Legality of Cannabis by U.S. Jurisdiction

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Vanished user kasjqwii3km4tkid (talk | contribs)
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reinserted "poorly-managed diet" sentence - this has been done to death on the talk page, is not POV, and is significantly clearer
Migospia (talk | contribs)
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Poorly-managed diet is there. This is a Veganism article, I don't know how any clearer itcan be. State your confusion on the talk page
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A 2002 ''[[Time Magazine]]'' poll, and a National Diet & Nutrition Survey in Great Britain, indicated that some of the most popular reasons for practicing a vegan diet include ethical concerns for [[animal rights]] or the environment, perceived health benefits, and spiritual or religious concerns.<ref name="Timepoll">{{cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/covers/1101020715/poll/ |title=Time/CNN Poll: Do you consider yourself a vegetarian? |accessdate=2006-10-30 |date=[[2002-07-07]] |work=Time Magazine }}</ref><ref name="Food Standards Agency">{{cite web| url=http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/ndnsprintedreport.pdf| title = Types and quantities of food consumed: Vegetarian/vegan| accessdate = 2006-10-30|format=PDF|pages=11, 23 |work = National Diet & Nutrition Survey: Adults aged 19 to 64, Volume 1 2002|publisher=Food Standards Agency}}</ref> Various polls have reported vegans to be between 0.2%<ref name="Timepoll"/> and 1.3%<ref name="vrgharrispoll">{{cite web |url=http://www.vrg.org/journal/vj2006issue4/vj2006issue4poll.htm |title=How Many Adults Are Vegetarian? |accessdate=2007-03-18 |work=Vegetarian Journal |publisher=[[Vegetarian Resource Group]] }}</ref> of the [[United States|U.S.]] population, and between 0.25%<ref name="Food Standards Agency"/> and 0.4%<ref name="londontimeswatson">{{cite web |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,60-1914862,00.html |title=Donald Watson |accessdate=2006-09-15 |date=[[2005-11-16]] |work=Times Online |publisher=Times Newspapers Ltd. }}</ref> of the [[United Kingdom|UK]] population. ''[[The Times]]'' estimates there are 250,000 vegans in Britain.<ref name="londontimeswatson"/>
A 2002 ''[[Time Magazine]]'' poll, and a National Diet & Nutrition Survey in Great Britain, indicated that some of the most popular reasons for practicing a vegan diet include ethical concerns for [[animal rights]] or the environment, perceived health benefits, and spiritual or religious concerns.<ref name="Timepoll">{{cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/covers/1101020715/poll/ |title=Time/CNN Poll: Do you consider yourself a vegetarian? |accessdate=2006-10-30 |date=[[2002-07-07]] |work=Time Magazine }}</ref><ref name="Food Standards Agency">{{cite web| url=http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/ndnsprintedreport.pdf| title = Types and quantities of food consumed: Vegetarian/vegan| accessdate = 2006-10-30|format=PDF|pages=11, 23 |work = National Diet & Nutrition Survey: Adults aged 19 to 64, Volume 1 2002|publisher=Food Standards Agency}}</ref> Various polls have reported vegans to be between 0.2%<ref name="Timepoll"/> and 1.3%<ref name="vrgharrispoll">{{cite web |url=http://www.vrg.org/journal/vj2006issue4/vj2006issue4poll.htm |title=How Many Adults Are Vegetarian? |accessdate=2007-03-18 |work=Vegetarian Journal |publisher=[[Vegetarian Resource Group]] }}</ref> of the [[United States|U.S.]] population, and between 0.25%<ref name="Food Standards Agency"/> and 0.4%<ref name="londontimeswatson">{{cite web |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,60-1914862,00.html |title=Donald Watson |accessdate=2006-09-15 |date=[[2005-11-16]] |work=Times Online |publisher=Times Newspapers Ltd. }}</ref> of the [[United Kingdom|UK]] population. ''[[The Times]]'' estimates there are 250,000 vegans in Britain.<ref name="londontimeswatson"/>


