| Bold Orion | |
|---|---|
 Bold Orion, with B-47 launch aircraft | |
| Type | Air-launched ballistic missile |
| Place of origin | United States |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1958–1959 |
| Used by | United States Air Force |
| Production history | |
| Designed | 1958 |
| Manufacturer | Martin Aircraft |
| No. built | 12 |
| Specifications (Two-stage version) | |
| Length | 37 feet (11 m) |
| Diameter | 31 inches (0.79 m) |
| Engine | First stage, Thiokol TX-20 Sergeant; 1,500 lbf (6.66 kN) Second stage, ABL X-248 Altair; 2,800 lbf (12.45 kN) |
| Propellant | Solid fuel |
Operational range | 1,100 miles (1,800 km) |
Launch platform | B-47 Stratojet |
The Bold Orion missile, also known as Weapons System 199B (WS-199B), was a prototype air-launched ballistic missile (ALBM) developed by Martin Aircraft during the 1950s. Developed in both one- and two-stage designs, the missile was moderately successful in testing, and helped pave the way for development of the GAM-87 Skybolt ALBM. In addition, the Bold Orion was used in early anti-satellite weapons testing, performing the first interception of a satellite by a missile.
Design and development[edit]
The Bold Orion missile was developed as part of Weapons System 199, initiated by the United States Air Force (USAF) in response to the U.S. Navy's Polaris program,[1] with funding authorised by the United States Congress in 1957.[2] The purpose of WS-199 was the development of technology that would be used in new strategic weapons for the USAF's Strategic Air Command, not to deliver operational weapons; a primary emphasis was on proving the feasibility of an air-launched ballistic missile.[2][3][4]
The designation WS-199B was assigned to the project that, under a contract awarded in 1958 to Martin Aircraft, would become the Bold Orion missile.[3] The design of Bold Orion was simple, using parts developed for other missile systems to reduce the cost and development time of the project.[3] The initial Bold Orion configuration was a single-stage vehicle, using a Thiokol TX-20 Sergeant solid-fuel rocket.[3][5] Following initial testing, the Bold Orion configuration was altered to become a two-stage vehicle, an Allegany Ballistics Laboratory Altair upper stage being added to the missile.[3][6]
Operational history[edit]
Having been given top priority by the Air Force,[7] the first flight test of the Bold Orion missile was conducted on May 26, 1958, from a Boeing B-47 Stratojet carrier aircraft,[3][8] which launched the Bold Orion vehicle at the apex of a high-speed, high-angle climb.[3][9] The zoom climb tactic, combined with the thrust from the rocket motor of the missile itself, allowed the missile to achieve its maximum range, or, alternatively, to reach space.[9]
A twelve-flight test series of the Bold Orion vehicle was conducted;[3]. Despite suffering only one outright failure, the initial flight tests of the single-stage rocket proved less successful than hoped.[3] Authorisation was received to modify the Bold Orion to become a two-stage vehicle. In addition to the modifications improving the missile's reliability, they increased the range of Bold Orion to over 1,000 miles (1,600 km).[4][10] Four of the final six test firings were of the two-stage vehicle. These were considered successful, and established that the ALBM was a viable weapon.[2][3]
ASAT test[edit]
The final test launch of Bold Orion, conducted on October 13, 1959, was a test of the vehicle's capabilities in the anti-satellite role.[11][12] Piloted by Carl E Brust Jr, the missile was launched from an altitude of 35,000 feet (11,000 m) from its B-47 mothership, the missile successfully intercepted the Explorer 6 satellite,[13] passing its target at a range of less than 4 miles (6.4 km) at an altitude of 156 miles (251 km).[14][3] If the missile had a nuclear warhead, the satellite would have been destroyed.[9][15]
The Bold Orion ASAT test was the first interception of a satellite by any method, proving that anti-satellite missiles were feasible.[11][16] This test, along with an earlier, unsuccessful test of the High Virgo missile in the anti-satellite role, had political repercussions. The Eisenhower administration sought to establish space as a neutral ground for everyone's use, and the "indication of hostile intent" given by the tests was frowned upon, with anti-satellite weapons development being soon curtailed.[9][17]
Legacy[edit]
The results of the Bold Orion project, along with those from the testing of the High Virgo missile, also developed under WS-199, provided data and knowledge that assisted the Air Force in forming the requirements for the follow-on WS-138A, which would produce the GAM-87 Skybolt missile.[3][18]
Launch history[edit]
| Date/Time (GMT) | Rocket | Launch site | Outcome | Remarks[19] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1958-05-26 | Single-stage | Cape Canaveral | Success | Apogee 8 km (5.0 mi) |
| 1958-06-27 | Single-stage | Cape Canaveral | Failure | Apogee 12 km (7.5 mi) |
| 1958-07-18 | Single-stage | Cape Canaveral | Success | Apogee 100 km (62 mi) |
| 1958-09-25 | Single-stage | Cape Canaveral | Success | Apogee 100 km (62 mi) |
| 1958-10-10 | Single-stage | Cape Canaveral | Success | Apogee 100 km (62 mi) |
| 1958-11-17 | Single-stage | Cape Canaveral | Success | Apogee 100 km (62 mi) |
| 1958-12-08 | Two-stage | Cape Canaveral | Success | Apogee 200 km (120 mi) |
| 1958-12-16 | Two-stage | Cape Canaveral | Success | Apogee 200 km (120 mi) |
| 1959-04-04 | Two-stage | AMR DZ | Success | Apogee 200 km (120 mi) |
| 1959-06-08 | Single-stage | AMR DZ | Success | Apogee 100 km (62 mi) |
| 1959-06-19 | Single-stage | Cape Canaveral | Success | Apogee 100 km (62 mi) |
| 1959-10-13 | Two-stage | AMR DZ | Success | Apogee 200 km (120 mi) |
AMR DZ means Atlantic Missile Range Drop Zone.
