Legality of Cannabis by U.S. Jurisdiction

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{{Infobox book series
{{Infobox book series
| name = Puyas
| name = Puyas
| image =
| image = A picture of Puya(Meitei text).jpg
| image_caption = ꯄꯨꯌꯥ ꯂꯥꯢꯔꯤꯛ
| image_caption = {{manipuri|ꯄꯨꯌꯥ ꯂꯥꯢꯔꯤꯛ|xlit=yes}}
| books =
| books =
| language =[[Meetei language]]
| language =[[Meitei language]]
| number_of_books = more than 120
| number_of_books = more than 120<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rena|first=Laishram|url=http://14.139.207.116/jspui/bitstream/1/10852/1/Early%20Meitei%20history%20%28R%20Laisram%29.pdf|title=The early meitei history|publisher=AKANSHA PUBLISHING HOUSE|year=2010|isbn=978-81-8370-163-1|location=New Delhi|publication-date=8 September 2010|pages=1–12|orig-year=2009|type=pdf|archive-date=24 October 2020}}</ref> ([[Nongsamei Puya]], [[Sanamahi Laihui]], [[Numit Kappa]], etc.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Laishram|first=Sadhana|title=Conservation and preservation of Manuscripts in Manipur|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/254457/7/07_chapter%202.pdf}}</ref>)
}}
}}


The '''Puyas''' {{manipuri|ꯄꯨꯌꯥ}} are archaic Manipuri manuscripts.{{sfnp|Laishram}} They encompass a wide spectrum of themes including [[genealogy]], [[literature]], [[history]], [[royalties]], administration, [[creation myth|creation]] and [[cosmology]], [[philosophy]], [[poetry]], [[religious belief]]s, etc.{{sfnp|Laishram}}
The '''Puya''', also known as '''Meetei Puya''',<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rajshekhar|first=M.|title=In violence-scarred Manipur, ancient scrolls show why AFSPA will not work|url=http://scroll.in/article/733295/in-violence-scarred-manipur-ancient-scrolls-show-why-afspa-will-not-work|access-date=23 October 2020|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref> ({{lang-mni|ꯄꯨꯌꯥ}}), from ''pu'' "ancestors" and ''ya'' or ''yaba'' "accept", are scriptures or documents, written by various [[scholar|Maichou(s)]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Devi|first=Dr Yumlembam Gopi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxqeDwAAQBAJ&q=apoi+macha+maichou&pg=PA119|title=Glimpses of Manipuri Culture|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-0-359-72919-7|language=en}}</ref> from time to time. The Meetei Puyas deal with the [[genealogy]], [[literature]], [[history]], [[royalties]], administration, [[creation myth|creation]] and [[cosmology]], [[philosophy]], [[poetry]], [[religious belief]]s, etc.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Raghu|first=Ningthoujam|title=Awang Koubru Asuppa and Notion for Origin of Obliquity of Earth and Planets – KanglaOnline|url=https://kanglaonline.com/2018/09/awang-koubru-asuppa-and-notion-for-origin-of-obliquity-of-earth-and-planets/|access-date=24 October 2020|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Paochel|first=article|date=9 November 2020|title=Discovery of Kangleipak|url=http://paochelsalaitaret.net/article/dk18.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>


Saroj Parratt noted in 2005 that none of these Puyas were yet to be dated by professional historians or subject to serious textual-critical scrutiny.{{sfnp|Parratt|2005|pp=10}} Consequently, she criticized the tendency of local authors to treat puyas as reliable sources in their reconstruction of Manipuri history.{{sfnp|Parratt|2005|pp=11}} Scholars have noted that puyas had been forged by [[Meitei nationalism|Meitei nationalists]] to support their [[Invented tradition|reinvention of history and tradition]].{{sfnp|Parratt|2005|pp=11,17}}{{sfnp|Brandt|2005|pp=128}}{{sfnp|Naorem|2015|pp=219}}
Puya such as "[[Nongsamei Puya]]" records the details about Muslim settlement during the reign of King [[Khagemba]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Renuka|first=Mangsatabam|title=The Muslim Settlers in Manipur during the Reign of Meidingu Khagemba|url=http://www.researchguru.net/volume/Volume%2012/Issue%204/RG115.pdf}}</ref>


==Contents==
==See also==
===Meitei philosophy===
[[Sanamahism|Meitei religion]] (''Laining Leechat'') and the corresponding philosophy (''Wang-ulon'') revolve around knowing the origin of life and protecting life from destruction by evil forces. This origin of life is known as the blood and represents the shared life force and common genetic pool of all living beings.<ref name=blood>{{cite web|url= http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Manipur_and_Religion.Blood_is_the_source_of_Meetei_religion_and_philosophy_Sanamahi |title=Blood is the source of Meetei religion and philosophy The Origin of Sanamahism |author=Puyam Nongdrei Khuman |publisher=E-Pao |access-date=14 May 2019}}</ref>

===Origin of life and its spread according to Puya===
According to [[Wakoklon Heelel Thilel Salai Amailon Pukok Puya]] and various [[Folk song|KhuNung Esei]], life was created on [[Mount Koubru|Mt. Koupalu]] and spread throughout the world from there.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Raghu|first=Ningthoujam|title=Awang Koubru Asuppa and Notion for Origin of Obliquity of Earth and Planets – KanglaOnline|url=https://kanglaonline.com/2018/09/awang-koubru-asuppa-and-notion-for-origin-of-obliquity-of-earth-and-planets/|access-date=24 October 2020|language=en-US}}</ref>
<blockquote>
* Awang Koupalu Asuppa
* Leima-Lai Khunda Ahaanba
* Nongthak-lei Mau lingliba
* Eelik Mapaan thariba
* O Lainingthou
</blockquote>

=== Religion ===

{{Infobox religious text
| religion = [[Sanamahism]]
| image = Wakching.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| language = [[Meetei language]]
| alt =
| chapters =
| caption = [[Sanamahi Laihui]]
}}

Puya like Sanamahi laihui and Numit Kappa are [[Sanamahism]] [[religious texts]] written in the [[Meitei language]] using the [[Meitei script]]. They are a particular kind of old narrative which form a definite class in rituals, deities of Meitei<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gourchandra|first=M.|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465618|title=Sanamahi Laihui|date=1982}}</ref> containing traditional lore of the [[Meitei people]] of [[Manipur]].