Vegetarian diets like veganism have been credited with lowering the risk of [[Colorectal cancer|colon cancer]], [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]], [[Hypercholesterolemia|high blood cholesterol]], [[hypertension|high blood pressure]], [[prostate cancer]], and [[stroke]].<ref>For stroke and heart attack, see the ''British Medical Journal'', September 28, 1996.</ref> Due to health risks associated with the reduced levels of some vitamins and minerals in a poorly-managed vegan diet (B{{ssub|12}}, D, calcium and iodine), vegans are encouraged to take supplements and monitor their diet.
Vegetarian diets like veganism have been credited with lowering the risk of [[Colorectal cancer|colon cancer]], [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]], [[Hypercholesterolemia|high blood cholesterol]], [[hypertension|high blood pressure]], [[prostate cancer]], and [[stroke]].<ref>For stroke and heart attack, see the ''British Medical Journal'', September 28, 1996.</ref> A poorly-managed diet, however can lead to various deficiencies, e.g. B{{ssub|12}}, D, calcium and iodine.


==Definition==
==Definition==

Revision as of 12:28, 14 June 2007

"Vegan" redirects here. For other uses, see Vegan (disambiguation).
File:VeganSociety.png
The logo of the world's first Vegan Society, registered in 1944.

Veganism (also strict or pure vegetarianism) is a philosophy and lifestyle that seeks to exclude the use of animals for food, clothing, or any other purpose.[1] Vegans do not use or consume animal products, notably meat, fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy products.[2]

A 2002 Time Magazine poll, and a National Diet & Nutrition Survey in Great Britain, indicated that some of the most popular reasons for practicing a vegan diet include ethical concerns for animal rights or the environment, perceived health benefits, and spiritual or religious concerns.[3][4] Various polls have reported vegans to be between 0.2%[3] and 1.3%[5] of the U.S. population, and between 0.25%[4] and 0.4%[6] of the UK population. The Times estimates there are 250,000 vegans in Britain.[6]

Vegetarian diets like veganism have been credited with lowering the risk of colon cancer, heart attack, high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, prostate cancer, and stroke.[7] A poorly-managed diet, however can lead to various deficiencies, e.g. B12, D, calcium and iodine.

Definition

The word vegan, usually pronounced [ˈviːgən],[8] was originally derived from "vegetarian" in 1944 when Elsie Shrigley and Donald Watson, frustrated that the term "vegetarianism" had come to include the eating of dairy products, founded the UK Vegan Society.[9] They combined the first three and last two letters of vegetarian to form "vegan," which they saw as "the beginning and end of vegetarian."[9][10] The British Vegan Society defines veganism in this way:

[T]he word "veganism" denotes a philosophy and way of living which seeks to exclude — as far as is possible and practical — all forms of exploitation of, and cruelty to, animals for food, clothing or any other purpose; and by extension, promotes the development and use of animal-free alternatives for the benefit of humans, animals and the environment. In dietary terms it denotes the practice of dispensing with all products derived wholly or partly from animals.[1]

Other vegan societies use similar definitions.[11][12][13] Although these definitions exclude all animal products as non-vegan, some vegans consider the use of insect products (eg. honey) to be acceptable.[14]

Demographics

A 2002 Time/CNN poll, found that 4% of American adults consider themselves vegetarians, and 5% of self-described vegetarians consider themselves vegans.[3] implying 0.2% of American adults are vegans. Also in 2002, the UK Food Standards Agency reported that 5% of respondents self-identified as vegetarian or vegan. Though 29% of that 5% said they avoided "all animal products" only 5% reported avoiding dairy.[4] Based on these figures, approximately 0.25% of the UK population follow a vegan diet. In 2005, The Times estimated there were 250,000 vegans in Britain, which suggests around 0.4% of the UK population is vegan.[6]

A 2006 poll conducted by Harris Interactive in the United States listed specific foods and asked respondents to indicate which items they never eat, rather than asking respondents to self-identify. The results found that, of the 1,000 adults polled, 1.4% never eat meat, poultry, fish, seafood, dairy products, or eggs. They were, in other words, vegan (except for possibly honey) in their eating habits. The survey found that about 1.4% of men and 1.3% of women have vegan diets.[5]

Animal products

Main article: Animal product

The term "animal product" in a vegan context refers to material derived from animals for human use. Notable animal products include meat, poultry, seafood, eggs, dairy products, honey, fur, leather, wool, and silk.[2] Common animal by-products include gelatin, lanolin, rennet, whey, beeswax and shellac.[2]

