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{{Infobox river|name=Yarmuk|source_confluence_location=|discharge1_min=|discharge1_avg={{convert|14.5|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}|discharge1_max=|source1=|source1_location=[[Hauran]]|source1_coordinates=|source1_elevation=|source2=|source2_location=|source2_coordinates=|source2_elevation=|source_confluence=|source_confluence_coordinates=|depth_max=|source_confluence_elevation=|mouth=[[Jordan River]]|mouth_location=[[Naharayim]]/Baqura Area [[Israel]]/[[Jordan]]|mouth_coordinates={{coord|32|38|39|N|35|34|22|E|display=inline,title}}|mouth_elevation=|progression=|river_system=|basin_size=Approx. {{convert|7000|km2|abbr=on}}|tributaries_left=[[Ruqqad]], 'Allan|tributaries_right=Ehreir, Zeizun|custom_label=|custom_data=|discharge1_location=|depth_avg=|name_native={{native name list
{{Infobox river|name=Yarmuk|source_confluence_location=|discharge1_min=|discharge1_avg={{convert|14.5|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}|discharge1_max=|source1=|source1_location=[[Hauran]]|source1_coordinates=|source1_elevation=|source2=|source2_location=|source2_coordinates=|source2_elevation=|source_confluence=|source_confluence_coordinates=|depth_max=|source_confluence_elevation=|mouth=[[Jordan River]]|mouth_location=[[Naharayim]]/Baqura Area [[Israel]]/[[Jordan]]|mouth_coordinates={{coord|32|38|39|N|35|34|22|E|display=inline,title}}|mouth_elevation=|progression=|river_system=|basin_size=Approx. {{convert|7000|km2|abbr=on}}|tributaries_left=[[Ruqqad]], 'Allan|tributaries_right=Ehreir, Zeizun|custom_label=|custom_data=|discharge1_location=|depth_avg=|name_native={{native name list
|tag1=ar |name1=نهر اليرموك |italics1=no
|tag1=ar |name1=نهر اليرموك |italics1=no
|tag2=he |name2=נְהַר הַיַּרְמוּךְ |italics2=no}}|subdivision_type1=Country|name_native_lang=|name_other=|name_etymology=|image=PikiWiki Israel 56054 electricity plant naharaim.jpg|image_size=250|image_caption=Yarmuk River near the [[Naharayim]]/Baqura Area|map=|map_size=|map_caption=|pushpin_map=|pushpin_map_size=300|pushpin_map_caption=<!---------------------- LOCATION -->|subdivision_name1=[[Syria]], [[Jordan]], [[Israel]]|depth_min=|subdivision_type2=Region|subdivision_name2=[[Middle East]], Eastern Mediterranean littoral|subdivision_type3=|subdivision_name3=|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=|subdivision_type5=|subdivision_name5=|length=Approx. {{convert|70|km|mi|abbr=on}}|width_min=|width_avg=|width_max=|extra=}}The '''Yarmuk River''' ({{lang-ar|نهر اليرموك|translit=Nahr al-Yarmūk}}, {{Lang-he|נְהַר הַיַּרְמוּךְ|translit=Nahar HaYarmukh}}; [[Ancient Greek|Greek]]: Ἱερομύκης, {{transl|grc|''Hieromýkēs''}}; {{lang-la|Hieromyces}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/678183|title=Hieromyces (river): a Pleiades place resource|first1=E. M.|last1=Meyers|first2=J. P.|last2=Brown|date=October 27, 2017|website=Pleiades: a gazetteer of past places}}</ref> or ''Heromicas'';<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trismegistos.org/place/42652|title=TM Places|website=www.trismegistos.org}}</ref> sometimes spelled '''Yarmouk'''),<ref name="Schürer">{{Cite book |last= Schürer |first= Emil |title= The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ |at= page 133, note 243 |publisher= A&C Black |isbn= 9781472558299 |date= 2014-01-30 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=D29jAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA133 |access-date= 2021-04-07 }}</ref> is the largest a[[tributary]] of the [[Jordan River]].