== List of Puyas ==
There are a number of archaic Puya books, including{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}
* Watchetlon Pathup
* [[Sanamahi Laihui]]
* [[Wakoklon Heelel Thilen Salai Amailon Pukok Puya]]<ref>N. M. Meetei in: Arambam Noni, Kangujam Sanatomba (eds.), ''Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur'', Routledge, 2015, [https://books.google.com/books?id=OzjbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA223 p. 223].</ref>
* Ponpilang
* Thiren Layat
* [[Numit Kappa]]
* Sakoklon
* Sakoklon Thilel

==Related pages==
* [[Lists of deities in Sanamahism]]
* [[Meitei literature]]
* [[Meitei literature]]
* [[Sanamahi creation myth]]
* [[Sanamahism]]
* [[Sanamahism]]
* [[Puya Meithaba]]
* [[Wakoklon Heelel Thilel Salai Amailon Pukok Puya]]

==Sources==
* http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Meetei_Puya_and_Meetei_tradition
* http://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Translation_of_our_holy_book_Puya_in_English_A_visionary_approach_By_Samarjit_Kambam.html
* http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.opinions.The_Puya_and_Cheitharol_Kumbaba
* http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.opinions.Puya_Meithaba_The_Burning_of_Meitei_Sacred_Scripture_By_Madhu_Chandra
* http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.Essays.Puya_Meithaba_The_Date_Controversy_By_Chabungbam_Amuba

==Further reading==
* http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.books.Nongsamei_Puya_second_edition_released_by_Syed_Ahmed


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==Bibliography==
* {{Cite journal|last=Brandt|first=Carmen|date=2017-12-05|title=Writing off domination: the Chakma and Meitei script movements|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19472498.2017.1411050|journal=South Asian History and Culture|language=en|doi=10.1080/19472498.2017.1411050|issn=1947-2498}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.paochelsalaitaret.net/|title=KANGLEIPAK HISTORICAL & CULTURAL RESEARCH CENTRE - Hei-Ha - Epa Epu Gee Khongul Lirasi Salaicha Sing.|website=Paochelsalaitaret.net|accessdate=15 December 2018}}
* {{Cite web|last=Laishram|first=Sadhana|title=Conservation and preservation of Manuscripts in Manipur|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/254457/7/07_chapter%202.pdf}}
* {{Cite book|last=Naorem|first=Naorem Malemsanba|chapter=Centrality of body politics in Thokachanba’s script and cultural revivalism in Manipur|chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315638317-26/centrality-body-politics-thokachanba-script-cultural-revivalism-manipur-naorem-malemsanba-meetei|title=Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781315638317|location=London}}
* {{Cite web|last=Rajshekhar|first=M.|title=In violence-scarred Manipur, ancient scrolls show why AFSPA will not work|url=http://scroll.in/article/733295/in-violence-scarred-manipur-ancient-scrolls-show-why-afspa-will-not-work|access-date=23 October 2020|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}
* {{Cite book|last=Parratt|first=Saroj Nalini Arambam|title=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: The Cheitharon Kumpapa : Original Text, Translation, and Notes|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-34430-1|location=London}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Naorem |first=Deepak |date=October 2022 |title=Taming the ‘rude’ and ‘barbarous’ tongues of the frontier: Bor Saheps, Sutu Saheps and their encounters with languages, scripts, and texts (1835–1904) |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00194646221130814 |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=471–506 |doi=10.1177/00194646221130814 |issn=0019-4646}}


{{Books}}
{{Books}}
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[[Category:Meitei language]]
[[Category:Meitei language]]
[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Puya (Meitei texts)| ]]
[[Category:History of Manipur]]
[[Category:History of Manipur]]
[[Category:Sanamahism]]
[[Category:Sanamahism]]
[[Category:Manipur]]

Latest revision as of 07:28, 4 April 2024

Puyas
(Manipuriꯄꯨꯌꯥ ꯂꯥꯢꯔꯤꯛ, romanized: pooyaa laaireek)

LanguageMeitei language
No. of booksmore than 120

The Puyas (Manipuriꯄꯨꯌꯥ) are archaic Manipuri manuscripts.[1] They encompass a wide spectrum of themes including genealogy, literature, history, royalties, administration, creation and cosmology, philosophy, poetry, religious beliefs, etc.[1]

Saroj Parratt noted in 2005 that none of these Puyas were yet to be dated by professional historians or subject to serious textual-critical scrutiny.[2] Consequently, she criticized the tendency of local authors to treat puyas as reliable sources in their reconstruction of Manipuri history.[3] Scholars have noted that puyas had been forged by Meitei nationalists to support their reinvention of history and tradition.[4][5][6]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Laishram.
  2. ^ Parratt (2005), pp. 10.
  3. ^ Parratt (2005), pp. 11.
  4. ^ Parratt (2005), pp. 11, 17.
  5. ^ Brandt (2005), pp. 128.
  6. ^ Naorem (2015), pp. 219.

Bibliography[edit]

history