Animal ingredients can be found in countless products and are used in the production of—though not always present in the final form of—many more;[15][16][17] many of these ingredients are esoteric,[18][19] also have non-animal sources,[20] and especially in non-food products may not even be identified.[15] Although some vegans attempt to avoid all of these ingredients, Vegan Outreach argues that "it can be prohibitively expensive and time-consuming to shun every minor or hidden animal-derived ingredient," and therefore that doing what is "best for preventing suffering" is more important than identifying and excluding every animal ingredient.[21][22]

Ethical concerns

See also: Animal rights, Ethics of eating meat, and Factory farming
Sows at an intensive pig farm. Opposition to factory farming is one of the most common ethical reasons given for veganism.[23]

Vegan organizations maintain that animals have their own interests, and therefore it is not ethical for humans to use animals in any way they see fit.[24][25][26] Because they see these practices as cruel to animals, many vegans avoid supporting factory farming,[23][27][28] animal testing,[2][29] and groups which display animals for entertainment, such as circuses,[30] rodeos,[31] and zoos.[32]

Legal theorist Gary L. Francione argues that sentience in animals is sufficient to grant them moral consideration and that adopting veganism should be regarded as the "baseline" action taken by people concerned with animal rights.[33] Utilitarian philosopher Peter Singer argues that the suffering of sentient animals is relevant to ethical decisions, and advocates both veganism and improved conditions for farm animals as a means to reduce animal suffering.[34][35][36]

William Jarvis has questioned the validity of the ethical claims put forward by vegans, stating that "the belief that all life is sacred can lead to absurdities such as allowing mosquitoes to spread malaria, or vipers to run loose on one's premises."[37] However, many vegans do not believe that all animal life is sacred, instead following veganism for other reasons. Peter Singer advocates veganism for utilitarian reasons, stating that the benefit caused by a good taste for the human who consumes animal products is more than negated by the pain felt by the beings who are consumed.[38]

Steven Davis, professor of animal science at Oregon State University, argues that the number of wild animals killed in crop production is greater than those killed in ruminant-pasture production. Whenever a tractor goes through a field to plow, disc, cultivate, apply fertilizer and/or pesticide, and harvest, animals are killed. [39] Davis gives a small sampling of U.S. field animals that are threatened by intensive crop production, including many mammals, birds and amphibians. In one small example, an alfalfa harvest caused a 50% decline in the gray-tailed vole population. According to Davis, if all of the cropland in the U. S. were used to produce crops for a vegan diet, it is estimated that around 1.8 billion animals would be killed annually. [40]

Gaverick Matheny, a Ph.D. candidate in agricultural economics at the University of Maryland, counters that Davis' reasoning contains several major flaws, including distorting the notion of "harm" to animals, and miscalculating the number of animal deaths based upon areas of land rather than per consumer. Matheny concludes that vegetarianism actually kills fewer animals, promotes better treatment of animals, and allows more animals to exist. [41]

Vegan cuisine

See also: Vegetarian cuisine
For recipes and further information see the Wikibooks Cookbook article on Vegan Cuisine.
A vegan version of a salad "Селёдка под шубой"/"Selyodka pod shooboy" ("Herring under a fur coat"), which is popular in Russia.

The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine recommends what they call the "Four New Food Groups."[42] They suggest that vegans and vegetarians eat at least three servings of vegetables a day, including dark green, leafy vegetables such as broccoli, and dark yellow and orange such as carrots; five servings of whole grains (bread, rice, pasta); three of fruit; and two of legumes (beans, peas, lentils).[42]

The cuisines of most nations contain dishes for a vegan diet, including ingredients such as tofu, tempeh and the wheat product seitan in Asian diets.[43][44][45][46] Many recipes that traditionally contain animal products can be adapted by substituting plant-based ingredients, e.g. nut, grain or soy milk used to replace cow's milk;[46][47] eggs replaced by substitutes such as products made from starch.[46][47][48] Additionally, artificial "meat" products ("analogs" or "mock meats") made from non-animal derived ingredients such as soy or gluten, including imitation sausages, ground beef, burgers, and chicken nuggets are widely available.[46][49]

Health

Main article: Vegan nutrition

Benefits

The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine recommends that vegans and vegetarians eat three portions of fruit a day.

