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leader_name=[[Gheorghe Ciuhandu]]|
leader_name=[[Gheorghe Ciuhandu]]|
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leader_party=[[Christian-Democratic People's Party (Romania)|Christian-Democratic People's Party]]|
leader_party=[[Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party]]|
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area_metro_km2=1070.4|
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'''Timişoara''' ({{IPA-ro|timiˈʃo̯ara|-|Timisoara.ogg}} is a city in the [[Banat]] region of western [[Romania]]. It is the capital of [[Timiş County]].
'''Timişoara''' ({{IPA-ro|timiˈʃo̯ara|-|Timisoara.ogg}}; {{lang-de|Temeschburg}}, also ''Temeswar'' or ''Temeschwar'', [[Serbian language|Serbian]]: Темишвар, ''Temišvar'', {{lang-hu|Temesvár}}, {{lang-tr|Tamışvar}} or {{lang|tr|''Temeşvar''}}), is a city in the [[Banat]] region of western [[Romania]]. It is the capital of [[Timiş County]].


With 311,586 inhabitants (2009)<ref name="INSSER"/>, Timişoara, the second largest Romanian city, is the main economic and cultural center in [[Banat]] in the west of the country.
With 311,586 inhabitants (2009)<ref name="INSSER"/>, Timişoara, the second largest Romanian city, is the main economic and cultural center in [[Banat]] in the west of the country.

Revision as of 22:50, 5 March 2010

Timişoara
Victory Square
Victory Square
Coat of arms of Timişoara
Coat of arms
Country Romania
CountyTimiş County
StatusCounty Capital
Government
 • MayorGheorghe Ciuhandu (Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party)
Area
 • City129.2 km2 (49.9 sq mi)
 • Metro
1,070.4 km2 (413.3 sq mi)
Population
 (est. January 1, 2009[1])
 • City311,586
 • Density2,379/km2 (6,160/sq mi)
 • Metro
359,132
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Websitehttp://www.primariatm.ro/

Timişoara (Romanian pronunciation: [timiˈʃo̯ara] ⓘ; German: Temeschburg, also Temeswar or Temeschwar, Serbian: Темишвар, Temišvar, Hungarian: Temesvár, Turkish: Tamışvar or [Temeşvar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)), is a city in the Banat region of western Romania. It is the capital of Timiş County.

With 311,586 inhabitants (2009)[1], Timişoara, the second largest Romanian city, is the main economic and cultural center in Banat in the west of the country.

History

Timişoara was first mentioned as a place in either 1212 or 1266. The territory later to be known as Banat was conquered and annexed by the Kingdom of Hungary in 1030. Timişoara grew considerably during the reign of Charles I, who, upon his visit here in 1307, ordered the construction of a royal palace. Timişoara's importance also grew thanks to its strategic location, which facilitated control over the Banat plain. John Hunyadi established a permanent military encampment here, and moved here together with his family. In 1552, Ahmed Pasha conquered the city with a 160,000-strong Ottoman army and transforms it into a vilayet capital. The local military commander, Stefan Losonczy, was captured and beheaded on July 27, 1552 after resisting the Ottoman invasion with just over 2,300 men.

Timişoara remained under Ottoman rule for nearly 160 years, controlled directly by the Sultan and enjoying a special status, similar to other cities in the region such as Budapest and Belgrade. During this period, Timişoara underwent a process of Islamization, until Prince Eugene of Savoy conquered it in 1716. Subsequently, the city came under Austro-Hungarian rule, and it remained so until the early 20th century. During this time, Timişoara evolved from a strategic fortress to an economic and industrial center: numerous factories were built, electric illumination and public transport were introduced, and railroad connections were established. The city was defortified, and several major road arteries were built to connect the suburbs with the city center, paving the way for further expansion of the city limits.

It was the first mainland European city to be lit by electric street lamps in 1884.[2] It was also the second European and the first city in what is now Romania with horse drawn trams in 1867.[citation needed] There are numerous claims that Gustave Eiffel, the creator of the Eiffel Tower in Paris, built one of Timişoara's footbridges over the Bega.[citation needed]

On October 31, 1918, local military and political elites establish the Banat National Council, together with representatives of the region's main ethnic groups: Hungarians, Romanians, Serbs and Germans. In the aftermath of World War I, the Banat region was divided between the Kingdom of Romania and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and Timişoara came under Romanian administration. In 1920, King Ferdinand I awarded Timişoara the status of a University Center, and the interwar years saw continuous economic and cultural development. A number of anti-fascist and anti-revisionist demonstrations also took place during this time.

