People's Mojahedin Organization سازمان مجاهدين خلق
Abbreviation	MKO, MEK, PMOI
Leader	Maryam Rajavi and Massoud Rajavi[a]
Secretary-General	Zohreh Akhyani[3]
Founders[4] Mohammad Hanifnejad Saeid Mohsen Mohammad Asgarizadeh Rasoul Meshkinfam Ali-Asghar Badi'zadegan Ahmad Rezaei
Founded	5 September 1965; 58 years ago (1965-09-05)
Split from	Freedom Movement[4]
Headquarters	Paris, France (1981–1986;[5] 2003–) Camp Liberty, Iraq (2012–2016) Camp Ashraf, Iraq (1986–2013) Tehran, Iran (1965–1981)
Newspaper	Mojahed[6]
Military wing	National Liberation Army (NLA)
Political wing	National Council of Resistance (NCR)
Membership (2011)	5,000 to 13,500 (DoD estimate)[5]
Ideology	Islam Nationalism[7][8] Populism[7][9]
Political position	Left-wing
Religion	Shia Islam
Colours	Red
Slogan	Arabic: فَضَّلَ اللَّهُ الْمُجَاهِدِينَ عَلَى الْقَاعِدِينَ أَجْرًا عَظِيمًا "God Has Preferred The Mujahideen Over Those Who Remain [behind] With A Great Reward." [Quran 4:95]
Party flag
Website
www.Mojahedin.org
Politics of Iran Political parties Elections

The People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran or the Mojahedin-e Khalq (Persian: سازمان مجاهدين خلق ايران, romanized: Sāzmān-e mojāhedin-e khalq-e irān, abbreviated MEK, PMOI or MKO) is an Iranian political organization in exile that advocates the overthrow of the ruling system in Iran while claiming itself as the replacing shadow government.^[22][23]

The Iranian government considers the MEK to be the organization that most threatens the Islamic Republic of Iran,^[24] since it seeks a secular democratic republic.^[25] Since mid-1981, and immediately after a June 20, 1981 pro-democracy demonstration of nearly ½ million MEK^[26] supporters in Tehran, the Islamic Republic cracked down on the MEK. Mass arrests and executions of the opposition have taken place in Iran since 1981. At least 120,000 MEK activists and supporters of other political movements are reported to have been executed during this time.^[27]

MEK Victim of Disinformation Campaign

Failing to annihilate the MEK, Iran's Intelligence Ministry(MOIS) from its inception aggressively targeted the PMOI/MEK in order to discredit Iran’s main opposition through a vast campaign of disinformation. An assessment shared by the intelligence agencies in Netherlands and Germany, reveal “long-running and sophisticated information campaign against the PMOI with the aim of tarnishing the organization within Iran, and more importantly, in the international community."^[28]

The General Intelligence and Security Service (GISS) of the Netherlands in its 2010 annual report stated " The Iranians (Intelligence service) collected information about opposition figures and used a variety of means – among them websites, press conferences, congresses, books and magazines – to accuse their movements of violent crimes, human rights abuses and so on. Where possible, the AIVD informed those being targeted to make them aware of the true nature of this improper and covert campaign. "^[29]

In a consequent report the Netherlands Intelligence and Security Service of the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations, it specifically describes attempts by the MOIS agents to try to demonize the MEK, using the Media and politicians in Western countries. It states that "In a campaign coordinated and financed by the Iranian intelligence services, the media and a number of politicians and other public servants were approached with a view to portraying the MEK in a highly negative light."^[30]

The Dutch intelligence Services that has also monitored MOIS activities directed against the People's Mojahedin for a long time, in a May 2002 report, the agency stated the PMOI was the main opposition group of interest for the MOIS, which sought to:“...exert pressure on Western countries to condemn and ban this group [PMOI]. The Intelligence Ministry tries to gather information on the People’s Mohahedin Organization. They are trying therefore, to destabilize the organization and demonize the Mojahedin(MEK/PMOI) in the host country and thus end their political and social activities.”^[31]

German Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (Bundesamt fur Verfassungsschutz – BFV) has also tracked MOIS activities in Europe. In It's 2000 Annual report, it said: "The exiled Iranian opposition in Germany continues to remain in the focus of the reconnaissance activities of the Iranian Intelligence Services, VEVAK. As in the past years, the Iranian Intelligence Service tries to recruit active or former members of opposition groups. In many cases, this effort is accompanied by intimidation to put pressure on the person or on his relatives who live in Iran...." ^[32]

The activities of the MOIS had also been covered by the Media. The Guardian described how using former resistance members, the Iranian Intelligence Ministry (MOIS) has been spreading false information about the PMOI/MEK in order to completely shut down its main adversary. It boosted its output of publications and articles attacking the PMOI and sent thousands of anti-Mojahedin letters to government officials accusing the resistance group of terrorism and murder of innocent civilians. The Guardian writes: "In reality far too much attention has been paid to disinformation disseminated by Tehran and its lobbyists in an effort to make the western countries conclude that there is no viable opposition and no chance of change from within – leaving the west to choose between making concessions to Iran or going to war, both very unpleasant choices.^[33]

The disinformation initiated by the MOIS, includes calling the MEK a “cult”, a “Marxist” ^[34] group, while alleging them to be involved in terrorist activities and in the killing of Americans in the early 70s, and/or in 1979 hostage taking of the American embassy in Tehran, and even in having the group black listed in the West as a positive gesture to the ruling elite in Iran.^[33]

Former Senator Robert Torricelli, who had been involved in the delisting process of the PMOI and a knowledgeable personality about the PMOI/MEK calls the notion of name calling of the PMOI /MEK as a violent organization, an illusion of American reconciliation with the mullahs. He said: “In 1997, a group at State succeeded in convincing President Bill Clinton to place the MEK on the State Department list of terrorist organizations. Some claimed at the time that this decision was mainly intended as a goodwill gesture to Iran. The State Department gave as its reasons the MEK’s long record of violence, but I can tell you that as a member of the Foreign Relation Committee, I reviewed the State Department file on the MEK and found no evidence, no testimony and no reason for the designation except placating Tehran.”^[35]