Certain widespread diets (such as the standard American diet, which is high in fat and low in fiber and green vegetables) are detrimental to health, and a vegan diet thus represents an improvement.[50][51] Conversely, studies in Japan found that increased consumption of some animal products coincided with a decrease in risk for some forms of cerebrovascular disease and stroke mortality.[52]

Some vegans feel additional health benefits are gained by not consuming artificial substances such as growth hormones and antibiotics, which are often given to farmed animals in countries where the legislation permits it.[53] Because they are similar to naturally occuring human hormones, growth hormones used in cattle may affect fetal and childhood development.[54]

Benefits of vegetarian diets are sometimes also valid for strict vegan diets: according to the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada, diets that avoid meat tend to have lower levels of saturated fat, cholesterol, and animal protein, and higher levels of carbohydrates, fiber, magnesium, potassium, folate, and antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, and phytochemicals.[55] People who avoid meat are reported to have lower body mass indices than those following the average Canadian diet; from this follows lower death rates from ischemic heart disease; lower blood cholesterol levels; lower blood pressure; and lower rates of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and prostate and colon cancer.[55]

Olympic gold medallist Carl Lewis became a vegan in 1990 and is reported to have achieved his best year of track competition.[56]

The association states that well-planned vegan diets can also be appropriate for life cycles requiring high nutritional intake such as pregnancy, lactation, childhood, and adolescence.[55]

A pilot study at Georgetown University on 2005 suggested that a vegan diet can reduce blood cholesterol in people with type 2 diabetes, as well as significantly reduce the complications of it.[57]

Vegan athletes compete in a variety of sports, including powerlifting, bodybuilding, martial arts, and long distance running.[58][59] Multiple Olympic gold medallist Carl Lewis has stated that he became vegan in 1990 and achieved his "best year of track competition" when he ate a vegan diet.[56]

Precautions

Specific nutrients

The position of the American Dietetic Association is that "appropriately planned vegetarian diets are healthful, nutritionally adequate, and provide health benefits in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases."[55] However, with poorly planned diets there are risks for being deficient in nutrients such as vitamin B12,[60] vitamin D,[61] calcium,[62][61] iodine[63] and omega-3 fatty acids.[64]

Vitamin B12, a bacterial product, cannot be reliably found in plant foods.[65][66][67] Vitamin B12 deficiency can have serious health consequences, including anemia and neurodegenerative disorders.[68]While it may take one to five years to exhaust some individual's reserves of vitamin B12, many people do not have such reserves.[69] Additionally, mild B12 deficiency can develop even with such reserves.[69] In a 2002 laboratory study, more of the strict vegan participants' B12 and iron levels were compromised than those of lacto- or lacto-ovo-vegetarian participants.[70] The Vegan Society and Vegan Outreach, among others, recommend that vegans either consistently eat foods fortified with B12 or take a B12 supplement.[71][65][66][67][72][73] Tempeh, seaweed, spirulina, organic produce, soil on unwashed vegetables, and intestinal bacteria have not been shown to be reliable sources of B12 for the dietary needs of vegans.[74][75] Moreover, recent research suggests that those who received B12 and other nutrients from multivitamin pills had an increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer, especially in lean individuals, while those who got obtained much of these nutrients from food were protected against developing the disease.[76]

Adequate amounts of vitamin D may be obtained by spending 15 to 30 minutes every few days in the sunlight, although this may be difficult for vegans in areas with low levels of sunlight during winter.[77][78][65]

A 2007 study showed that vegans have an increased risk of bone fractures than both meat eaters and vegetarians, likely due to lower dietary calcium intake, but that vegans consuming more than the UK's estimated average requirements for calcium of 525 mg/day had risk of bone fractures similar to other groups.[62] It is recommended that vegans eat three servings per day of a high calcium food, such as fortified soy milk and take a calcium supplement as necessary.[61][55]