See also[edit]
- Related development
- Comparable weapons
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
- ^ Ball 1980, p.226.
- ^ a b c Yengst 2010, p.37.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Parsch 2005
- ^ a b Stares 1985, p.109.
- ^ Ordway and Wakeford 1960, p.30.
- ^ Smith 1981, p.178.
- ^ Missiles and Rockets, volume 5. Washington Countdown. p.9.
- ^ Friedman 2000, p.122.
- ^ a b c d Temple 2004, p.111.
- ^ Besserer and Besserer 1959, p.34.
- ^ a b Peebles 1997, p. 65.
- ^ Chronology 1961, p.89.
- ^ Bowman 1986, p.14.
- ^ Yenne 2005, p.67.
- ^ Bulkeley and Spinardi 1986, p.17.
- ^ Hays 2002, p.84.
- ^ Lewis and Lewis 1987, pp.93–95.
- ^ International Aeronautic Federation. Interavia volume 15, p.814.
- ^ Bold Orion Archived November 20, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Accessed 2011-01-19.
Bibliography[edit]
- 1st Session. House Committee On Science And Astronautics. U.S. Congress. 87th Congress (1961). A Chronology of Missile and Astronautic Events. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. ASIN B000M1F3O0. Retrieved 2011-01-19.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - Ball, Desmond (1980). Politics and Force Levels: The Strategic Missile Program of the Kennedy Administration. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-520-03698-7. Retrieved 2011-01-19.
- Besserer, C.W.; Hazel C. Besserer (1959). Guide to the Space Age. Englewood Cliffs. NJ: Prentice-Hall. ASIN B004BIGGO6.
- Bowman, Robert (1986). Star Wars: A Defense Insider's Case Against the Strategic Defense Initiative. Los Angeles: Tarcher Publications. ISBN 978-0-87477-390-3. Retrieved 2011-01-19.
- Bulkeley, Rip; Graham Spinardi (1986). Space Weapons: Deterrence or Delusion?. Totowa, NJ: Barnes & Noble Books. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-389-20640-8.
- Friedman, Norman (2000). Seapower and Space: From the Dawn of the Missile Age to Net-Centric Warfare. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-004-3.
- Hays, Peter L. (2002). United States Military Space: Into the Twenty-First Century. INSS Occasional Papers. Vol. 42. Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press. ISBN 978-1-4289-6124-1.
- Lewis, John S.; Ruth A. Lewis (1987). Space Resources: Breaking the Bonds of Earth. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-06498-9.
- Ordway, Frederick Ira; Ronald C. Wakeford (1960). International Missile and Spacecraft Guide. New York: McGraw-Hill. ASIN B000MAEGVC.
- Parsch, Andreas (2005). "WS-199". Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles. designation-systems.net. Retrieved 2010-12-28.
- Peebles, Curtis (1997). High Frontier: The U.S. Air Force and the Military Space Program. Washington, D.C.: Air Force Historical Studies Office. ISBN 978-0-7881-4800-2. Retrieved 2010-12-28.
- Smith, Marcia S. (1981). United States Civilian Space Programs, 1958–1978; Report Prepared for the Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. ASIN B000VA45WS.
- Stares, Paul B. (1985). The Militarization of Space: U.S. Policy, 1945–1984. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-1810-5.
- Temple, L. Parker III (2004). Shades of Gray: National Security and the Evolution of Space Reconnaissance. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. ISBN 978-1-56347-723-2. Retrieved 2010-12-28.
- Yengst, William (2010). Lightning Bolts: First Manuevering [sic] Reentry Vehicles. Mustang, OK: Tate Publishing & Enterprises. ISBN 978-1-61566-547-1.
- Yenne, Bill (2005). Secret Gadgets and Strange Gizmos: High-Tech (and Low-Tech) Innovations of the U.S. Military. St. Paul, MN: Zenith Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-2115-7.
Further reading[edit]
- Armagnac, Alden P. (June 1961). "U.S. Plans First Warship In Space". Popular Science. 178 (6). Retrieved 2011-01-19.
External links[edit]
- Bold Orion ALBM (WS-199B), Gunter's Space Page.
- Bold Orion (2 Stage) ALBM (WS-199B), Gunter's Space Page.
- Bold Orion, spaceline.org.
