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{{Primary sources|date=November 2007}}
{{Primary sources|date=November 2007}}
{{missing|criticisms of the economic and societal implications of VE|date=November 2022}}}}
{{missing|criticisms of the economic and societal implications of VE|date=November 2022}}}}
[[File:Lunar Roving Vehicle wheel close-up.JPG|thumb|The tyre developed for the Lunar Rover is an example of Value Engineerng to optimise a solution against well-defined design criteria]]
'''Value Engineering''' ('''VE''') is the science of systematically analysing the ''functions'' of various components and materials, to optimise the various inherent ''costs'' - with the goal of achieving the best ''value'' outcome for goods, products and services. VE levers logic, data, and experience, to create value through improvement, and eliminate waste and excess. It is a primary tenet of Value Engineering that basic functions are preserved and never reduced as a consequence of pursuing value improvements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Value Methodology Standard<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.value-eng.org/pdf_docs/monographs/vmstd.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319204415/http://www.value-eng.org/pdf_docs/monographs/vmstd.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-19 |access-date=2008-12-01}}</ref> Functionality and intent must be at least maintained, and preferably improved - with assurance at each step of the process confirming that these aspects are never compromised as part of the VE solution.


⚫
[[File:Grenfell Tower fire morning.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Value engineering can lead to the substitution of lower-cost materials, as with the exterior cladding that accelerated the [[Grenfell Tower fire]] in London.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=How they built Grenfell|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/world/uk/2020/12/how-they-built-grenfell|quote=The inquiry heard that aluminium composite is often used instead of fire-proof materials, as part of "value engineering" exercises to save money. This was the case in the refurbishment of Grenfell Tower, when non-combustible zinc panels were swapped out for aluminium composite to save nearly £300,000.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/jul/20/grenfell-council-made-more-on-two-house-sales-than-it-spent-on-cladding|title=Grenfell: council made more on two house sales than it spent on cladding|quote="They confirm that almost £300,000 was cut from the cost of the cladding system used on Grenfell Tower by changing from zinc to aluminium as part of what was described internally as a "value engineering process". Zinc panels with a fire retardant core were replaced by cheaper aluminium panels with a core that has since proved combustible in government tests."}}</ref>]]
Value = Function / Cost
'''Value engineering''' ('''VE''') is a systematic analysis of the functions of various components and materials to lower the cost of goods, products and services with a tolerable loss of performance or functionality. Value, as defined, is the ratio of function to [[cost]]. Value can therefore be manipulated by either improving the function or reducing the [[cost]]. It is a primary tenet of value engineering that basic functions be preserved and not be reduced as a consequence of pursuing value improvements.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.value-eng.org/pdf_docs/monographs/vmstd.pdf |title=Value Methodology Standard<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319204415/http://www.value-eng.org/pdf_docs/monographs/vmstd.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The term "value management" is sometimes used as a synonym of "value engineering", and both promote the planning and delivery of projects with improved performance.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Invernizzi|first1=Diletta Colette|last2=Locatelli|first2=Giorgio|last3=Grönqvist|first3=Marcus|last4=Brookes|first4=Naomi J.|date=2019-01-28|title=Applying value management when it seems that there is no value to be managed: the case of nuclear decommissioning|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2019.01.004|journal=International Journal of Project Management|volume=37|issue=5|pages=668–683|doi=10.1016/j.ijproman.2019.01.004|s2cid=115941020 |issn=0263-7863|archive-url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/141870/|archive-date=1 Feb 2019|via=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2019.01.004}}</ref>


⚫
The reasoning behind value engineering is as follows: if marketers expect a product to become practically or stylistically obsolete within a specific length of time, they can design it to only last for that specific lifetime. The products could be built with higher-grade components, but with value engineering they are not because this would impose an unnecessary cost on the manufacturer, and to a limited extent also an increased cost on the purchaser. Value engineering will reduce these costs. A company will typically use the least expensive components that satisfy the product's lifetime projections at a risk of product and company reputation.
As the ratio of function to [[cost]], Value can be increased by either improving the function or reducing the various [[cost|costs]] - or ideally delivering both aspects to compound scale of the improvement.