Vegan pregnancies

Nearly all of the nutritional deficiencies associated with poorly-planned vegan diets can have serious consequences for the developing fetus and nursing infant. The American Dietetic Association considers well-planned vegan diets "appropriate for all stages of the life cycle, including pregnancy and lactation,"[55] but recommends that vegan mothers supplement for iron, vitamin D, and vitamin B12.[79][80] Vitamin B12 deficiency in lactating vegetarian mothers has been linked to deficiencies and neurological disorders in their children.[81][82] Some research suggests that the essential omega-3 fatty acid α-linolenic acid and its derivatives should also be supplemented in pregnant and lactating vegan mothers, since they are very low in most vegan diets, and the metabolically related docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is essential to the developing visual system.[83] Vegan diet has also been associated with low birth weight.[84] A 2006 study found that vegan mothers are five times less likely to have twins than those who eat animal products.[85]

Eating disorders

The American Dietetic Association found that vegetarian diets may be more common among adolescents with eating disorders than in the general adolescent population, and that professionals should be aware of adolescents who limit the food choices and exhibit symptoms of eating disorders.[55] The ADA indicates that the evidence suggests that the adoption of a vegetarian diet does not lead to eating disorders, but "vegetarian diets may be selected to camouflage an existing eating disorder."[55] Other studies and statements by dietitians and counselors support this conclusion.[86][87][88]

Resources and the environment

Main article: Environmental vegetarianism

People who adopt veganism for environmental reasons do so on the basis that veganism consumes fewer resources and causes less environmental damage than an animal-based diet.[89][90][91] Animal agriculture is linked to climate change, water pollution, land degredation, and a decline in biodiversity.[90][91][92] Additionally, an animal-based diet is far less land,[92][93] water[94] and energy efficient than a vegan diet.[92][95][96]

A 2006 study by Gidon Eshel and Pamela Martin, assistant professors of geophysics at the University of Chicago, found that a person switching from the average American diet to a vegan diet would reduce CO2 emissions by 1,485 kg per year.[97]

The United Nations released a report in November 2006 linking animal agriculture to environmental damage. The report, titled "Livestock’s Long Shadow–Environmental Issues and Options,"[98] concludes that the livestock sector (primarily cows, chickens, and pigs) emerges as one of the top two or three most significant contributors to our most serious environmental problems, at every scale from local to global. It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases - responsible for 18% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents. By comparison, all transportation emits 13.5% of the CO2. It produces 65% of human-related nitrous oxide (which has 296 times the global warming potential of CO2) and 37% of all human-induced methane (which is 23 times as warming as CO2).

The International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis argues that while most meat production in industrialized countries utilizes inefficient grain feeding methods through intensive farming, meat production is not invariably a poor use of land, especially in countries like China and Brazil. Since a proportion of all grain crops produced are not suitable for human consumption, they can be fed to animals to turn into meat, thus improving efficiency.[99][100] Further, greenhouse gas emissions are not limited to animal husbandry; for instance, in many countries where rice is the main cereal crop, rice cultivation is responsible for most of the methane emissions.[101]

