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===Traditional stereotypes=== |
===Traditional stereotypes=== |
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In [[Mexico]], most of these theories stem from [[postcolonialism]] and [[Social constructionism|social constructionist]] ideologies. As Pamela Abbot and others have noted noted, a postmodern approach to feminism highlights "the existence of multiple truths (rather than simply men and women's standpoints)."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abbot |first1=Pamela |last2=Wallace |first2=Claire |coauthors=Melissa Tyler |title=''An Introduction to Sociology: Feminist Perspectives'' |year=1996 |edition=2nd |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-1-134-38245-3 |page=380 }}</ref> This quite clearly plays out in the Mexican social perception, where the paternalistic [[machismo]] culture is neither clearly juxtaposed against a [[marianismo]] nor a [[malinchismo]] counterpart. In a particularly Mexican context, the traditional views of women have resided at polar opposite positions, wherein the pure, chaste, submissive, docile, giver of life marianistic woman,<ref name="Hurtado (2003)">{{cite book|last1=Hurtado|first1=Aída|title=Voicing Chicana Feminisms: Young Women Speak Out on Sexuality and Identity|date=2003|publisher=New York University Press|location=New York, New York|isbn=978-0-814-73574-9|page=15| accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref> in the guise of [[Our Lady of Guadalupe]], is at one end of the spectrum and the sinful, scheming, traitorous, deceptive, [[mestizo]]-producing, [[La Malinche]] is at the other.<ref name="Allatson (2007)">{{cite book|last1=Allatson|first1=Paul|title=Key Terms in Latino/a Cultural and Literary Studies|date=2007|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|location=Malden, Massachusetts |isbn=978-1-405-10251-3|page=149|accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref> The reinforcement of these images in popular culture via literature,<ref name="Cypress (1991)">{{cite book|last1=Cypess|first1=Sandra Messinger|title=La Malinche in Mexican literature from history to myth|date=1991|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|isbn=0-292-75131-1|edition=1st ed.|url=https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=vR7UAAAAQBAJ&lpg|accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="Rodriguez (2012)">{{cite book|last1=Cassidy|first1=Laurie M. (editor)|last2=O'Connell|first2=Maureen H.| |
In [[Mexico]], most of these theories stem from [[postcolonialism]] and [[Social constructionism|social constructionist]] ideologies. As Pamela Abbot and others have noted noted, a postmodern approach to feminism highlights "the existence of multiple truths (rather than simply men and women's standpoints)."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abbot |first1=Pamela |last2=Wallace |first2=Claire |coauthors=Melissa Tyler |title=''An Introduction to Sociology: Feminist Perspectives'' |year=1996 |edition=2nd |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-1-134-38245-3 |page=380 }}</ref> This quite clearly plays out in the Mexican social perception, where the paternalistic [[machismo]] culture is neither clearly juxtaposed against a [[marianismo]] nor a [[malinchismo]] counterpart. In a particularly Mexican context, the traditional views of women have resided at polar opposite positions, wherein the pure, chaste, submissive, docile, giver of life marianistic woman,<ref name="Hurtado (2003)">{{cite book|last1=Hurtado|first1=Aída|title=Voicing Chicana Feminisms: Young Women Speak Out on Sexuality and Identity|date=2003|publisher=New York University Press|location=New York, New York|isbn=978-0-814-73574-9|page=15| accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref> in the guise of [[Our Lady of Guadalupe]], is at one end of the spectrum and the sinful, scheming, traitorous, deceptive, [[mestizo]]-producing, [[La Malinche]] is at the other.<ref name="Allatson (2007)">{{cite book|last1=Allatson|first1=Paul|title=Key Terms in Latino/a Cultural and Literary Studies|date=2007|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|location=Malden, Massachusetts |isbn=978-1-405-10251-3|page=149|accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref> The reinforcement of these images in popular culture via literature,<ref name="Cypress (1991)">{{cite book|last1=Cypess|first1=Sandra Messinger|title=La Malinche in Mexican literature from history to myth|date=1991|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|isbn=0-292-75131-1|edition=1st ed.|url=https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=vR7UAAAAQBAJ&lpg|accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="Rodriguez (2012)">{{cite book|last1=Cassidy|first1=Laurie M. (editor)|last2=O'Connell|first2=Maureen H.|author3=Rodriguez, Jeanette|authorlink3=Theological Aesthetics and the Encounter with Tonantzin Guadalupe|title=She who Imagines: Feminist Theological Aesthetics|date=2012|publisher=Liturgical Press|location=Collegeville, Minnesota|isbn=978-0-8146-8027-8|url=https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=y5DhNDOS1rYC&lpg|accessdate=17 February 2015}}</ref> art,<ref name=Lindauer>{{cite book|last1=Lindauer|first1=Margaret A.|title=Devouring Frida: The Art History and Popular Celebrity of Frida Kahlo|date=1999|publisher=Wesleyan Univ. Press|location=Middletown, Conn.|isbn=0-8195-6347-1|page=34|url=https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=Iz1eltA-o44C&lpg|accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="King (2006)">{{cite news|last1=King|first1=Judy|title=La Virgen de Guadalupe - Mother of all Mexico|url=http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/1404-la-virgen-de-guadalupe-mother-of-all-mexico|accessdate=17 February 2015|publisher=MexConnect|date=January 1, 2006}}</ref> theater,<ref name="Day (2004)">{{cite book|last1=Day|first1=Stuart A.|title=Staging Politics in Mexico: The Road to Neoliberalism|date=2004|publisher=Bucknell University Press|location=Lewisburg [Pa.]