⚫
Due to the very short life spans, however, which is often a result of this "value engineering technique", [[planned obsolescence]] has become associated with product deterioration and inferior quality. [[Vance Packard]] once claimed this practice gave engineering as a whole a bad name, as it directed creative engineering energies toward short-term market ends. Philosophers such as [[Herbert Marcuse]] and [[Jacque Fresco]] have also criticized the economic and societal implications of this model.
⚫
The term "Value Management" is sometimes used as a synonym of "Value Engineering", and both promote the planning and delivery of projects with improved performance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Invernizzi |first1=Diletta Colette |last2=Locatelli |first2=Giorgio |last3=Grönqvist |first3=Marcus |last4=Brookes |first4=Naomi J. |date=2019-01-28 |title=Applying value management when it seems that there is no value to be managed: the case of nuclear decommissioning |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2019.01.004 |journal=International Journal of Project Management |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=668–683 |doi=10.1016/j.ijproman.2019.01.004 |issn=0263-7863 |s2cid=115941020 |archive-url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/141870/ |archive-date=1 Feb 2019 |via=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2019.01.004}}</ref>[[File:Grenfell Tower fire morning.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Cost Cutting can lead to compromises in functionality or intent, as with the exterior cladding that accelerated the [[Grenfell Tower fire]] in London.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=How they built Grenfell|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/world/uk/2020/12/how-they-built-grenfell|quote=The inquiry heard that aluminium composite is often used instead of fire-proof materials, as part of "value engineering" exercises to save money. This was the case in the refurbishment of Grenfell Tower, when non-combustible zinc panels were swapped out for aluminium composite to save nearly £300,000.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/jul/20/grenfell-council-made-more-on-two-house-sales-than-it-spent-on-cladding|title=Grenfell: council made more on two house sales than it spent on cladding|quote="They confirm that almost £300,000 was cut from the cost of the cladding system used on Grenfell Tower by changing from zinc to aluminium as part of what was described internally as a "value engineering process". Zinc panels with a fire retardant core were replaced by cheaper aluminium panels with a core that has since proved combustible in government tests."}}</ref>]]Note - "Cost Cutting" is not Value Engineering. Cost Cutting's goal is solely to reduce cost, with less regard for the impacts upon functionality, design intent, or overall value. As it is not an integrated solution, Cost Cutting outcomes are often less considered than VE solutions, and are rarely sustained.

⚫
Considering a product's lifecycle, the reasoning behind Value Engineering is as follows: if marketers expect a product to become practically or stylistically obsolete within a specific length of time, it should be designed to only last for that specific lifetime. The products could be built with higher-grade materials and components, though Value Engineering would identify this as waste - which would impose an unnecessary cost increase upon the manufacturer, and then cascade to the purchaser. Value Engineering will reduce these costs to the point aligning as the minimum viable product, and must not compromise below this level. A company will typically match the cost of components to satisfy the product's lifecycle projection - though marketers must commercially align this with this customer expectation, or risk product and company reputation.

By way of example, there is no functional benefit in the extra expense of using Stainless-Steel belts to ensure their infinite life within a radial tyre, as the tyre is discarded due to rubber wear long before the longevity of steel belts is an issue. (Value Engineering see's Nylon or other composite belts compliment the use of Carbon Steel belts in many modern tyres). In contrast, the Highly specialised requirements for the tyres developed for the Moon Rover vehicles used zinc-coated piano wire, albeit with Titanium treads, to satisfy the extreme design criteria for that application - though this design would be both cost-prohibitive and ineffective in regular applications.

⚫
Delivered properly, Value Engineering reduces the (monetary, risk or social) cost, to maximise effectiveness and accessibility of a design. The criticality of accurately defining the design criteria can't be over emphasised, as errors there are easily mistaken as poor Value Engineering outcomes. [[Vance Packard]] once claimed this gave engineering as a whole a bad name, as it directed creative engineering energies toward short-term market ends. Philosophers such as [[Herbert Marcuse]] and [[Jacque Fresco]] have also criticized the economic and societal implications of this model.