Some media outlets have described it as a cult.^[b] However this has been rejected by various independent sources, that have investigated the allegations, including a European Parliamentary delegation that traveled to Camp Ashraf in Iraq (The organization's main residence in the past two decades until 2012) and published their findings in a book, called "People's Mojahedin of Iran" Mission report. In section titled "Background to misinformation from Iran’s Ministry of Intelligence & Security" it states: |investigations revealed that according to independent observers, the Iranian regime, through its Ministry of Intelligence and Security (MOIS), had embarked on a long-running and sophisticated misinformation campaign against the PMOI with the aim of tarnishing the organisation within Iran, and more importantly, in the international community."^[43] Iran-Foreign Plicy Challenges and Choices, a thourough and independent study on US Iran Policy states:"In addition to the regime’s misinformation campaign to smear MEK as colluders with Saddam Hussein, even more energy has been expended by the regime on a similar yet more sophisticated campaign to accuse MEK of human rights abuses against its own members. Specifically, contrived reports have been spread suggesting that MEK has the “trappings of a cult."These smears are the crowning touch in the Iranian government’s strategy of discrediting MEK, which the regime hopes will cause MEK to lose legitimacy and bring about its ultimate demise as the Iranian people realize they have no alternative to the theocracy."^[44]

PMOI/MEK was founded on 5 September 1965 by six Muslim students who were affiliated with the Freedom Movement of Iran;^[4] however in a coup-style ideological transformation, leftist members hijacked the Muslim group and adopted a Marxist platform in 1975.^[45]

The organization engaged in armed conflict with the Pahlavi dynasty in the 1970s and played an active role in the downfall of the Shah in 1979. They hailed "His Highness Ayatollah Khomeini as a glorious fighter (Mojahed)" and urged all to remain united behind him against plots by royalists and imperialists.^[15] The MEK engaged in a political campaign until June 20, 1981, when their peaceful protest was turned in to a bloodbath. Ambassador Lincoln Bloomfield describes this period in an article in The National Interest Magazine “when confronted with growing resistance in the spring of 1981 to the restrictive new order that culminated in massive pro-democracy demonstrations across the country invoked by MEK leader Massoud Rajavi on June 20, Khomeini’s reign was secured at gunpoint with brute force, driving Iran’s first and only freely elected president, Abolhassan Bani-Sadr, underground and into permanent exile. This fateful episode was described by historian Ervand Abrahamian as a “reign of terror”; Professor Marvin Zonis called it “a campaign of mass slaughter.” ^[46]

The organization gained a new life in exile, founding the National Council of Resistance of Iran and continuing to conduct violent attacks in Iran. In 1983, they sided with Saddam Hussein against the Iranian Armed Forces in the Iran–Iraq War, a decision that was viewed as treason by the vast majority of Iranians and which destroyed the MEK's appeal in its homeland.^[47]

The group says it renounced violence in 2001.^[48] Writing to all MEK members in Camp Ashraf on July 21, 2004, the U.S. Army Deputy Commanding General, Major General G. D. Miller said “I ... congratulate each individual living in Camp Ashraf on their recognition as protected persons under the Fourth Geneva Convention … You have signed an Agreement rejecting violence and terrorism. This sends a strong signal and is a powerful first step on the road to your final disposition.”^[49]

However, the MEK has been accused by numerous commentators of being financed, trained, and armed by Israel to assassinate Iranian nuclear scientists and educators.^[50] In an official response that was published by the NBC News, who run the story, a spokesman for the broader coalition of Iranian opposition, the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI), rejected these accusations as sheer lies fabricated by the Iranian regime to prevent the delisting of the MEK in U.S.^[51]

“The claim that the Mujahedin-e Khalq (PMOI/MEK) had any role in the assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists and the claim of the PMOI/MEK cooperation with Mossad is a sheer lie without even a scintilla of truth ... The primary source of this baseless allegation has been the propaganda machine of the Iranian regime and its officials. The last MEK denial was on January 11, 2012”, the statement said.^[51]

The NCRI statement pointed out that the source of accusation against the MEK is a known Iranian official and said, “It is not a coincidence that the main source of this story, similar to the shows broadcast by mullahs on their state TVs, is Mohammad Javad Larijani, who has been introduced as advisor to Ali Khamanei. The main mission of Larijani, who in fact has been one the ideologues of the ruling dictatorship, is to justify at the international stage the brutal suppression, public hangings and stoning to death of Iranian people by the clerical regime ... Blaming others for what oneself does, is one of the main attributes of Iranian regime and its officials. In fact, Larijani is the same person that on 1990 officially declared that the only means for the survival of the clerical regime was to expand its fundamentalist brand of Islam other Islamic countries. It is clear that the main means of this expansion has been export of terrorism, and fundamentalism.”^[51]

The NCRI statement continues, “... the clerical regime is paranoid about the prospect of delisting of the MEK by the U.S. Department of State. As such, it resorts to any fabrication and fairy tales, including the one that has been rehashed by NBC, to prevent the delisting of the MEK ... The Iranian Resistance revealed last year that Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei had ordered a special unit of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) to liquidate any managers or experts in nuclear projects if it detected that they are distancing themselves from the regime or intend to leave the country. He also said that the killings should be blamed on the MEK, the U.S., Israeli operatives or “world arrogance”.”^[51]

While the MEK's leadership has resided in Paris, the group's core members were for many years confined to Camp Ashraf in Iraq, particularly after the MEK and U.S. forces signed a cease-fire agreement of "mutual understanding and coordination" in 2003.^[52] The group was later relocated to former U.S. military base Camp Liberty in Iraq^[53] and eventually to Albania.^[54]

In 2002 the MEK revealed the existence of Iran’s nuclear program. They have since made various claims about the programme, not all of which have been accurate.^[55][56]

Other names

The People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran is known by a variety of names including:

• Mojahedin-e-Khalq Organization (MEK)
• The National Liberation Army of Iran (the group's armed wing)
• National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) – the MEK is the founding member of a coalition of organizations called the NCRI.^[57][58] The organization has the appearance of a broad-based coalition; however, many analysts consider NCRI and MEK to be synonymous^[10] and recognize NCRI as only "nominally independent" political wing of MEK.^[59][60][61]
• Monafiqeen (Persian: منافقین) – the Iranian government consistently refers to the People's Mujahedin with this derogatory name, meaning "the hypocrites".^[62]

Note: The acronym MEK is used throughout this article, as it is commonly used by the media and national governments around the world to refer to the People's Mujahedin.