Similar diets and lifestyles

Herbivorous diets such as raw veganism and fruitarianism are related to veganism, but have significant differences from standard veganism. There are also numerous religious groups that regularly or occasionally practice a similar diet, including some Buddhist traditions,[102] Jains,[103] Hindus,[104] Rastafarians,[105] and the Seventh-day Adventists.[106]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b "Memorandum of Association of the Vegan Society" (PDF). About Us. Vegan Society. 1979-11-20. p. 1. Retrieved 2007-02-22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ^ a b c d "Criteria for Vegan food". Vegan Society. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
  3. ^ a b c "Time/CNN Poll: Do you consider yourself a vegetarian?". Time Magazine. 2002-07-07. Retrieved 2006-10-30. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ a b c "Types and quantities of food consumed: Vegetarian/vegan" (PDF). National Diet & Nutrition Survey: Adults aged 19 to 64, Volume 1 2002. Food Standards Agency. pp. 11, 23. Retrieved 2006-10-30.
  5. ^ a b "How Many Adults Are Vegetarian?". Vegetarian Journal. Vegetarian Resource Group. Retrieved 2007-03-18.
  6. ^ a b c "Donald Watson". Times Online. Times Newspapers Ltd. 2005-11-16. Retrieved 2006-09-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ^ For stroke and heart attack, see the British Medical Journal, September 28, 1996.
  8. ^ "vegan". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
  9. ^ a b "Vegan Society: History". Vegan Society. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
  10. ^ "Vegetarians in Paradise interview with Donald Watson". Vegetarians in Paradise Web Magazine. Vegetarians in Paradise. 2004-08-11. Retrieved 2006-10-31.
  11. ^ "What is Vegan?". American Vegan Society. Retrieved 2006-09-15.
  12. ^ "Introduction to Veganism". The Vegan Society of New Zealand. Retrieved 2006-10-30.
  13. ^ "About Vegana". The Danish Vegan Society. Retrieved 2006-10-30.
  14. ^ Vegan Action: Vegan FAQ's - Is honey vegan?
  15. ^ a b "Vegan FAQs". Vegan Outreach. Retrieved 2007-03-11. Is refined sugar vegan? It depends on how you define 'vegan.' Refined sugars do not contain any animal products, and so by an ingredients-based definition of vegan, refined sugar is vegan. ... However, if one accepts a process-based definition of vegan, then many other familiar products would also not be considered vegan. For instance, steel and vulcanized rubber are produced using animal fats and, in many areas, groundwater and surface water is filtered through bone charcoal filters.
  16. ^ "IVU FAQ: Drinks". International Vegetarian Union FAQ. International Vegetarian Union. 2006-08-03. Retrieved 2007-03-11.
  17. ^ "Information Sheet: Alcohol". Vegetarian Society. Retrieved 2007-03-11. The use of animal derived products in the production of alcoholic beverages is fairly widespread not because no alternatives exist, but because they always have been used and there is little demand from the consumer for an alternative. ... The main appearance of animal derived products is in the fining or clearing process, though others may be used as colorants or anti-foaming agents.
  18. ^ "IVU FAQ: Ingredients". International Vegetarian Union FAQ. International Vegetarian Union. Retrieved 2006-10-30.
  19. ^ "IVU FAQ: Animal Derived Ingredient List". International Vegetarian Union FAQ. International Vegetarian Union. 2006-08-03. Retrieved 2007-03-10.
  20. ^ "IVU FAQ: Maybe Animal Derived". International Vegetarian Union FAQ. International Vegetarian Union. 2006-08-03. Retrieved 2007-03-10.
  21. ^ "On Living With Compassion". Vegan Outreach. Retrieved 2007-03-10. Our desire to oppose and help end cruelty to animals can help guide our choices, as well as provide a simple, easy-to-understand explanation of our actions. The question isn't, "Is this vegan?" but, "What is best for preventing suffering?"
  22. ^ "On Living With Compassion (Old version)". Vegan Outreach. Retrieved 2007-03-10. We believe that framing veganism as the avoidance of a specific list of "bad" ingredients is not the best way to achieve results. When looked at closely, any ingredients-based definition of vegan collapses into inconsistencies. This is why we stress that the essence of being vegan is working to end cruelty to animals.
  23. ^ a b "Factory Farms". Why Vegan. Vegan Outreach. Retrieved 2006-09-15.
  24. ^ "About Veganism: For the Animals". Vegan Action. Retrieved 2007-05-29. Veganism emerges as the lifestyle most consistent with the philosophy that animals are not ours to use.
  25. ^ "PETA's History: Compassion in Action". People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Retrieved 2007-05-29. PETA operates under the simple principle that animals are not ours to eat, wear, experiment on, or use for entertainment.