==History==
==History==

Latest revision as of 01:20, 10 May 2024

Value engineering can lead to the substitution of lower-cost materials, as with the exterior cladding that accelerated the Grenfell Tower fire in London.[1][2]

Value engineering (VE) is a systematic analysis of the functions of various components and materials to lower the cost of goods, products and services with a tolerable loss of performance or functionality. Value, as defined, is the ratio of function to cost. Value can therefore be manipulated by either improving the function or reducing the cost. It is a primary tenet of value engineering that basic functions be preserved and not be reduced as a consequence of pursuing value improvements.[3] The term "value management" is sometimes used as a synonym of "value engineering", and both promote the planning and delivery of projects with improved performance.[4]

The reasoning behind value engineering is as follows: if marketers expect a product to become practically or stylistically obsolete within a specific length of time, they can design it to only last for that specific lifetime. The products could be built with higher-grade components, but with value engineering they are not because this would impose an unnecessary cost on the manufacturer, and to a limited extent also an increased cost on the purchaser. Value engineering will reduce these costs. A company will typically use the least expensive components that satisfy the product's lifetime projections at a risk of product and company reputation.

Due to the very short life spans, however, which is often a result of this "value engineering technique", planned obsolescence has become associated with product deterioration and inferior quality. Vance Packard once claimed this practice gave engineering as a whole a bad name, as it directed creative engineering energies toward short-term market ends. Philosophers such as Herbert Marcuse and Jacque Fresco have also criticized the economic and societal implications of this model.

History[edit]

Value engineering began at General Electric Co. during World War II. Because of the war, there were shortages of skilled labour, raw materials, and component parts. Lawrence Miles, Jerry Leftow, and Harry Erlicher at G.E. looked for acceptable substitutes. They noticed that these substitutions often reduced costs, improved the product, or both. What started out as an accident of necessity was turned into a systematic process. They called their technique "value analysis" or "value control".[5]

The U S Navy's Bureau of Ships established a formal program of value engineering, overseen by Miles and Raymond Fountain, also from G.E., in 1957.[5]

Since the 1970's the US Government's General Accounting Office (GAO) has recognised the benefit of value engineering. In a 1992 statement by L. Nye Stevens, Director of Government Business Operations Issues within the GAO, referred to "considerable work" done by the GAO on value engineering and the office's recommendation that VE should be adopted by "all federal construction agencies".[6]

Dr. Paul Collopy, UAH Professor, ISEEM Department, has recommended an improvement to value engineering known as Value-Driven Design.[7]

Description[edit]

Value engineering is sometimes taught within the project management, industrial engineering or architecture body of knowledge as a technique in which the value of a system's outputs is superficially optimized by distorting a mix of performance (function) and costs. It is based on an analysis investigating systems, equipment, facilities, services, and supplies for providing necessary functions at superficial low life cycle cost while meeting the misunderstood requirement targets in performance, reliability, quality, and safety. In most cases this practice identifies and removes necessary functions of value expenditures, thereby decreasing the capabilities of the manufacturer and/or their customers. What this practice disregards in providing necessary functions of value are expenditures such as equipment maintenance and relationships between employee, equipment, and materials. For example, a machinist is unable to complete their quota because the drill press is temporarily inoperable due to lack of maintenance and the material handler is not doing their daily checklist, tally, log, invoice, and accounting of maintenance and materials each machinist needs to maintain the required productivity and adherence to section 4306.

VE follows a structured thought process that is based exclusively on "function", i.e. what something "does", not what it "is". For example, a screwdriver that is being used to stir a can of paint has a "function" of mixing the contents of a paint can and not the original connotation of securing a screw into a screw-hole. In value engineering "functions" are always described in a two word abridgment consisting of an active verb and measurable noun (what is being done – the verb – and what it is being done to – the noun) and to do so in the most non-descriptive way possible. In the screwdriver and can of paint example, the most basic function would be "blend liquid" which is less descriptive than "stir paint" which can be seen to limit the action (by stirring) and to limit the application (only considers paint).

Value engineering uses rational logic (a unique "how" – "why" questioning technique) and an irrational analysis of function to identify relationships that increase value. It is considered a quantitative method similar to the scientific method, which focuses on hypothesis-conclusion approaches to test relationships, and operations research, which uses model building to identify predictive relationships.