<ref> It is one of three main tributaries which enter the Jordan between the [[Sea of Galilee]] and the [[Dead Sea]]; to the south there are the [[Zarqa River|Zarqa]] (Jabbok) and the [[Wadi Mujib|Mujib]] (Arnon) rivers.</ref> It runs in [[Jordan]], [[Syria]] and [[Palestine]], and drains much of the [[Hauran]] plateau. Its main tributaries are the [[wadi]]s of 'Allan and [[Ruqqad]] from the north, Ehreir and Zeizun from the east. Although it is narrow and shallow throughout its course, at its mouth it is nearly as wide as the Jordan, measuring thirty feet in breadth and five in depth. The once celebrated Matthew Bridge used to cross the Yarmuk at its confluence with the Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/15065-yarmuk|title=YARMUK - JewishEncyclopedia.com|website=jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref>
|tag2=he |name2=נְהַר הַיַּרְמוּךְ |italics2=no}}|subdivision_type1=Country|name_native_lang=|name_other=|name_etymology=|image=PikiWiki Israel 56054 electricity plant naharaim.jpg|image_size=250|image_caption=Yarmuk River near the [[Naharayim]]/Baqura Area|map=|map_size=|map_caption=|pushpin_map=|pushpin_map_size=300|pushpin_map_caption=<!---------------------- LOCATION -->|subdivision_name1=[[Syria]], [[Jordan]], [[Israel]]|depth_min=|subdivision_type2=Region|subdivision_name2=[[Middle East]], Eastern Mediterranean littoral|subdivision_type3=|subdivision_name3=|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=|subdivision_type5=|subdivision_name5=|length=Approx. {{convert|70|km|mi|abbr=on}}|width_min=|width_avg=|width_max=|extra=}}The '''Yarmuk River''' ({{lang-ar|نهر اليرموك|translit=Nahr al-Yarmūk}}, {{Lang-he|נְהַר הַיַּרְמוּךְ|translit=Nahar HaYarmukh}}; [[Ancient Greek|Greek]]: Ἱερομύκης, {{transl|grc|''Hieromýkēs''}}; {{lang-la|Hieromyces}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/678183|title=Hieromyces (river): a Pleiades place resource|first1=E. M.|last1=Meyers|first2=J. P.|last2=Brown|date=October 27, 2017|website=Pleiades: a gazetteer of past places}}</ref> or ''Heromicas'';<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trismegistos.org/place/42652|title=TM Places|website=www.trismegistos.org}}</ref> sometimes spelled '''Yarmouk'''),<ref name="Schürer">{{Cite book |last= Schürer |first= Emil |title= The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ |at= page 133, note 243 |publisher= A&C Black |isbn= 9781472558299 |date= 2014-01-30 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=D29jAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA133 |access-date= 2021-04-07 }}</ref> is the largest [[tributary]] of the [[Jordan River]].<ref> It is one of three main tributaries which enter the Jordan between the [[Sea of Galilee]] and the [[Dead Sea]]; to the south there are the [[Zarqa River|Zarqa]] (Jabbok) and the [[Wadi Mujib|Mujib]] (Arnon) rivers.</ref> It runs in [[Jordan]], [[Syria]] and [[Israel]], and drains much of the [[Hauran]] plateau. Its main tributaries are the [[wadi]]s of 'Allan and [[Ruqqad]] from the north, Ehreir and Zeizun from the east. Although it is narrow and shallow throughout its course, at its mouth it is nearly as wide as the Jordan, measuring thirty feet in breadth and five in depth. The once celebrated Matthew Bridge used to cross the Yarmuk at its confluence with the Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/15065-yarmuk|title=YARMUK - JewishEncyclopedia.com|website=jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref>