During World War II, Timişoara suffered damage from both Allied and Axis bombing raids, especially during the second half of 1944. On August 23, 1944, Romania, which until then was a member of the Axis, declared war on Nazi Germany and joined the Allies. Surprised, the local Wehrmacht garrison surrendered without a fight, and German and Hungarian troops attempted to take the city by force throughout September, without success.

After the war, the People's Republic of Romania was proclaimed, and Timişoara underwent sovietization and later, systematization. The city's population tripled between 1948 and 1992. In December 1989, Timişoara witnessed a series of mass street protests by both Romanians and Hungarians, in what was to become the Romanian Revolution of 1989.

Demographics

Timisoara population density in 2009

Timişoara has a population of 311,586 (2009)[1], the second largest in Romania. 14.2% of the population are under 15 years of age, 4.0% are over 75. The Timişoara metropolitan area has a population of 365,545.

The ethnic makeup, as of 2009, is as follows: 85.52% Romanian, 7.5% Hungarian, 2.25% German, 4.73% other. The Ukrainian community is currently growing, partly due to the presence of Ukrainian language educational facilities. In recent years, local investment by Italian companies has spurred the creation of an Italian community,[3] even leading to calls for an Italian Cultural Center.[4]

Since 1990, Timişoara saw a slight population decline owing to migration and a drop in birthrates. Notably, the Hungarian and German communities experienced significant decline, with the latter being reduced by half between 1992 and 2002.[5]

Economy

Timişoara Chamber of Commerce
Bega Canal
A city bus in Timişoara, running on route 33.
One of the trams in Timişoara

The city is industrialized.

Timişoara has been an important economic center since the 18th century when the Habsburg administration was installed. Due to Austrian colonization, ethnic and religious diversity and innovative laws, the economy began to develop. The technicians and craftsmen that settled in the city established guilds and helped develop the city's economy. Notably, in 1717 Timişoara became host to Romania's first beer factory.

During the Industrial Revolution numerous modern innovations were introduced. It was the first city in the monarchy with street illumination, and the first city on mainland Europe illuminated by electric light. The Bega river was also channelled during this time. It was the first navigable canal on current Romanian territory. This way, Timişoara had contact with Europe, and even with the rest of the world through the Black Sea, leading to the local development of commercialism.[6][7][8]

In the 19th century the railway system of the Hungarian Kingdom reached Timişoara. It was the first city in the country with international routes.[citation needed]

In recent years, Timişoara has experienced an economic boom as the amount of foreign investment, especially in high-tech sectors, has risen.[9] In terms of living standards, Timişoara ranks fourth nationwide.[10] In an article in late 2005, French magazine L'Expansion called Timişoara Romania's economic showcase,[11] and referred to the increased number of foreign investments as a "second revolution".

Apart from domestic local investment, there has been significant foreign investment from the European Union, particularly from Germany and Italy. Continental AG has produced tires here for several years. The Linde Group produces technical gases, and a part of the wiring moulds for BMW and Audi vehicles are produced by the company Dräxlmaier Group locally. Also, Swiss company Nestlé produces waffles here.

The US company Flextronics maintains a workplace in the west of the city for the production of mobile telephony and government inspection department devices. The American company Procter & Gamble manufactures washing and cleaning agents in Timişoara. Smithfield Foods - the world's largest pork processor and hog producer - has two subsidiaries in Timişoara and Timiş County: Smithfield Ferme and Smithfield Prod.

As most of Romania, Timişoara experienced economic slowdown in 2009, due to the global economic downturn.[12] |}

Transport

Timişoara's public transport network consists of 10 tram lines, 8 trolleybus lines and 20 bus lines, of which 5 are metropolitan lines and 6 are express lines. It is operated by Regia Autonomă de Transport Timişoara (RATT) [1], an autonomous corporation of the City Hall. The city is served by Romania's second busiest airport, Traian Vuia International Airport, which is the hub of the Romania's second-largest airline, Carpatair. The city is connected to a series of major European and domestic destinations. Timişoara is a major railway centre and is connected to all other major Romanian cities, as well as local destinations, through the national CFR network.