Legal terminology[edit]

In the United States, value engineering is specifically mandated for federal agencies by section 4306 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1996,[8] which amended the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act (41 U.S.C. 401 et seq.):

"Each executive agency shall establish and maintain cost-effective value engineering procedures and processes."
"As used in this section, the term 'value engineering' means an analysis of the functions of a program, project, system, product, item of equipment, building, facility, service, or supply of an executive agency, performed by qualified agency or contractor personnel, directed at improving performance, reliability, quality, safety, and life cycle costs."

An earlier bill, HR 281, the "Systematic Approach for Value Engineering Act" was proposed in 1990, which would have mandated the use of VE in major federally-sponsored construction, design or IT system contracts. This bill identified the objective of a value engineering review as "reducing all costs (including initial and long-term costs) and improving quality, performance, productivity, efficiency, promptness, reliability, maintainability, and aesthetics".[6][9]

Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) part 48 provides direction to federal agencies on the use of VE techniques.[10] The FAR provides for

  • an incentive approach, under which a contractor's participation in VE is voluntary; under this approach a contractor may at its own expense develop and submit a value engineering change proposal (VECP) for agency consideration, or
  • a mandatory program, where the agency directs and funds for a specific VE project.[10]: 48.101(b) 

In the United Kingdom[edit]

In the United Kingdom, the lawfulness of undertaking value engineering discussions with a supplier in advance of contract award is one of the issues which was highlighted during the inquiry into the Grenfell Tower fire of 2017.[11]

Professional association[edit]

The Society of American Value Engineers (SAVE) was established in 1959. Since 1996 it has been known as SAVE International.[12]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "How they built Grenfell". The inquiry heard that aluminium composite is often used instead of fire-proof materials, as part of "value engineering" exercises to save money. This was the case in the refurbishment of Grenfell Tower, when non-combustible zinc panels were swapped out for aluminium composite to save nearly £300,000. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
  2. ^ "Grenfell: council made more on two house sales than it spent on cladding". They confirm that almost £300,000 was cut from the cost of the cladding system used on Grenfell Tower by changing from zinc to aluminium as part of what was described internally as a "value engineering process". Zinc panels with a fire retardant core were replaced by cheaper aluminium panels with a core that has since proved combustible in government tests.
  3. ^ "Value Methodology Standard" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-19. Retrieved 2008-12-01.
  4. ^ Invernizzi, Diletta Colette; Locatelli, Giorgio; Grönqvist, Marcus; Brookes, Naomi J. (2019-01-28). "Applying value management when it seems that there is no value to be managed: the case of nuclear decommissioning". International Journal of Project Management. 37 (5): 668–683. doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2019.01.004. ISSN 0263-7863. S2CID 115941020. Archived from the original on 1 Feb 2019 – via https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2019.01.004. {{cite journal}}: External link in |via= (help)
  5. ^ a b Sharma, A. and Belokar, R. M., Achieving Success through Value Engineering: A Case Study, Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science 2012 Vol II, accessed 27 December 2021
  6. ^ a b Stevens, L. N. (1992), Value Engineering: Usefulness Well Established When Applied Appropriately, Testimony before the Subcommittee on Legislation and National Security of the Committee on Government Operations of the House of Representatives, 23 June 1992, accessed 24 August 2021
  7. ^ Archived from the original on 2016-03-13. Retrieved 2021-06-30. https://web.archive.org/web/20160404184001/http://vddi.org/research-i.htm
  8. ^ National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1996, Public Law 104-106, accessed 4 March 2016
  9. ^ H.R.281 – Systematic Approach for Value Engineering Act, Congress.gov, accessed 14 November 2022
  10. ^ a b Federal Acquisition Regulation, Part 48 – Value Engineering, accessed 27 January 2023
  11. ^ Booth, R., Grenfell Tower landlord had 'secret' meeting on cost cutting, inquiry told, The Guardian, 15 October 2020, accessed 23 April 2021
  12. ^ SAVE International, About SAVE International, accessed 6 August 2021

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Value_engineering&diff=prev&oldid=1223122461