==History==
==History==

Revision as of 13:57, 12 November 2022

Yarmuk
Yarmuk River near the Naharayim/Baqura Area
Native name
  • نهر اليرموك (Arabic)
  • נְהַר הַיַּרְמוּךְ (Hebrew)
Location
CountrySyria, Jordan, Israel
RegionMiddle East, Eastern Mediterranean littoral
Physical characteristics
Source 
 • locationHauran
MouthJordan River
 • location
Naharayim/Baqura Area Israel/Jordan
 • coordinates
32°38′39″N 35°34′22″E / 32.64417°N 35.57278°E / 32.64417; 35.57278
LengthApprox. 70 km (43 mi)
Basin sizeApprox. 7,000 km2 (2,700 sq mi)
Discharge 
 • average14.5 m3/s (510 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Tributaries 
 • leftRuqqad, 'Allan
 • rightEhreir, Zeizun

The Yarmuk River (Arabic: نهر اليرموك, romanized: Nahr al-Yarmūk, Hebrew: נְהַר הַיַּרְמוּךְ, romanized: Nahar HaYarmukh; Greek: Ἱερομύκης, Hieromýkēs; Latin: Hieromyces[1] or Heromicas;[2] sometimes spelled Yarmouk),[3] is the largest tributary of the Jordan River.[4] It runs in Jordan, Syria and Israel, and drains much of the Hauran plateau. Its main tributaries are the wadis of 'Allan and Ruqqad from the north, Ehreir and Zeizun from the east. Although it is narrow and shallow throughout its course, at its mouth it is nearly as wide as the Jordan, measuring thirty feet in breadth and five in depth. The once celebrated Matthew Bridge used to cross the Yarmuk at its confluence with the Jordan.[5]

History

Yarmuk forms a natural border between the plains to the north - Hauran, Bashan and Golan - and the Gilead mountains to the south. Thus it has often served as boundary line between political entities.[6]

Yarmouk River

Neolithic

The Yarmukian is a Pottery Neolithic culture that inhabited parts of Palestine and Jordan.[dubious – discuss] Its type site is at Sha'ar HaGolan, on the river mouth[dubious – discuss].[7]

Bronze Age

Railway bridge over the Yarmouk River, destroyed during the Night of the Bridges in 1946

Early Bronze Age I is represented in the Golan only in the area of the river.[7]

Abila (Tel Abil) is attested in the 14th-century BC Amarna Letters. This is possibly the case also for Geshur, assumed to have lain north of the river.[6] Other historical cities on the course of the river are Dara'a, Heet, Jalin; and the archaeological sites of Tell Shihab and Khirbet ed-Duweir (See Lo-debar).[6]

Iron Age

The Aramean kingdoms and the northern Kingdom of Israel, of the Hebrew Bible, might have set their boundary line along the Yarmouk occasionally. Under the Assyrian and Persian empires the province of Ashteroth Karnaim laid to the north, and that of Gal'azu (Gilead) to the south.[6]

Hellenistic period

In Hellenistic times, the territory of Hippos was across from those of Gadara and Abila (Abel) on the south, while Dion sat on the eastern tributaries.[6]

Byzantine period

The Battle of the Yarmuk, where Muslim forces defeated those of the Byzantine Empire and gained control of Syria, took place north of the river in 636.

1905–1948

A fork of the Hejaz Railway (connecting to the Jezreel Valley railway in Samakh) ran in the river valley from 1905 to 1946.[8] It was deprecated after being bombed by the Jewish Haganah in the Night of the Bridges on 16 June 1946. The hydroplant of Naharayim, on the confluence with Jordan River, served Mandatory Palestine from 1932 to 1948.[9]

After 1948

Israeli-Jordanian border at the confluence of the Jordan and Yarmuk Rivers

Today, the lower part of the river, close to the Jordan Valley, forms part of the border between Israel and Jordan. Further upstream it forms part of the border between Syria and Jordan (a border largely inherited from the 1923 Franco-British Boundary Agreement). The area of Al-Hamma, or Hamat Gader in the valley is held by Israel but claimed by Syria.

The Al-Wehda Dam was constructed on the border between Jordan and Syria in the 2000s. There are political agreements between Jordan and Syria (1953 and 1987) and between Jordan and Israel (1994), about the management and allocation of the shared waters of the Yarmouk River.[9]

References

  1. ^ Meyers, E. M.; Brown, J. P. (October 27, 2017). "Hieromyces (river): a Pleiades place resource". Pleiades: a gazetteer of past places.
  2. ^ "TM Places". www.trismegistos.org.
  3. ^ Schürer, Emil (2014-01-30). The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ. A&C Black. page 133, note 243. ISBN 9781472558299. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
  4. ^ It is one of three main tributaries which enter the Jordan between the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea; to the south there are the Zarqa (Jabbok) and the Mujib (Arnon) rivers.
  5. ^ "YARMUK - JewishEncyclopedia.com". jewishencyclopedia.com.
  6. ^ a b c d e Ma'oz, p. 420
  7. ^ a b Ma'oz, Zvi Uri (1997). "Golan". The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East. p. 418. ISBN 978-0195112153.
  8. ^ Yarmuk River railway bridges, 1933 aerial photographs. Aerial Photographic Archive for Archaeology in the Middle East / National Archives, London.
  9. ^ a b Hussein, Hussam, and Mattia Grandi. "Dynamic political contexts and power asymmetries: the cases of the Blue Nile and the Yarmouk Rivers." International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics (2017): 1-20.

External links

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yarmouk_River&diff=prev&oldid=1121477340