Membership

In early 1980, the organization was thought to have 5,000 hard-core members and 50,000 supporters, with the Paykar faction capable of attracting 10,000 in university areas. In June 1980, at perhaps the height of their popularity, the Mojahedin attracted 150,000 sympathizers to a rally in Tehran.^[63]

The MEK was believed to have a 5,000–7,000-strong armed guerrilla group based in Iraq before the 2003 war, but a membership of between 3,000–5,000 is considered more likely.^[64] In 2005, the U.S. think-tank the Council on Foreign Relations stated that the MEK had 10,000 members, one-third to one-half of whom were fighters.^[65] According to a 2003 article by the New York Times, the MEK was composed of 5,000 fighters based in Iraq, many of them female.^[66] A 2013 article in Foreign Policy claimed that there were some 2,900 members in Iraq.^[67] In 2011, United States Department of Defense estimated global membership of the organization between 5,000 and 13,500 persons scattered throughout Europe, North America, and Iraq.^[5]

History

Before the Revolution (1965–1979)

Foundation

The People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran was founded on 5 September 1965 by six former members of the Liberation or Freedom Movement of Iran, students at Tehran University, including Mohammad Hanifnejad, Saied Mohsen and Ali-Asghar Badizadegan. The MEK opposed the rule of Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, considering him corrupt and oppressive, and considered the Liberation Movement too moderate and ineffective.^[68] They were committed to the Ali Shariati's approach to Shiism.^[69] Although the MEK are often regarded as devotees of Ali Shariati, in fact their pronouncements preceded Shariati's, and they continued to echo each other throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s.^[70]

In its first five years, the group primarily engaged in ideological work.^[71] Their thinking aligned with what was a common tendency in Iran at the time – a kind of radical, political Islam based on a Marxist reading of history and politics. The group's main source of inspiration was the Islamic text Nahj al-Balagha (a collection of analyses and aphorisms attributed to Imam Ali). Despite some describing a Marxist influence, the group never used the terms "socialist" or "communist" to describe themselves,^[72] and always called themselves Muslims – arguing along with Ali Shariati, that a true Muslim – especially a true Shia Muslim, that is to say a devoted follower of the Imams Ali and Hossein – must also by definition, be a revolutionary.^[70] However, they generously adopted elements of Marxism in order to update and modernize their interpretation of radical Islam.^[73]

The group kept a friendly relationship with the only other major Iranian urban guerrilla group, the Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas (OIPFG).^[74]

Schism

In October 1975, the MEK underwent an ideological split. While the remaining primary members of MEK were imprisoned, some of the early members of MEK formed a new organization that followed Marxist, not Islamic, ideals; these members appropriated the MEK name to establish and enhance their own legitimacy.^[75] This was expressed in a book entitled Manifesto on Ideological Issues, in which the central leadership declared "that after ten years of secret existence, four years of armed struggle, and two years of intense ideological rethinking, they had reached the conclusion that Marxism, not Islam, was the true revolutionary philosophy." Mujtaba Taleqani, son of Ayatallah Taleqani, was one of these converts to Marxism.

Thus after May 1975 there were two rival Mujahedin, each with its own publication, its own organization, and its own activities.^[76] A few months before the Iranian Revolution the majority of the Marxist Mujahedin renamed themselves "Peykar", on 7 December 1978 (16 Azar, 1357); the full name is: Organization of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class. This name was after the "League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class", which was a left-wing group in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, founded by Vladimir Lenin in the autumn of 1895.^[77]

Anti-American campaign

On 30 November 1970 a failed attempt was made to kidnap the U.S. Ambassador to Iran, Douglas MacArthur II.^[78] This was followed by an assassination attack in May 1972 against USAF Brig. Gen. Harold Price. Price survived the attack but was wounded.^[79][80] The CIA's former Chief of Station in Tehran, George Cave, described the attack as the first instance of a remotely detonated improvised explosive device.^[81]

In the years between 1973 and 1975, armed operations within the MEK intensified, while primary members of the MEK remained imprisoned.^[82] In 1973 ten major American-owned buildings were bombed including those of the Plan Organization, Pan-American Airlines, Shell Oil Company, Hotel International, and Radio City Cinema.^[83]

Lt. Col. Louis Lee Hawkins, a U.S. Army comptroller, was shot to death in front of his home in Tehran by two men on a motorcycle on June 2, 1973.^{[78][79][84][85]} A car carrying U.S. Air Force officers Col. Paul Shaffer and Lt. Col. Jack Turner was trapped between two cars carrying armed men. They told the Iranian driver to lie down and then shot and killed the Americans. Six hours later a woman called reporters to claim the MEK carried out the attack as retaliation for the recent death of prisoners at the hands of Iranian authorities.^[78][79][86] A car carrying three American employees of Rockwell International was attacked in August 1976. William Cottrell, Donald Smith, and Robert Krongard were killed. They had been working on the Ibex system for gathering intelligence on the neighboring USSR.^[78][87] Leading up to the Islamic Revolution, members of the MEK, conducted attacks and assassinations against both Iranian and Western targets.^[88] According to the U.S. Department of State and the presentation of the MEK by the Foreign Affairs group of the Australian Parliament, the group conducted several assassinations of U.S. military personnel and civilians working in Iran during the 1970s. After the revolution the group actively supported the U.S. embassy takeover in Tehran in 1979.^[89]

Prof. Ivan Sascha Sheehan in an independent study described these allegations against today's MEK as unsupportable and false. Elaborating on his point, he said "The most damning allegation of all against the MEK, repeated in the de-listing announcement, in every edition of the Country Reports through the years, and in virtually every press article and commentary on the MEK, is that the assassinations of six American officials and contractors in Iran in the 1970s were the work of “the MEK”. The problem with this statement is that it is not the whole truth, as a result of which the allegation is levied against individuals and groups of people who are not responsible for these grave offenses against the United States. The killings were in some sense the work of “MEK” members. But applied to members, supporters and sympathizers of today’s MEK - indeed, of the MEK since the early 1970s - this allegation is unsupportable, one could even say false. ^[90]

MEK members were specifically targeted by the Shah. As a result of this crushing repression, during the early 1970s MEK effectively ceased to exist. Over 95 procent of its members, including its founders and its entire central committee, were executed, imprisoned, or killed. While the remaining primary members of MEK were imprisoned, some of the original low-level members of MEK formed a new organization that followed Marxist, not Islamic, ideals; these members appropriated the MEK name to establish and enhance their own legitimacy. As a result, a de facto coup occurred when the Marxists took over MEK. At that time, MEK became known as the Marxist MEK. What little remained of the original MEK, however, survived inside the jails where some original MEK members, including Massoud Rjavi, who later in 1979 re-generated the MEK. Rajavi was then serving a life sentence after his death sentence was commuted as a result of international pressure. By 1979, under increasing international pressure, the Shah released Rajavi, along with all other political prisoners.^[91]

Prof. Sheehan said, ““Pinning” the murders on the current MEK that revived in 1978-79 under Massoud Rajavi’s leadership is a bit like holding Palestinian Authority officials and supporters responsible for past killings by early members of Hamas because both entities emerged from the Palestinian resistance to Israel’s occupation. The killings of Americans in Iran in the early-to-mid 1970s were the work not of people now associated with the MEK, but rather their rivals among dissidents elements opposing the Shah.“^[90]