  26. ^ "About Mercy for Animals". Mercy for Animals. Retrieved 2007-05-29. Mercy For Animals is a 501(c)(3) non-profit animal advocacy organization that believes non-human animals are irreplaceable individuals with morally significant interests and hence rights, including the right to live free of unnecessary suffering.
  27. ^ "Cruelty to Animals: Mechanized Madness". GoVeg.com. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Retrieved 2006-09-15.
  28. ^ "Exploitation". Vegan Society. Retrieved 2007-05-29. The vast majority of these animals will have spent their brief lives in the cramped, distressing conditions of the factory farm. Their close confinement and the overworking of their bodies will have led to increased susceptibility to injury and disease. They will have been reared on an unnatural diet designed to increase productivity and many will have undergone various painful and traumatic procedures.
  29. ^ "Testing". Vegan Society. Retrieved 2007-05-29. Every year, millions of animals are subjected to the most horrifically painful experiments just so people can have a new brand of shampoo or a differently scented perfume.
  30. ^ "Circuses: Three Rings of Abuse". People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Retrieved 2007-05-29. Colorful pageantry disguises the fact that animals used in circuses are captives who are forced, under threat of punishment, to perform confusing, uncomfortable, repetitious, and often-painful acts.
  31. ^ "Rodeo: Cruelty for a Buck". People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Retrieved 2007-05-29. In reality, rodeos are nothing more than manipulative displays of human domination over animals, thinly disguised as entertainment.
  32. ^ "Animal Rights Uncompromised: Zoos". People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Retrieved 2007-05-29. PETA opposes zoos because zoo cages and cramped enclosures deprive animals of their most basic needs. The zoo community regards the animals it keeps as commodities, and animals are regularly bought, sold, borrowed, and traded without any regard for established relationships.
  33. ^ Francione, Gary (2006-12-27). "Mission Statement". Animal Rights: The Abolitionist Approach. Retrieved 2007-05-29. This site also seeks to make clear that the moral baseline of an animal rights movement is veganism.
  34. ^ Clyne, Catherine (2006). "Singer Says". Satya. Retrieved 2007-05-29. If you read the book, it does make clear that going vegan is a good solution to a lot of the ethical problems. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  35. ^ Gilson, Dave (2006-05-03). "Chew the Right Thing". Mother Jones. The Foundation for National Progress. Retrieved 2007-05-29. In 1975 he published Animal Liberation, a pioneering defense of the rights of animals that concluded that veganism is the most ethically justifiable diet.
  36. ^ Broudy, Oliver (2006-05-08). "The practical ethicist". Salon.com. Salon Media Group, Inc. Retrieved 2007-05-29. If you can be vegetarian or vegan that's ideal. If you can buy organic and vegan that's better still, and organic and fair trade and vegan, better still, but if that gets too difficult or too complicated, just ask yourself, Does this product come from intensive animal agriculture?
  37. ^ Why I Am Not a Vegetarian By Dr. William T. Jarvis
  38. ^ Singer, Peter (1979). "The case against using animals for food is at its strongest when animals are made to lead miserable lives so that their flesh can be made available to humans at the lowest possible cost. ... In order to have meat on the table at a price that people can afford, our society tolerates methods of meat production that confine sentient animals in cramped, unsuitable conditions for the entire duration of their lives. ... To avoid speciesism we must stop these practices." Practical Ethics, Cambridge 1979. Chapter 3.
  39. ^ Davis, S.L. (2001). "The least harm principle suggests that humans should eat beef, lamb, dairy, not a vegan diet." EurSafe 2001. Food Safety, Food Quality and Food Ethics. Proceedings of the Third Congress of the European Society for Agricultural and Food Ethics. pp 449-450.
  40. ^ Davis S.L. (2003) "The least harm principle may require that humans consume a diet containing large herbivores, not a vegan diet". Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. (16)4. pp. 387-394.
  41. ^ Gaverick Matheny (2003). "Least harm: a defense of vegetarianism from Steven Davis's omnivorous proposal". Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 16: 505–511. doi:10.1023/A:1026354906892.
  42. ^ a b "Vegetarian starter kit", Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, posted on vegsource.com.
  43. ^ Shurtleff, William. "History of Tofu". LA Tofu Festival. Retrieved 2007-02-18.
  44. ^ Jacobs, Leonard (1994). Cooking with Seitan: The Complete Vegetarian "Wheat-meat" Cookbook. Avery. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-0895295996. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  45. ^ "History of Tempeh". tempeh.info. Retrieved 2007-02-18.