Geography

Climate data for Timişoara
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
[citation needed]


AIR TEMPERATURE (monthly and yearly absolute maximum and absolute minimum)(°C)*
Period Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
1901-2000 -1.5° 0.6° 5.7° 11.1° 16.3° 19.6° 21.5° 20.9° 16.8° 11.2° 5.7° 1.2° 10.7°
2006 -1.7° 0.0° 5.0° 12.4° 16.2° 19.5° 23.6° 20.1° 17.5° 12.5° 6.4° 2.1° 11.1°
Absolute minimum and maximum temperature in the period 1901-2000( °C)
Year 1979 1994 1952 1950 1950 1938 1939 1952 1946 1935 1926 1957
Maximum 17.4° 20.5° 28.2° 32.0° 34.5° 38.4° 39.6° 41.0° 39.7° 33.8° 27.1° 20.2°
Year 1963 1935 1932 1931 1935 1962 1962 1949 1970 1971 1922 1927
Minimum -35.3° -29.2° -20.0° -5.2° -5.0° 2.2° 5.9° 5.0° -1.9° -6.8° -15.4° -24.8°
PRECIPITATIONS (monthly and yearly quantity)( mm )
1901-2000 39.1 37.5 36.5 48.2 63.4 81.0 58.3 51.5 43.9 49.7 48.7 49.4 583.9
2006 30.3 41.7 49.3 78.8 50.2 87.8 50.4 98.0 24.6 17.4 31.3 21.3 581.1
*Romanian statistical yearbook 2007'[2]'


The climate which defines Timisoara city is the temperate continental moderate climate which characterizes the Southern-Eastern part of The Panonic Depression. The temperate continental climate has some submediteranean characteristics as well of the Adriatic climate.

Climatic general features consist of various and irregular weather conditions. The dominating temperate air masses during spring and summer are of oceanic origin and come with great precipitations. Frequently, even during winter period, the Atlantic humid air masses bring rainy and snowy weather, rarely cold weather.

From September until February frequent continental polar air masses coming from East invade the area. In spite of all that, the Banat climate is also influenced by the presence of cyclones and warm air masses which come from the Adriatic Sea and The Mediteranean Sea. Their characteristic feature is that of complete snow thaw during the winter period and stifling heat during the summer period. The average annual temperature is of 10,6'C while the hottest month of the year is July (21,1'C). Thus the average thermic amplitude of 22,7'C is lower than that of the Romanian Plain which testifies the benefical influence of oceanic air masses. Practically there are 143 days per year from May 7th to September 26th with favourable temperatures - over 15'C that is - for the optimum culture development. The active temperature meaning 2761'C provides optimal conditions for the maturation of culture plants including that of some of Mediteranean provenience. Being predominantly under the influence of Northwestern maritime air masses, the precipitations that occur in Timisoara are far more numerous than those from the Romanian Plain. The average 584 mm annual amount is reached due to the rich May, June and July precipitations (34,4% of the total yearly amount) as well as to the November and December precipitations when it is registered a secondary maximum reflecting the submediteranean climatic influences. The quantity of precipitations that occur in the propitious agricultural season is of about 80% which is highly benefic for the development of autochthonous culture plants. On the other hand precipitations have also an irregular way of manifestation either too severe or too moderate. The climate of Timisoara is a bit different than that of the Western part of the country due to air mass movements coming from North West and West and to its position on wide-open field not very far from the Carpathian mountains or from the main Valley Corridors which separate them (the Timis-Cerna Corridor, the Muresul valley and so on). Local air circulation canalizations and unstable equilibriums between baric centres impose a great variability of wind frequency on main directions. The most frequent winds are the Northwestern (13%) and the Western winds (9,8%) due to the influence of the Azorelor anticyclon with maximum extention during summer. In Avril and May the Southern winds have a great frequency as well (8,4%). Other wind directions have low frequency. As for intensity, there are winds with a 10 degree intensity (Beaufort Ladder) thus the cyclonial storms are always coming from West or Southernwest (1929, 1942, 1960, 1969, 1994). The distribution of the dominant winds affects somehow the air freshness of Timisoara due to the pollution caused by industrial units located in the Western and Southern parts of the city. Pollutants' stagnation is encouraged by the hearth morphology, sinklike, as well as by the great frequency of atmospheric calm (45,9%). Neighborhoods include:

Széchenyi Palace, Victory Square
Liberty Square
  • Cetate
  • Freidorf
  • Zona Odobescu
  • Fratelia
  • Mehala I, II
  • Ronaţ
  • Fabric
  • Elisabetin
  • Iosefin
  • Calea Girocului
  • Circumvalaţiunii I, II, III, IV
  • Dacia
  • Matei Basarab
  • Mircea cel Batran
  • Bucovina
  • Soarelui
  • Tipografilor
  • Calea Şagului
  • Dâmboviţa
  • Complex
  • Steaua
  • Torontalului
  • Bucovina
  • Calea Aradului
  • Aradului vest
  • Calea Lipovei
  • Blaşcovici
  • Ion Ionescu de la Brad
  • Olimpia
  • Stadion
  • Complex studenţesc
  • Ciarda Roşie
  • Crisan
  • Plopi
  • Ghiroda
  • Padurea Verde
  • Kuncz
  • Braytim
  • Lunei
  • Chişoda
  • Plăvăţ
  • Banat I
  • Noua Timisoara
  • Badea Cârţan
  • Traian
  • Modern

Culture

Cultural sites

The Huniade Castle

The city center largely consists of buildings from the Austro-Hungarian era. The old city consists of several historic areas. These are: Cetate (Belváros in Hungarian, Innere Stadt in German), Iosefin (Józsefváros, Josephstadt), Elisabetin (Erzsébetváros, Elisabethstadt), Fabric (Gyárváros, Fabrikstadt). Numerous bars, clubs and restaurants have opened in the old Baroque square (Unirii Square).

Landmarks include:

Performing arts

  • Timişoara Banatul Philharmonic (Filarmonica Banatul Timoșoara)
  • Romanian Opera House (Opera Romana Timişoara)
  • National Theatre (Teatrul Naţional)
  • German State Theatre (Teatrul German de Stat)
  • Hungarian State Theatre (Teatrul Maghiar de Stat Csiky Gergely)
  • Puppet Theatre (Teatrul pentru copii si tineret Merlin)

Education

Politehnica University's main building, the "Lloyd Palace", situated in Victory square
File:Umft.jpg
Victor Babeş University Administrative Building

Timişoara is a university center with the emphasis on subjects like medicine, mechanics and electro-technology.[clarification needed]

High Schools

High schools include:

Universities

Universities include:

Sport

Football:

Basketball:

Handball:

International relations

Main article: List of twin towns and sister cities in Romania

Twin towns — Sister cities

Timişoara is twinned with:

Famous natives

See also: Category:People from Timişoara

See also

References/Notes

  1. ^ a b c "Populaţia stabilă la 1.01.2009" (in Romanian). INSSE. May 19, 2009. Retrieved May 20, 2009.
  2. ^ Ilieşiu 2006, op. cit. p. 330
  3. ^ http://www.9am.ro/stiri-revista-presei/Business/942/Timisoara-mina-de-aur-pentru-investitorii-italieni.html
  4. ^ http://www.primariatimisoara.ro/monitorul/index.php?meniuId=2&viewCat=23&viewItem=1503
  5. ^ Centrul de resurse pentru diversitate etnoculturală
  6. ^ "Timişoara, monografie Istorică", dr.Nicolae Ilieşu
  7. ^ Agenda
  8. ^ Agenda
  9. ^ http://www.wall-street.ro/articol/Economie/6132/La-Timisoara-e-vremea-boom-ului-economic.html
  10. ^ http://www.ziuadevest.ro/actualitate/6133-timioara-desemnat-al-patrulea-ora-din-romania-ca-standard-de-via.html
  11. ^ Timişoara Romania's economic showcase
  12. ^ http://www.timisoreni.ro/info/economie/economia_timiseana_a_traversat_un_an_destul_de_greu_in_2009.html
  13. ^ Colegiul Bănăţean
  14. ^ Jean Louis Calderon High School
  15. ^ Grigore Moisil High School
  16. ^ C.D. Loga High School
  17. ^ Nikolaus Lenau High School
  18. ^ Bartók Béla High School
  19. ^ The West University of Timişoara
  20. ^ The Politehnica University of Timişoara
  21. ^ Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara
  22. ^ The Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences in Timişoara
  23. ^ The Dimitrie Cantemir University of Timişoara
  24. ^ The Tibiscus University of Timişoara

External links

Template:Link FA

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timi%C5%9Foara&action=historysubmit&diff=347992776&oldid=346346231