"The political phase" (1979–1981)

The group supported the revolution in its initial phases.^[92] MEK launched an unsuccessful campaign supporting total abolition of Iran's standing military, Islamic Republic of Iran Army, in order to prevent a coup d'état against the system. They also claimed credit for infiltration against the Nojeh coup plot.^[93]

It participated in the referendum held in March 1979.^[92] Its candidate for the head of the newly founded council of experts was Masoud Rajavi in the election of August 1979.^[92] However, he lost the election.^[92] The group also supported for the occupation the US embassy in Tehran in November 1979.^[92] In January 1980, Rajavi announced his candidacy for the presidency, but he was banned, since he was regarded by Ayatollah Khomeini as ineligible.^[92] In February 1980, concentrated attacks by Hezbollahi members began on the meeting places, bookstores, and newsstands of Mujahideen and other leftists, driving the left underground in Iran. Hundreds of MEK supporters and members were killed from 1979 to 1981, and some 3,000 were arrested. Ultimately, the organization called for a massive half-a-million-strong demonstration under the banner of Islam on June 20, 1981, to protest Iran's new leadership, which was also attacked. Following the June 20 protests, Massoud Rajavi formed the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) in Tehran.^{[94][self-published source?]}

In the immediate aftermath of the 1979 Islamic Revolution, the MEK was suppressed by Khomeini's revolutionary organizations and harassed by the Hezbollahi, who attacked meeting places, bookstores, and kiosks of the Mujahideen.^[95] Toward the end of 1981, several PMOI members and supporters went into exile. Their principal refuge was in France.^[96]

Ambassador Lincoln Bloomfield describes this period in an article in The National Interest Magazine “when confronted with growing resistance in the spring of 1981 to the restrictive new order that culminated in massive pro-democracy demonstrations across the country invoked by MEK leader Massoud Rajavi on June 20, Khomeini’s reign was secured at gunpoint with brute force, driving Iran’s first and only freely elected president, Abolhassan Bani-Sadr, underground and into permanent exile. This fateful episode was described by Ervand Abrahamian as a “reign of terror”; Marvin Zonis called it “a campaign of mass slaughter.” ^[46]

Electoral history

Armed conflict with the Islamic Republic government (1981–1988)

Following the 1979 revolution, the newly established theocratic government of Ayatollah Khomeini moved to squash dissent. Khomeini attacked the MEK as elteqati (eclectic), contaminated with Gharbzadegi ("the Western plague"), and as monafeqin (hypocrites) and kafer (unbelievers).^[98] In February 1980 concentrated attacks by hezbollahi pro-Khomeini militia began on the meeting places, bookstores and newsstands of Mujahideen and other leftists^[99] driving the Left underground in Iran. Hundreds of MEK supporters and members were killed from 1979 to 1981, and some 3,000 were arrested.^[100]

On 30 August a bomb was detonated killing the popularly elected President Rajai and Premier Mohammad Javad Bahonar. An active member of the Mujahedin, Massoud Keshmiri, was identified as the perpetrator, and according to reports^{[by whom?]} came close to killing the entire government including Khomeini.^{[unreliable source?]} The reaction to both bombings was intense with many arrests and executions of Mujahedin and other leftist groups, but "assassinations of leading officials and active supporters of the government by the Mujahedin were to continue for the next year or two."^[101]

Following the Iraqi invasion of Iran in 1980, MEK called Saddam Hussein an "aggressor" and a "dictator".^[37]

In 1981, the MEK formed the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) with the stated goal of uniting the opposition to the Iranian government under one umbrella organization. The MEK says that in the past 25 years, the NCRI has evolved into a 540-member parliament-in-exile, with a specific platform that emphasizes free elections, gender equality and equal rights for ethnic and religious minorities. The MEK claims that it also advocates a free-market economy and supports peace in the Middle East. However, the FBI claims that the NCRI "is not a separate organization, but is instead, and has been, an integral part of the [MEK] at all relevant times" and that the NCRI is "the political branch" of the MEK, rather than vice versa. Although the MEK is today the main organization of the NCRI, the latter previously hosted other organizations, such as the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran.^[57]

Eventually, the majority of the MEK leadership and members fled to France, where it operated until 1986, when tension arose between Paris and Tehran over the Eurodif nuclear stake and French citizens kidnapped in the Lebanon hostage crisis. After Rajavi flew to Baghdad, the hostages were released.^{[citation needed]}

Operation Eternal Light and 1988 executions

In 1986, after French Prime Minister Jacques Chirac struck a deal with Tehran for the release of French hostages held prisoners by the Hezbollah in Lebanon, the MEK was forced to leave France and relocated to Iraq. Investigative journalist Dominique Lorentz has related the 1986 capture of French hostages to an alleged blackmail of France by Tehran concerning the nuclear program.^[102]

The MEK transferred its headquarters to Iraq. Near the end of the 1980–88 war between Iraq and Iran, a military force of 7,000 members of the MEK, armed and equipped by Saddam's Iraq and calling itself the National Liberation Army of Iran (NLA), went into action. On July 26, 1988, six days after the Ayatollah Khomeini had announced his acceptance of the UN brokered ceasefire resolution, the NLA advanced under heavy Iraqi air cover, crossing the Iranian border from Iraq. It seized and razed to the ground the Iranian town of Islamabad-e Gharb. As it advanced further into Iran, Iraq ceased its air support and Iranian forces cut off NLA supply lines and counterattacked under cover of fighter planes and helicopter gunships. On July 29 the NLA announced a voluntary withdrawal back to Iraq. The MEK claims it lost 1,400 dead or missing and the Islamic Republic sustained 55,000 casualties (either IRGC, Basij forces, or the army). The Islamic Republic claims to have killed 4,500 NLA during the operation.^[103] The operation was called Foroughe Javidan (Eternal Light) by the MEK and the counterattack Operation Mersad by the Iranian forces.