|isbn=0-8387-5587-9|pages=125-131|url=https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=wjcglvaWZc8C&lpg|accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref> dance,<ref name="Seed (2008">{{cite book|last1=Seed|first1=edited by Patricia|title=José Limón and La Malinche: The Dancer and the Dance|date=2008|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|isbn=978-0-292-71735-0|pages=24-29|edition=1st ed.|url=https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=pTsnFcV1V38C&lpg|accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="Robb (1961)">{{cite journal|last1=Robb|first1=J. D.|title=The Matachines Dance: A Ritual Folk Dance|journal=Western Folklore|date=April 1961|volume=Vol. 20|issue=No. 2|pages=87-101|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1495977|accessdate=17 February 2015|publisher=Western States Folklore Society}}</ref>, film,<ref name="de la Mora">{{cite book|last1=de la Mora|first1=Sergio|title=Cinemachismo: Masculinities and Sexuality in Mexican Film|date=2006|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin, Texas|isbn=978-0-292-71296-6|pages=22-24|url=https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=UiY4CX0F4j4C&lpg|accessdate=17 February 2015}}</ref> and television<ref name="Rivadeneyra (2011)">{{cite web|last1=Rivadeneyra|first1=Rocío|title=Gender and Race Portrayals on Spanish-Language Television|url=http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11199-011-0010-9#page-2|publisher=Springer Science+Business Media, LLC|accessdate=17 February 2015|date=2011}}</ref> and commercials.<ref name="Villegas (2010)">{{cite journal|last1=Villegas|first1=Jorge|last2=Lemanski|first2=Jennifer|last3=Valdéz|first3=Carlos|title=Marianismo and Machismo: The Portrayal of Females in Mexican TV Commercials|journal=Journal of International Consumer Marketing|date=2010|volume=Volume 22|issue=Issue 4|pages=327-346|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08961530.2010.505884#preview|accessdate=17 February 2015}}</ref> Regardless of whether these portrayals are accurate, historically based, or were manipulated to serve vested interests,<ref name="Poole (1995)">{{cite book|last1=Poole|first1=Stafford|title=Our Lady of Guadalupe: The Origins and Sources of a Mexican National Symbol, 1531-1797|date=1995|publisher=University of Arizona Press|isbn=0-8165-1526-3|page=10|url=https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=evp5S-1ijucC&lpg|accessdate=17 February 2015}}</ref> they have promoted three of the underlying themes of the female Mexican identity — [[Catholicism]], [[Colonialism]] and [[Mestizos in Mexico|Mestizo]]<ref name="Schneider (2006)"/> |
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==References and external links== |
==References and external links== |
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Revision as of 20:54, 17 February 2015
Feminism is a set of organized philosophy and activity aimed at creating, defining, and protecting political, economic, cultural, and social equality in women’s rights and opportunity.[1][2] Feminism in Mexico is often divided chronologically into the Revolutionary period 1910-1920, the peak period 1975-1985, and post-1985 period.[3]
As of the most recent Gender Gap Index measurement of countries by the World Economic Forum in 2014, Mexico is ranked 80th on gender equality.[4]
Feminist theory
Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into theoretical or philosophical fields. It encompasses work in a variety of disciplines, including anthropology, sociology, economics, women's studies, literary criticism,[5][6] art history,[7] psychoanalysis[8] and philosophy.[9][10] Feminist theory aims to understand gender inequality and focuses on gender politics, power relations, and sexuality. While providing a critique of these social and political relations, much of feminist theory also focuses on the promotion of women's rights and interests. Themes explored in feminist theory include discrimination, stereotyping, objectification (especially sexual objectification), oppression, and patriarchy.[11][12]
Traditional stereotypes
In Mexico, most of these theories stem from postcolonialism and social constructionist ideologies. As Pamela Abbot and others have noted noted, a postmodern approach to feminism highlights "the existence of multiple truths (rather than simply men and women's standpoints)."[13] This quite clearly plays out in the Mexican social perception, where the paternalistic machismo culture is neither clearly juxtaposed against a marianismo nor a malinchismo counterpart. In a particularly Mexican context, the traditional views of women have resided at polar opposite positions, wherein the pure, chaste, submissive, docile, giver of life marianistic woman,[14] in the guise of Our Lady of Guadalupe, is at one end of the spectrum and the sinful, scheming, traitorous, deceptive, mestizo-producing, La Malinche is at the other.[15] The reinforcement of these images in popular culture via literature,[16][17] art,[18][19] theater,[20] dance,[21][22], film,[23] and television[24] and commercials.[25] Regardless of whether these portrayals are accurate, historically based, or were manipulated to serve vested interests,[26] they have promoted three of the underlying themes of the female Mexican identity — Catholicism, Colonialism and Mestizo[3]
References and external links
- ^ "Feminism – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
- ^ "Definition of feminism noun from Cambridge Dictionary Online: Free English Dictionary and Thesaurus". dictionary.cambridge.org. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
- ^ a b Schneider, Julia Maria (2010). "Recreating the Image of Women in Mexico: A Genealogy of Resistance in Mexican Narrative Set During the Revolution" (PDF). Graduate Faculty - Thesis. Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College: 24-29. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Global Gender Gap Report 2014: Mexico". weforum.org. World Economic Forum. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
- ^ Zajko, Vanda; Leonard, Miriam (2006). Laughing with Medusa: classical myth and feminist thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 445. ISBN 0-19-927438-X.