  46. ^ a b c d "Vegan proteins". BBC Food. BBC. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
  47. ^ a b "Baking without eggs, milk and buttah". Post Punk Kitchen. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
  48. ^ "Vegan Substitution for Egg Whites". Ochef.com. Food News Service. Retrieved 2007-02-23. Q. What is a vegan substitute for egg whites? A. And the mystery ingredient is… flax seed.
  49. ^ Bryanna Clark Grogan. "Vegan Meat Analogs, Dairy Substitutes, and Egg Alternatives". Bryanna's Vegan Feast. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
  50. ^ Segelken, Roger (2001-06-28). "China Study II: Switch to Western diet may bring Western-type diseases". Cornell Chronicle. Retrieved 2006-09-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  51. ^ "China-Cornell-Oxford Project On Nutrition, Environment and Health at Cornell University". Division of Nutritional Sciences. Cornell University. Retrieved 2006-09-15.
  52. ^ "Possible protective effect of milk, meat and fish for cerebrovascular disease mortality in Japan". Japan Epidemiological Association. 1999-08-09. Retrieved 2006-09-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
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  56. ^ a b Lewis, Carl. "Carl Lewis on Being Vegan". Introduction to Very Vegetarian, by Jannequin Bennett. Retrieved 2006-10-30.
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  65. ^ a b c Jack Norris, RD (2003-04-18). "Staying a Healthy Vegan". Vegan Outreach. Retrieved 2007-02-22. There are no reliable, unfortified plant sources of vitamin B12; therefore fortified foods and/or supplements are necessary for the optimal health of vegans.
  66. ^ a b "Vitamin B12 Information Sheet". Vegetarian Society. Retrieved 2007-02-22. [Vitamin B12] is exclusively synthesised by bacteria and is found primarily in meat, eggs and dairy products. ... [T]he present consensus is that any B12 present in plant foods is likely to be unavailable to humans and so these foods should not be relied upon as safe sources.
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  75. ^ Jack Norris, RD. "Vegan Health: Are Intestinal Bacteria a Reliable Source of B12?". veganhealth.org. Vegan Outreach. Retrieved 2007-02-22.
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  89. ^ "Animal Products and the Environment: Solutions". Vegan Society. Retrieved 2007-05-29. Switching to a plant-based vegan diet will not 'save the world,' but it is a significant step towards limiting your individual impact on our increasingly fragile environment.
  90. ^ a b "About Veganism: For the Environment". Vegan Action. Retrieved 2007-05-29. Animal agriculture takes a devastating toll on the earth. It is an inefficient way of producing food, since feed for farm animals requires land, water, fertilizer, and other resources that could otherwise have been used directly for producing human food.
  91. ^ a b "Environmental Destruction". Why Vegan?. Vegan Outreach. Retrieved 2007-05-29.
  92. ^ a b c "Factory Farming: Mechanized Madness". People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Retrieved 2007-05-29. Factory farms are harmful to the environment as well. Each day, factory farms produce billions of pounds of manure, which ends up in lakes, rivers, and drinking water. ... Of all the agricultural land in the U.S., 80 percent is used to raise animals for food and grow the grain to feed them—that's almost half the total land mass of the lower 48 states. ... it takes more than 1,250 gallons of water to produce a pound of cow flesh, whereas it takes about 235 gallons of water to grow 1 pound of wheat.
  93. ^ "Environment: Land". Vegan Society. Retrieved 2007-05-29. In all, the raising of livestock takes up more than two-thirds of agricultural land, and one third of the total land area.
  94. ^ "Environment: Water". Vegan Society. Retrieved 2007-05-29. If we put all of these figures together, we find that whilst wheat provides us with an average 27.5 kcal for each litre of water used, beef provides only 0.76 kcal per litre. This means that - based on the data presented to show that other figures were "overstated" - beef still requires 36 times as much water per calorie as wheat.
  95. ^ "Environment: Energy". Vegan Society. Retrieved 2007-05-29. A plant-based vegan diet uses substantially less energy than a diet based on animal products. This energy is virtually all derived from fossil fuels, making meat and dairy consumption a contributing factor in air pollution, acidification, oil spills, habitat destruction and global warming.
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  102. ^ Karma Lekshe Tsomo (2006), Into the Jaws of Yama, Lord of Death: Buddhism, Bioethics, and Death, SUNY Press, ISBN 0791468313
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Further reading

General
Health/Nutrition
Ethical
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veganism&diff=138117119&oldid=138116238