A large number of prisoners from the MEK, and a lesser number from other leftist opposition groups (somewhere between 1,400 and 30,000),^[104] were executed in 1988, following Operation Eternal Light.^{[105][c][107][108][109]} Dissident Ayatollah Montazeri has written in his memoirs that this massacre, deemed a crime against humanity, was ordered by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and carried out by several high-ranking members of Iran's current government. Recently The UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon appointed a Special Rapporteur on Human Rights violations for Iran, to take action on such actions since 1988.^[110]

According to The Economist, "Iranians of all stripes tend to regard the group as traitors" for its alliance with Saddam during the Iran–Iraq War.^[111]

Post-war Saddam era (1988–2003)

In the following years the MEK conducted several high-profile assassinations of political and military figures inside Iran, including Asadollah Lajevardi, the former warden of the Evin prison known as "Butcher of Evin", in 1998, and deputy chief of the Iranian Armed Forces General Staff Brigadier General Ali Sayyad Shirazi, who was assassinated on the doorsteps of his house on April 10, 1999.^[112]

In April 1992, the MEK attacked 10 embassies, including the Iranian Mission to the United Nations in New York. Some of the attackers were armed with knives, firebombs, metal bars, sticks, and other weapons. In the various attacks, they took hostages, burned cars and buildings, and injured multiple Iranian ambassadors and embassy employees. There were additional injuries, including to police, in other locations. The MEK also caused major property damage. There were dozens of arrests.^[113]

The Iranian Ministry of Intelligence (MOIS) cracked down on MEK activity, carrying out what a US Federal Research Division, Library of Congress Report referred to as "psychological warfare."^[114]

2003 French arrest

In June 2003 French police raided the MEK's properties, including its base in Auvers-sur-Oise, under the orders of anti-terrorist magistrate Jean-Louis Bruguière, after suspicions that it was trying to shift its base of operations there. 160 suspected MEK members were then arrested. In response, 40 supporters began hunger strikes to protest the arrests, and ten immolated themselves in various European capitals. French Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy (Union for a Popular Movement) declared that the MEK "recently wanted to make France its support base, notably after the intervention in Iraq", while Pierre de Bousquet de Florian, head of France's domestic intelligence service, claimed that the group was "transforming its Val d'Oise centre [near Paris]... into an international terrorist base".^[115]

U.S. Senator Sam Brownback, a Republican from Kansas and chairman of the Foreign Relations subcommittee on South Asia, then accused the French of doing "the Iranian government's dirty work". Along with other members of Congress, he wrote a letter of protest to President Jacques Chirac, while longtime MEK supporters such as Sheila Jackson-Lee, a Democrat from Texas, criticized Maryam Radjavi's arrest.^[66]

Following orders from MEK and in protest to the arrests, about ten members set themselves on fire in front of French embassies abroad and two of them died. French authorities released MEK members as a result.^[37]

Post-US invasion of Iraq (2003–present)

During the Iraq war, U.S. troops disarmed the MEK and posted guards at its bases.^[116] The U.S. military also protected and gave logistical support to the MEK as U.S. officials viewed the group as a high value source of intelligence on Iran.^{[117][page needed]}

After the 2003 invasion of Iraq, MEK camps were bombed by the U.S., resulting in at least 50 deaths. It was later revealed that the U.S. bombings were part of an agreement between the Iranian regime and Washington. In the agreement Tehran offered to oust some al-Qaeda suspects if the U.S. came down on the MEK.^[118] Following the invasion, the group voluntarily disarmed and its members confined themselves to Camp Ashraf.^[119] Controversy was raised in both the public sphere and privately among the Bush administration due to the MEK's designation at the time as a terrorist organization.^{[verification needed]}

In the operation, the U.S. reportedly captured 6,000 MEK soldiers and over 2,000 pieces of military equipment, including 19 British-made Chieftain tanks.^[120][121] The MEK compound outside Fallujah became known as Camp Fallujah and sits adjacent to the other major base in Fallujah, Forward Operating Base Dreamland. Captured MEK members were kept at Camp Ashraf, about 100 kilometers west of the Iranian border and 60 kilometers north of Baghdad.^[122]

Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld declared MEK personnel in Ashraf protected persons under the Fourth Geneva Convention. They were placed under the guard of the U.S. Military. Defectors from this group are housed separately in a refugee camp within Camp Ashraf, and protected by U.S. Army military police (2003–current), U.S. Marines (2005–07), and the Bulgarian Army (2006–current).^[123]

In May 2005, Human Rights Watch issued a report describing prison camps within Iraq run by the MEK and severe human rights violations committed by the group against former members during the period from 1991 to 2003.^[124] The report prompted a response by the MEK and a few friendly European MPs, who published a counter-report in September 2005.^{[43][self-published source?]} They stated that HRW had "relied only on 12 hours [sic] interviews with 12 suspicious individuals", and stated that "a delegation of MEPs visited Camp Ashraf in Iraq" and "conducted impromptu inspections of the sites of alleged abuses." Alejo Vidal-Quadras Roca (PP), one of the Vice-Presidents of the European Parliament, alleged that Iran's Ministry of Intelligence and Security (MOIS) was the source of the evidence against the MEK.^[43] In a letter of May 2005 to HRW, the senior US military police commander responsible for the Camp Ashraf area, Brigadier General David Phillips, who had been in charge during the year 2004 for the protective custody of the MEK members in the camp, disputed the alleged human rights violations.^[125]

Iraqi government's 2009 crackdown

On 23 January 2009, and while on a visit to Tehran, Iraqi National Security Advisor Mowaffak al-Rubaie reiterated the Iraqi Prime Minister’s earlier announcement that the MEK organisation would no longer be able to base itself on Iraqi soil and stated that the members of the organisation would have to make a choice, either to go back to Iran or to go to a third country, adding that these measures would be implemented over the next two months.^[126]

On 29 July 2009, eleven Iranians were killed and over 500 were injured in a raid by Iraqi security on the MEK Camp Ashraf in Diyala province of Iraq.^[127] U.S. officials had long opposed a violent takeover of the camp northeast of Baghdad, and the raid is thought to symbolize the declining American influence in Iraq.^[128] After the raid, the U.S. Secretary of State, Hillary Rodham Clinton, stated the issue was "completely within [the Iraqi government's] purview."^[129] In the course of attack, 36 Iranian dissidents were arrested and removed from the camp to a prison in a town named Khalis, where the arrestees went on hunger strike for 72 days, 7 of which was dry hunger strike. Finally the dissidents were released when they were in an extremely critical condition and on the verge of death.^[130][131]

Iran's nuclear programme

The MEK and the NCRI revealed the existence of Iran's nuclear program in a press conference held on 14 August 2002 in Washington DC. MEK representative Alireza Jafarzadeh stated that Iran is running two top-secret projects, one in the city of Natanz and another in a facility located in Arak, which was later confirmed by the International Atomic Energy Agency.^[132]

Journalists Seymour Hersh and Connie Bruck have wrote that the information was given to the MEK by Israel. Among others, it was described by a senior IAEA official and a monarchist advisor to Reza Pahlavi, who said before MEK they were offered to reveal the information, but they refused because it would be seen negatively by the people of Iran.^[133][134] Similar accounts could be found elsewhere by others, including comments made by US officials.^[132]