- ^ Howe, Mica; Aguiar, Sarah Appleton (2001). He said, she says: an RSVP to the male text. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 292. ISBN 0-8386-3915-1.
- ^ Pollock, Griselda (2007). Encounters in the Virtual Feminist Museum: Time, Space and the Archive. Routledge. pp. 1–262.
- ^ Ettinger, Bracha; Judith Butler; Brian Massumi; Griselda Pollock (2006). The matrixial borderspace. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 245. ISBN 0-8166-3587-0.
- ^ Brabeck, M. and Brown, L. (With Christian, L., Espin, O., Hare-Mustin, R., Kaplan, A., Kaschak, E., Miller, D., Phillips, E., Ferns, T., and Van Ormer, A.). (1997). Feminist theory and psychological practice. In J. Worell and N. Johnson (Eds.) Shaping the future of feminist psychology: Education, research, and practice (pp.15–35). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
- ^ Florence, Penny; Foster, Nicola (2001). Differential aesthetics: art practices, philosophy and feminist understandings. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate. p. 360. ISBN 0-7546-1493-X.
- ^ Chodorow, Nancy (1989). Feminism and psychoanalytic theory. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-05116-2.
- ^ Gilligan, Carol (1977). "In a different voice: Women's conceptions of self and of morality". Harvard Educational Review. 47 (4): 481–517.
- ^ Abbot, Pamela; Wallace, Claire (1996). An Introduction to Sociology: Feminist Perspectives (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. p. 380. ISBN 978-1-134-38245-3.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Hurtado, Aída (2003). Voicing Chicana Feminisms: Young Women Speak Out on Sexuality and Identity. New York, New York: New York University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-814-73574-9.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Allatson, Paul (2007). Key Terms in Latino/a Cultural and Literary Studies. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. p. 149. ISBN 978-1-405-10251-3.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Cypess, Sandra Messinger (1991). La Malinche in Mexican literature from history to myth (1st ed. ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-75131-1. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help) - ^ Cassidy, Laurie M. (editor); O'Connell, Maureen H.; Rodriguez, Jeanette (2012). She who Imagines: Feminist Theological Aesthetics. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-8027-8. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
{{cite book}}:|first1=has generic name (help) - ^ Lindauer, Margaret A. (1999). Devouring Frida: The Art History and Popular Celebrity of Frida Kahlo. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan Univ. Press. p. 34. ISBN 0-8195-6347-1. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
- ^ King, Judy (January 1, 2006). "La Virgen de Guadalupe - Mother of all Mexico". MexConnect. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
- ^ Day, Stuart A. (2004). Staging Politics in Mexico: The Road to Neoliberalism. Lewisburg [Pa.]: Bucknell University Press. pp. 125–131. ISBN 0-8387-5587-9. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
- ^ Seed, edited by Patricia (2008). José Limón and La Malinche: The Dancer and the Dance (1st ed. ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 24–29. ISBN 978-0-292-71735-0. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help);|first1=has generic name (help) - ^ Robb, J. D. (April 1961). "The Matachines Dance: A Ritual Folk Dance". Western Folklore. Vol. 20 (No. 2). Western States Folklore Society: 87–101. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
{{cite journal}}:|issue=has extra text (help);|volume=has extra text (help) - ^ de la Mora, Sergio (2006). Cinemachismo: Masculinities and Sexuality in Mexican Film. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. pp. 22–24. ISBN 978-0-292-71296-6. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
- ^ Rivadeneyra, Rocío (2011). "Gender and Race Portrayals on Spanish-Language Television". Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
- ^ Villegas, Jorge; Lemanski, Jennifer; Valdéz, Carlos (2010). "Marianismo and Machismo: The Portrayal of Females in Mexican TV Commercials". Journal of International Consumer Marketing. Volume 22 (Issue 4): 327–346. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
{{cite journal}}:|issue=has extra text (help);|volume=has extra text (help) - ^ Poole, Stafford (1995). Our Lady of Guadalupe: The Origins and Sources of a Mexican National Symbol, 1531-1797. University of Arizona Press. p. 10. ISBN 0-8165-1526-3. Retrieved 17 February 2015.