key to an application in intersection theory: given a pair of closed subschemes in some ambient space, while the scheme-theoretic intersection has irreducible components of various dimensions, depending delicately on the positions of , the normal cone to is of pure dimension.
Examples[edit]
Let be an effective Cartier divisor. Then the normal bundle to it (or equivalently the normal cone to it) is[6]
Non-regular Embedding[edit]
Consider the non-regular embedding[7]: 4–5
Geometry of this normal cone[edit]
The normal cone's geometry can be further explored by looking at the fibers for various closed points of . Note that geometrically is the union of the -plane with the -axis ,
Nodal cubic[edit]
For the nodal cubic curve given by the polynomial over , and the point at the node, the cone has the isomorphism
Deformation to the normal cone[edit]
Suppose is an embedding. This can be deformed to the embedding of inside the normal cone (as the zero section) in the following sense:[7]: 6 there is a flat family
- Over any point the associated embeddings are an embedding
- The fiber over is the embedding of given by the zero section.
This construction defines a tool analogous to differential topology where non-transverse intersections are performed in a tubular neighborhood of the intersection. Now, the intersection of with a cycle in can be given as the pushforward of an intersection of with the pullback of in .
Construction[edit]
One application of this is to define intersection products in the Chow ring. Suppose that X and V are closed subschemes of Y with intersection W, and we wish to define the intersection product of X and V in the Chow ring of Y. Deformation to the normal cone in this case means that we replace the embeddings of X and W in Y and V by their normal cones CY(X) and CW(V), so that we want to find the product of X and CWV in CXY. This can be much easier: for example, if X is regularly embedded in Y then its normal cone is a vector bundle, so we are reduced to the problem of finding the intersection product of a subscheme CWV of a vector bundle CXY with the zero section X. However this intersection product is just given by applying the Gysin isomorphism to CWV.
Concretely, the deformation to the normal cone can be constructed by means of blowup. Precisely, let
Now, we note:
- The map , the followed by projection, is flat.
- There is an induced closed embedding that is a morphism over .
- M is trivial away from zero; i.e., and restricts to the trivial embedding
- as the divisor is the sum where is the blow-up of Y along X and is viewed as an effective Cartier divisor.
- As divisors and intersect at , where sits at infinity in .
Item 1 is clear (check torsion-free-ness). In general, given , we have . Since is already an effective Cartier divisor on , we get
Now, the last item in the previous paragraph implies that the image of in M does not intersect . Thus, one gets the deformation of i to the zero-section embedding of X into the normal cone.
Intrinsic normal cone[edit]
Intrinsic normal bundle[edit]
Let be a Deligne–Mumford stack locally of finite type over a field . If denotes the cotangent complex of X relative to , then the intrinsic normal bundle[8]: 27 to is the quotient stack
Properties of intrinsic normal bundle[edit]
More concretely, suppose there is an étale morphism from an affine finite-type -scheme together with a locally closed immersion into a smooth affine finite-type -scheme . Then one can show
Normal cone[edit]
The intrinsic normal cone to , denoted as ,[8]: 29 is then defined by replacing the normal bundle with the normal cone ; i.e.,
Example: One has that is a local complete intersection if and only if . In particular, if is smooth, then is the classifying stack of the tangent bundle , which is a commutative group scheme over .
More generally, let is a Deligne-Mumford Type (DM-type) morphism of Artin Stacks which is locally of finite type. Then is characterised as the closed substack such that, for any étale map for which factors through some smooth map (e.g., ), the pullback is:
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ Hartshorne 1977, p. Ch. III, Exercise 9.7..
- ^ a b Fulton 1998, p. Appendix B.7.4..
- ^ Fulton 1998, p. The first part of the proof of Theorem 6.5..
- ^ Fulton 1998, p. Appendix B 7.1..
- ^ Fulton 1998, p. Appendix B. 6.6..
- ^ Fulton 1998, p. Appendix B.6.2..
- ^ a b Battistella, Luca; Carocci, Francesca; Manolache, Cristina (2020-04-09). "Virtual classes for the working mathematician". Symmetry, Integrability and Geometry: Methods and Applications. arXiv:1804.06048. doi:10.3842/SIGMA.2020.026.
- ^ a b Behrend, K.; Fantechi, B. (1997-03-19). "The intrinsic normal cone". Inventiones Mathematicae. 128 (1): 45–88. arXiv:alg-geom/9601010. doi:10.1007/s002220050136. ISSN 0020-9910. S2CID 18533009.
References[edit]
- Behrend, K.; Fantechi, B. (1997-03-01). "The intrinsic normal cone". Inventiones Mathematicae. 128 (1): 45–88. arXiv:alg-geom/9601010. doi:10.1007/s002220050136. ISSN 0020-9910. S2CID 18533009.
- Fulton, William (1998), Intersection theory, Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete. 3. Folge., vol. 2 (2nd ed.), Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-62046-4, MR 1644323
- Hartshorne, Robin (1977), Algebraic Geometry, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 52, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-90244-9, MR 0463157