However, all of their subsequent claims turned out to be false. For instance, on 18 November 2004, MEK representative Mohammad Mohaddessin used satellite images to falsely state that a new facility exists in northeast Tehran, named "Center for the Development of Advanced Defence Technology".^[132]

In late 2005, they held a conference and announced that Iran was digging tunnels for missile and atomic work at 14 sites, including an underground complex near Qom. Commenting on the allegations, Mohamed ElBaradei, then head of the International Atomic Energy Agency, said “We followed whatever they came up with... And a lot of it was bogus.” Frank Pabian, a senior adviser at Los Alamos National Laboratory, however said “they’re right 90 percent of the time... That doesn’t mean they’re perfect, but 90 percent is a pretty good record.”^[135]

In 2010 the NCRI claimed to have uncovered a secret nuclear facility in Iran. These claims were dismissed by US officials, who did not believe the facilities to be nuclear. In 2013, the NCRI again claimed to have discovered a secret underground nuclear site.^[136]

Alleged involvement in Syrian Civil War

According to the official Iran newspaper, in August 2012, a number of MEK members detained by the Syrian government confessed that the MKO is training militants on Turkish soil near the border with Syria. The report also said they cooperate foreign-backed militants in Syria through the Jordanian borders and are stationed at a base called ‘Hanif’, which is "disguised as a hospital".^[137]

On 30 May 2013, Georges Malbrunot of Le Figaro wrote that two members of the organization were found dead in Idlib, citing a "European parliamentarian in contact with the anti-government rebels".^[138]

In August 2013, Qassem Al-Araji, a member of the Security Commission in the Iraqi Parliament, stated that the organization is engaged in Syrian Civil War against Bashar al-Assad's government.^[139]

Relocation from Iraq

On January 1, 2009 the U.S. military transferred control of Camp Ashraf to the Iraqi government. On the same day, Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki announced that the militant group would not be allowed to base its operations from Iraqi soil.^[140]

In 2012 MEK moved from Camp Ashraf to Camp Hurriya in Baghdad (a onetime U.S. base formerly known as Camp Liberty). A rocket and mortar attack killed 5 and injured 50 others at Camp Hurriya on February 9, 2013. MEK residents of the facility and their representatives and lawyers appealed to the UN Secretary-General and U.S. officials to let them return to Ashraf, which they say has concrete buildings and shelters that offer more protection. The United States has been working with the UN High Commissioner for Refugees on the resettlement project.^[141]

On September 9, 2016 the remaining 280 MEK members were relocated from Camp Liberty to Albania.^[54]

Ideology

Before 1979 Revolution

The MEK's ideology of revolutionary Shiaism is based on an interpretation of Islam so similar to that of Ali Shariati that "many concluded" they were inspired by him. According to historian Ervand Abrahamian, it is clear that "in later years" that Shariati and "his prolific works" had "indirectly helped the Mujahedin."^[142]

In the group's "first major ideological work," Nahzat-i Husseini or Hussein's Movement, authored by one of the group's founders, Ahmad Reza'i, it was argued that Nezam-i Towhid (monotheistic order) sought by the prophet Muhammad, was a commonwealth fully united not only in its worship of one God but in a classless society that strives for the common good. "Shiism, particularly Hussein's historic act of martyrdom and resistance, has both a revolutionary message and a special place in our popular culture."^[74]

As described by Abrahamian, one Mojahedin ideologist argued

"Reza'i further argued that the banner of revolt raised by the Shi'i Imams, especially Ali, Hassan, and Hussein, was aimed against feudal landlords and exploiting merchant capitalists as well as against usurping Caliphs who betrayed the Nezam-i-Towhid. For Reza'i and the Mujahidin it was the duty of all Muslims to continue this struggle to create a 'classless society' and destroy all forms of capitalism, despotism, and imperialism. The Mujahidin summed up their attitude towards religion in these words: 'After years of extensive study into Islamic history and Shi'i ideology, our organization has reached the firm conclusion that Islam, especially Shi'ism, will play a major role in inspiring the masses to join the revolution. It will do so because Shi'ism, particularly Hussein's historic act of resistance, has both a revolutionary message and a special place in our popular culture."^[143]

After the revolution

According to the publicly stated ideology of the MEK, elections and public suffrage are the sole indicators of political legitimacy. Their publications reported that the Word of God and Islam are meaningless without freedom and respect for individual volition and choice. Their interpretation of Islam and the Quran says that the most important characteristic distinguishing man from animals is his free will. It is on this basis that human beings are held accountable. Without freedom, no society can develop or progress. Although its leaders present themselves as Muslims, the MEK describes itself as a secular organization: "The National Council of Resistance believes in the separation of Church and State."^{[144][self-published source?]}

In more recent years under the guidance of Maryam Rajavi the organization has adopted strong principles in favor of women. Women assumed some senior positions of responsibility within the ranks of the MEK and although women make up only a third of fighters, two-thirds of its commanders are women. Rajavi ultimately believes that women should enjoy equal rights with men.^{[145][self-published source?]}

View on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

In the beginning, MEK used to criticize the Pahlavi dynasty for allying with Israel and Apartheid South Africa,^[146] even calling them racist states and demanding cancellation of all political and economic agreements with them.^[147] MEK opposed Israeli–Palestinian peace process^[148] and was anti-Zionist.^[37]

The Central Cadre established contact with the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), by sending emissaries to Paris, Dubai, and Qatar to meet PLO officials. In one occasion, seven leading members of MEK spent several months in the PLO camps in Jordan and Lebanon.^[149] On 3 August 1972, they bombed the Jordanian embassy as a means to revenge King Hussein's unleashing his troops on the PLO in 1970.^[150]

After their exile, MEK changed into an 'ally' of Israel in pursuit of its ideological opportunism.^[37][151]

MEK leader Maryam Rajavi publicly met with the President of the State of Palestine, Mahmoud Abbas on 30 July 2016 in Paris, France.^[152]

View on the United States

Before their exile, the MEK preached "anti-imperialism" both before and after revolution. The Mojahedin Organization praised writers such as Al-e Ahmad, Saedi and Shariati for being "anti-imperialist".^[153] Rajavi in his presidential campaign after revolution used to warn against what he called the "imperialist danger".^[154] The matter was so fundamental to MEK that it criticized the Iranian government on that basis, accusing the Islamic Republic of "capitulation to imperialism" and being disloyal to democracy that according to Rajavi was the only means to "safeguard from American imperialism".^[155] However, after exile, Rajavi toned down the issues of imperialism, social revolution, and classless society. Instead he stressed on human rights and respect for "personal property"^[156] (as opposed to "private property", which capitalists consider to be identical to "personal property" while Marxists do not).

