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==Criticism== |
==Criticism== |
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Some of the NMTs have been criticised for their conclusion that "morale bombing" of civilians, including its [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear variety]], was legal, and for their |
Some of the NMTs have been criticised for their conclusion that "morale bombing" of civilians, including its [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear variety]], was legal, and for their judgment that, in certain situations, executing civilians in reprisal was permissible.<ref>{{cite book |last= Heller |first= Kevin Jon |year= 2011 |title= The Nuremberg Military Tribunals and the Origins of International Criminal Law |location= Oxford |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |page= [https://books.google.com/books?id=8ALHAwFfy44C&pg=PA3 3] }}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 01:38, 20 January 2023
The subsequent Nuremberg trials were a series of 12 military tribunals for war crimes committed by members of the leadership of Nazi Germany between December 1946 and April 1949. They followed the first and best-known Nuremberg trial before the International Military Tribunal which concluded in October 1946. In contrast, the subsequent trials were conducted before U.S. military courts rather than an international court. They are also collectively known as the Nuremberg Military Tribunals.
These trials dealt with German industrialists accused of using slave labor and plundering occupied countries, and high-ranking army officers accused of atrocities against prisoners of war. The subsequent trials were held in the same location, at the Palace of Justice in Nuremberg.[1]
Background
Although it had been initially planned to hold more than just one international trial at the IMT, the growing differences between the victors of the second world war (the United States, United Kingdom, France, and Soviet Union) made this impossible. However, the Control Council Law No. 10, which the Allied Control Council had issued on 20 December 1945, empowered any of the occupying authorities to try suspected war criminals in their respective occupation zones. Based on this law, the U.S. authorities proceeded after the end of the initial Nuremberg Trial against the major war criminals to hold another twelve trials in Nuremberg. The judges in all these trials were American, and so were the prosecutors; the Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution was Brigadier General Telford Taylor. In the other occupation zones similar trials took place.[2]
Trials
The twelve U.S. trials before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals (NMT) took place from 9 December 1946 to 13 April 1949.[2] The trials were as follows:
| # | Designations | Dates | Defendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Doctors' Trial | 9 December 1946 – 20 August 1947 | 23 Nazi physicians of the Action T4 |
| 2 | Milch Trial | 2 January – 14 April 1947 | Field Marshal Erhard Milch of the Luftwaffe |
| 3 | Judges' Trial | 5 March – 4 December 1947 | 16 Nazi German "racial purity" jurists |
| 4 | Pohl Trial | 8 April – 3 November 1947 | Oswald Pohl and 17 SS officers |
| 5 | Flick Trial | 19 April – 22 December 1947 | Friedrich Flick and 5 directors of his companies |
| 6 | IG Farben Trial | 27 August 1947 – 30 July 1948 | 24 directors of IG Farben, maker of Zyklon B |
| 7 | Hostages Trial | 8 July 1947 – 19 February 1948 | 12 German generals of the Balkan Campaign |
| 8 | RuSHA Trial | 20 October 1947 – 10 March 1948 | 14 racial cleansing and resettlement officials |
| 9 | Einsatzgruppen Trial | 29 September 1947 – 10 April 1948 | 24 officers of Einsatzgruppen |
| 10 | Krupp Trial | 8 December 1947 – 31 July 1948 | 12 directors of the Krupp Group |
| 11 | Ministries Trial | 6 January 1948 – 13 April 1949 | 21 officials of Reich ministries |
| 12 | High Command Trial | 30 December 1947 – 28 October 1948 | 13 generals and 1 admiral of the High Command |
Result
The Nuremberg process initiated 3,887 cases of which about 3,400 were dropped. 489 cases went to trial, involving 1,672 defendants. 1,416 of them were found guilty; fewer than 200 were executed, and another 279 defendants were sent to life in prison. By the 1950s almost all of them had been released.[3]
Many of the longer prison sentences were reduced substantially by an amnesty under the decree of high commissioner John J. McCloy in 1951, after intense political pressure. Ten outstanding death sentences from the Einsatzgruppen Trial were converted to prison terms. Many others who had received prison sentences were released outright.
Criticism
Some of the NMTs have been criticised for their conclusion that "morale bombing" of civilians, including its nuclear variety, was legal, and for their judgment that, in certain situations, executing civilians in reprisal was permissible.[4]
See also
- Auschwitz Trial held in Kraków, Poland in 1947 against 40 SS-staff of the Auschwitz concentration camp death factory
- Frankfurt Auschwitz Trials, 1963–1965
- Majdanek Trials, held against Majdanek extermination camp officials. Longest Nazi war crimes trial in history, spanning over 30 years
- Chełmno Trials of the Chełmno extermination camp personnel, held in Poland and in Germany. The cases were decided almost twenty years apart
- Sobibor Trial held in Hagen, Germany in 1965, concerning the Sobibor extermination camp
- Belzec Trial before the 1st Munich District Court in the mid-1960s, eight SS-men of the Belzec extermination camp
- Belsen Trial in Lüneburg, 1945
- Command responsibility doctrine of hierarchical accountability
- Dachau Trials held within the walls of the former Dachau concentration camp, 1945–1948
- Mauthausen-Gusen camp trials, 1946–1947
- Ravensbrück Trial
- Research Materials: Max Planck Society Archive
References
- ^ "Nuremberg Trials". History. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
- ^ a b Kevin Jon Heller (2011). The Trials. Introduction: the indictments, biographical information, and the verdicts. Oxford University Press. pp. 85–. ISBN 9780199554317. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Nelson, Anne (April 2009). Red Orchestra: The Story of the Berlin Underground and the Circle of Friends Who Resisted Hitler. Random House. pp. 305–6. ISBN 9781588367990.
subsequent nuremberg trials 200 nazi.
- ^ Heller, Kevin Jon (2011). The Nuremberg Military Tribunals and the Origins of International Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 3.
Further reading
- Baars, Grietje (2013). "Capitalism's Victor's Justice? The Hidden Stories Behind the Prosecution of Industrialists Post-WWII". In Heller, Kevin; Simpson, Gerry (eds.). The Hidden Histories of War Crimes Trials. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-967114-4.
- Dubois, Josiah E. (1952). The Devil's Chemists (PDF). Boston, MA: Beacon Press. ASIN B000ENNDV6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-17.
- Priemel, Kim C.; Stiller, Alexa, eds. (2012). Reassessing the Nuremberg Military Tribunals: Transitional Justice, Trial Narratives, and Historiography. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-0-85745-532-1.
- Heller, Kevin Jon (2012). The Nuremberg Military Tribunals and the Origins of International Criminal Law. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-165286-8.
External links
- The NMT proceedings at the Mazal Library.
- An overview.
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