The 'ideological revolution' and the issue of women's rights

On 27 January 1985, Rajavi appointed Maryam Azodanlu as his co-equal leader. The announcement, stated that this would give women equal say within the organization and thereby 'would launch a great ideological revolution within Mojahedin, the Iranian public and the whole Muslim World'. At the time Maryam Azodanlu was known as only the younger sister of a veteran member, and the wife of Mehdi Abrishamchi. According to the announcement, Maryam Azodanlu and Mehdi Abrishamchi had recently divorced in order to facilitate this 'great revolution'. As a result, the marriage further isolated the Mojahedin and also upset some members of the organization. This was mainly because, the middle class would look at this marriage as an indecent act which to them resembled wife-swapping. (especially when Abrishamchi declared his own marriage to Musa Khiabani's younger sister). The fact that it involved women with young children and the wives of close friends was considered a taboo in traditional Iranian culture. The effect of this incident on secularists and modern intelligentsia was equally outrageous as it dragged a private matter into the public arena. Many criticized Maryam Azodanlu's giving up her own maiden name (something most Iranian women did not do and she herself had not done in her previous marriage). They would question whether this was in line with her claims of being a staunch feminist.^[157]

According to Iranian-Armenian historian Ervand Abrahamian, "the Mojahedin, despite contrary claims did not give women equal representation within their own hierarchy. The book of martyrs indicates that women formed 15 percent of the organization's rank-and-file, but only 9 percent of its leadership. To rectify this, the Mojahedin posthumously revealed some of the rank and file women martyrs especially those related to prominent figures, into leadership positions."^[158]

According to Country Reports on Terrorism, in 1990 the second phase of the 'ideological revolution' was announced during which all married members were ordered to divorce and remain celibate, undertaking a vow of "eternal divorce", with the exception of Massoud and Maryam Rajavi. Shortly thereafter, all children (about 800)^[37] were separated from their parents and sent abroad to be adopted by members of the group in Europe or North America.^[37][159]

In 1994, "self-divorce" was declared as the further phase of the 'ideological revolution'. During this process all members were forced to surrender their individuality to the organization and change into "ant-like human beings", i.e. following orders by their instinct.^[37]

Sociologist Eileen Barker has described MEK's "metamorphism" as follows:^[37]

Propaganda campaign

From the very beginning, the MEK pursued a dual strategy of using armed struggle and propaganda to achieve its goals,^[160] and its proliftic international propaganda machine has been successful in misleading a considerable portion of the Western media since the 1980s.^[161] Their propaganda aims to present them as a "democratic alternative" to the current Iranian government which defends Western values such as secularism and women's rights. It also to tries erase its history of anti-Zionism and anti-Americanism, as well as totalitarian ideology and terrorist practices. As part of its public propaganda campaign, the MEK distributes numerous publications, reports, books, bulletins, and open letters to influence the media and Western parliamentarians.^[162]

Media activity

The organization owns a free-to-air satellite television network named Vision of Freedom (Sima-ye-Azadi), launched in 2003 in England.^[163] It previously operated Vision of Resistance analogue television in Iraq in the 1990s, accessible in western provinces of Iran.^[164]

The organization is active on social media, most notably Twitter. It runs an isolated cluster of apparently "full-time activists" and spambots, which interact only with each other.^[165][166] The cluster makes efforts to position itself as an organisation of human rights defenders. However, these efforts are rarely reciprocated, signaling their insularity.^[165] According to digital research by the UK-based Small Media Foundation, the cluster's "dependence on automated bots to disseminate information demonstrates that although the MEK is taking social media sites seriously as a platform for broadcasting news and propaganda, they lack the supporter network necessary to make a significant impact within the Iranian Twittersphere. As a result, the MEK is making use of automated bots to artificially inflate its follower count, and create an illusion of influence amongst Iranian Twitter users".^[166] National Council of Resistance of Iran, Mohajedin.org, Maryam-Rajavi.com, Hambastegi Meli, Iran News Update and Iran Efshagari are among accounts openly affiliated with the group.^[165]

Indoctrination

Upon entry into the group, new members are indoctrinated in ideology and a revisionist history of Iran. All members are required to participate in weekly "ideologic cleansings".^[167]

Fraud and money laundering

Other than funds provided by foreign states (such as Saudi Arabia and Iraq under Saddam Hussein), the organization raises money through fraud and money laundering.^[168] According to a RAND Corporation policy conundrum, MEK supporters seek donations at public places, often showing "gruesome pictures" of human rights victims in Iran and claiming to raise money for them but funnelling it to MEK.^[168] A 2004 report by Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) states that the organization is engaged "through a complex international money laundering operation that uses accounts in Turkey, Germany, France, Belgium, Norway, Sweden, Jordan, and the United Arab Emirates".^[169]

French case

In 2003, French judiciary charged twenty four members of the group including Maryam Rajavi for "associating with wrongdoers in relation with a terrorist undertaking", lifting the probes in 2006 except for nine members still investigated for possible money laundering. All charges including money laundering were dropped in 2014.^[170]

Germany

In Germany, a sham charity was used by the MEK to support "asylum seekers and refugees" but the money went to MEK. Another front organization collected funds for "children whose parents had been killed in Iran" in sealed and stamped boxes placed in city centers, each intaking DM 600–700 a day with 30 to 40 people used in each city for the operation. In 1988, the Nürnberg MEK front organization was uncovered by police, and the tactic was exposed. Initially, The Greens supported these organizations while it was unaware of their purpose.^[171]

In December 2001, a joint FBI-Cologne police operation descovered what a 2004 report calls "a complex fraud scheme involving children and social benefits", involving the sister of Maryam Rajavi.^[169] The High Court ruled to close several MEK compounds after investigations revealed that the organization fraudulently collected between $5 million and $10 million in social welfare benefits for children of its members sent to Europe.^[168]

United Kingdom

It operated a UK-based sham charity, namely Iran Aid, which "claimed to raise money for Iranian refugees persecuted by the Islamic regime" and was later revealed to be a front for its military wing.^[172][173] In 2001, Charity Commission for England and Wales closed it down^[174] after finding no “verifiable links between the money donated by the British public [approximately £5 million annually] and charitable work in Iran.”^[168]

United States

Seven supporters were detained by Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) for funnelling more than $1 million to the organization through another sham charity, Committee for Human Rights in Iran.^[168][175] They were later charged in a 59-count indictment with "providing and conspiring to provide material support or resources to a Foreign Terrorist Organization".^[173]

On 19 November 2004, two front organizations called the “Iranian–American Community of Northern Virginia” and the “Union Against Fundamentalism” organized demonstrations in front of the Capitol building in Washington, DC and transferred funds for the demonstration, some $9,000 to the account of a Texas MEK member. Congress and the bank in question were not aware of that the demonstrators were actually providing material support to the MEK.^[173]

Notable assassinations

The organization has claimed responsibility for the following assassinations, among others:

• Lt. Gen. Ali Sayad Shirazi, deputy chief of Iran's armed forces general staff (1999)^[176]
• Asadollah Lajevardi, director of Iran's prison system (1998)^[176]
• Mohammad-Ali Rajaei, President of Iran (1981)^[176]
• Mohammad-Javad Bahonar, Prime Minister of Iran (1981)^[176]
• Mohammad Beheshti, Chief Justice of Iran (1981)^[177]

Status among Iranian opposition

The October 1994 report by the U.S. Department of State notes that other Iranian opposition groups do not cooperate with the organization because they view it as "undemocratic" and "tightly controlled" by its leaders.^[178]

Due to its anti-Shah stance before revolution, it is not close to Monarchist opposition groups and Reza Pahlavi, Iran's deposed crown prince. Iran's deposed president, Abolhassan Banisadr also have left alliance with the group in 1984, denouncing its stance during Iran–Iraq War.^[178]

Rival exiled groups question the organizations's claim that it would hold free elections after taking power in Iran, pointing to its designation of a "president-elect" as an evidence of neglecting Iranian people.^[178]

Designation as a terrorist organization

The countries and organizations below have officially listed MEK as a terrorist organization:

Currently listed
Iran	Designated by the current regime[179] since 1981, also during Pahlavi dynasty until 1979
Iraq	Designated by the post-2003 government[180][181]
Formerly listed
United States	Designated on 8 July 1997, delisted on 28 September 2012[182]
United Kingdom	Designated on 28 March 2001,[182] delisted on 24 June 2008[182]
European Union	Designated in May 2002,[182] delisted on 26 January 2009[182]
Canada	Designated on 24 May 2005,[183] delisted on 20 December 2012[184]
Other
Australia	Not designated as terrorist but added to the ‘Consolidated List’ subject to the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373 on 21 December 2001[185]
United Nations	The group is described as "involved in terrorist activities" by the United Nations Committee against Torture in 2008[186]

The United States put the MEK on the U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations in 1997. However, since 2004 the United States also considered the group as "noncombatants" and "protected persons" under the Geneva Conventions because most members had been living in a refugee camp in Iraq for more than 25 years.^[187] In 2002 the European Union, pressured by Washington, added MEK to its terrorist list.^[188]

MEK leaders then began a lobbying campaign to be removed from the list by promoting itself as a viable opposition to the mullahs in Tehran. In 2008 the US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice denied MEK its request to be delisted despite its lobbying.^[189]

In 2011, several former senior U.S. officials, including Homeland Security Secretary Tom Ridge, three former chairmen of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, two former directors of the CIA, former commander of NATO Wesley Clark, two former U.S. Ambassadors to the United Nations, the former U.S. Attorney General Michael Mukasey, a former White House Chief of Staff, a former commander of the United States Marine Corps, former U.S. National Security Advisor Frances Townsend, and U.S. President Barack Obama's retired National Security Adviser General James L. Jones called for the MEK to be removed from its official State Department foreign terrorist listing on the grounds that they constituted a viable opposition to the Iranian government.^[190]

In April 2012, Seymour Hersh reported that the U.S. Joint Special Operations Command had trained MEK operatives at a secret site in Nevada from 2005 to 2009. According to Hersh, MEK members were trained in intercepting communications, cryptography, weaponry and small unit tactics at the Nevada site until President Barack Obama took office in 2009.^[191] Hersh also reported additional names of former U.S. officials paid to speak in support of MEK, including former CIA directors James Woolsey and Porter Goss; New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani; former Vermont Governor Howard Dean; former Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation Louis Freeh and former U.N. Ambassador John Bolton.^[191]

The National Council of Resistance of Iran has rejected allegations of Hersh.^[192][193]

Removal of the designation

The United Kingdom lifted the MEK's designation as a terrorist group in June 2008,^[194] followed by the Council of the European Union on January 26, 2009, after what the group called a "seven-year-long legal and political battle."^{[189][195][196]} It was also lifted in the United States following a decision by U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton^[53] on September 21, 2012 and lastly in Canada on December 20, 2012.^[197]

The Council of the European Union removed the group's terrorist designation following the Court of Justice of the European Union's 2008 censure of France for failing to disclose new alleged evidence of the MEK's terrorism threat.^[195] Delisting allowed MEK to pursue tens of millions of dollars in frozen assets^[196] and lobby in Europe for more funds. It also removed the terrorist label from MEK members at Camp Ashraf in Iraq.^[189]

On 28 September 2012 the U.S. State Department formally removed MEK from its official list of terrorist organizations, beating an October 1deadline in an MEK lawsuit.^[53][198] Secretary of State Clinton said in a statement that the decision was made because the MEK had renounced violence and had cooperated in closing their Iraqi paramilitary base. An official denied that lobbying by well-known figures influenced the decision.^[199][200]

The National Iranian American Council denounced the decision, stating it "opens the door to Congressional funding of the M.E.K. to conduct terrorist attacks in Iran" and "makes war with Iran far more likely."^[53] Iran state television also condemned the delisting of the group, saying that the U.S. considers MEK to be "good terrorists because the U.S. is using them against Iran."^[201]

See also

• Guerrilla groups of Iran
• Organizations of the Iranian Revolution
• MEK Compound

Splinter groups

• Organization of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class (Marxist only)
• Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution Organization (Islamist only)

Notes

References

Bibliography

• Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press.
• Abrahamian, Ervand (1989). Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin. IB Tauris.
• Abrahamian, Ervand (Oct 1, 1992). The Iranian Mojahedin. Yale University Press.
• Keddie, Nikkie (1981). Roots of Revolution.
• Moin, Baqer (2001). Khomeini. Thomas Dunne.
• Stevenson, Struan (2015). Self-Sacrifice – Life with the Iranian Mojahedin. Birlinn, Edinburgh, ISBN 978 1 78027 288 7.

External links

Official

• "The MEK" (official Website; 2014: no longer in use).
• Website of the National Council for Resistance (NCR)
• National Council of Resistance of Iran – Foreign Affairs Committee
• U.S. Department of State: MEK Profile; 2014: no longer in use
• Economist article

Other

• Global Security on MEK
• Template:Fa icon News and Information on Mujahedin-e Khalgh (MEK/MEK/NCR)
• "MKO Watch".
• Brian Binley (British MP) argues for removing the MEK from terror lists^{[permanent dead link]}
• Washington Times Article^{[permanent dead link]}
• Economist article
• Book: The United States and Iran