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Nevertheless, its source of inspiration must have been the political and social developments that had taken place over a 300-year period following 1102<ref>Curta, Stephenson, p. 267</ref> when the two kingdoms united under the Hungarian king, either by the choice of the Croat nobility or by Hungarian force.<ref name=Encarta/> The Croatian nobility retained its laws and privileges including the restriction of military service that they owed to the king within the boundaries of Croatia.<ref>Curta, Stephenson, p. 267</ref>
Nevertheless, its source of inspiration must have been the political and social developments that had taken place over a 300-year period following 1102<ref>Curta, Stephenson, p. 267</ref> when the two kingdoms united under the Hungarian king, either by the choice of the Croat nobility or by Hungarian force.<ref name=Encarta/> The Croatian nobility retained its laws and privileges including the restriction of military service that they owed to the king within the boundaries of Croatia.<ref>Curta, Stephenson, p. 267</ref>


According to Croatian historians, the Sabor (Croatian parliament) took the opportunity in 1526 to reassert its autonomy from Hungary with the election of Ferdinand Habsburg for king and reputedly declared: "...we joined the [[Holy Crown of Hungary]] by our own free will just as we do now, the rule of Your Majesty"<ref>Bellamy, p. 39</ref>. In 1868, the pact that governed Croatia’s political status as a territory of Hungary until the end of World War I<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/681041/Nagodba Britannica:Nagodba]</ref> and that explicitly stated that Croatia was a component part of the kingdom of Hungary<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/681041/Nagodba Britannica:Nagodba]</ref> included that "Since Croatia and Slavonia have alike de jure and de facto belonged for centuries to the [[Crown of St. Stephen]]...".<ref>http://www.h-net.org/~habsweb/sourcetexts/nagodba1.htm The Hungaro-Croatian Compromise of 1868</ref>
Croatian parliament took opportunity in 1526 to reassert its autonomy from Hungary with election of Ferdinand Habsburg for king and words:"...we joined the [[Holy Crown of Hungary]] by our own free will just as we do now, the rule of Your Majesty"<ref>Bellamy, p. 39</ref>. Before election Croatian parliament and delegation sent by Ferdinand Habsburg have looked for existence of parliament legal right for king election and only after that he is elected <ref>[http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=1733 Sabor u Cetinu 1527]</ref>. Similar definition is used in 1868 by Croatian and Hungarian parliaments in introduction to constitution of Kingdom of Hungary and Kingdom of Croatia: "Since Croatia and Slavonia have alike de jure and de facto belonged for centuries to the [[Crown of St. Stephen]]..."<ref>http://www.h-net.org/~habsweb/sourcetexts/nagodba1.htm The Hungaro-Croatian Compromise of 1868</ref>


== Circumstances of the agreement ==
== Circumstances of the agreement ==

Revision as of 20:01, 18 March 2009

Pacta conventa (Lat. agreed accords) was an alleged agreement concluded in 1102 between King Coloman of Hungary and the Croatian nobility. According to Croatian historians at this time Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary[1] that would last until 1918, according to modern [2] Hungarian[3] and Serbian historians Croatia was conquered.[4]. Croatia was never assimilated into Hungary; rather, it became an associate kingdom administered by a ban, or civil governor [5]..After death of king Louis II during the Battle of Mohács in 1526 Croatian parliament has elected Ferdinand Habsburg for king of Croatia [6], but this did not change the legal nature of the pacta. [citation needed]

A version from the 14th century is preserved in a Budapest museum.[7].

The document's validity is questionable,[8][9] While some say the earliest text concerning the alleged agreement came from the second half of the 14th century[10][11] during union existence, others call it a late medieval forgery, not a twelfth century source.[12][13] While various items of the text seem anachronistic, historian say these could be reworkings of a text of an actual agreement.[14]

Nevertheless, its source of inspiration must have been the political and social developments that had taken place over a 300-year period following 1102[15] when the two kingdoms united under the Hungarian king, either by the choice of the Croat nobility or by Hungarian force.[16] The Croatian nobility retained its laws and privileges including the restriction of military service that they owed to the king within the boundaries of Croatia.[17]

Croatian parliament took opportunity in 1526 to reassert its autonomy from Hungary with election of Ferdinand Habsburg for king and words:"...we joined the Holy Crown of Hungary by our own free will just as we do now, the rule of Your Majesty"[18]. Before election Croatian parliament and delegation sent by Ferdinand Habsburg have looked for existence of parliament legal right for king election and only after that he is elected [19]. Similar definition is used in 1868 by Croatian and Hungarian parliaments in introduction to constitution of Kingdom of Hungary and Kingdom of Croatia: "Since Croatia and Slavonia have alike de jure and de facto belonged for centuries to the Crown of St. Stephen..."[20]

Circumstances of the agreement

After Petar Svačić, the last Croatian king of Croat descent, was killed on the battlefield in 1097, the Croats had refused to surrender.[citation needed] To end the war, an agreement was made where, in 1102, the Croatian nobles allegedly concluded the Pacta conventa with King Coloman before his crowning as the Croatian king in Biograd.[21]

The Hungarian king offered "an agreement as pleases them" to the Croatian nobles from the families of Kačić, Kukar, Šubić, Svačić, Plečić, Mogorović, Gušić, Čudomirić, Karinjanin and Lapčan, Lačničić, Jamometić and Tugomirić.[citation needed]

Content of Pacta conventa

The agreement determined that Croatia and Hungary would be governed by the same ruler as two separate kingdoms.[citation needed] When he was crowned in Biograd na Moru, Coloman promised all the public and state rights to the Kingdom of Croatia and some additional rights to the Croatian nobility.[citation needed] The Croats acknowledged Coloman as the king of Croatia and Dalmatia and promised they would help him in war, at their cost on the Croatian side of Drava and at his cost on the Hungarian side.[citation needed]

Coloman and his successors were invested with all the rights of kingship over the Kingdom of Croatia: to appoint the ban, to issue privileges and land grants, to certify the laws voted by the Croatian Parliament, to collect taxes and duties, to own the "royal land" (terra regalis) of the extinct Croat royal dynasty, to have supreme command over the Croatian army and to make foreign policy.[citation needed]

Validity of the document

The document titled Pacta Conventa that was supposedly signed in 1102 but not saved was claimed by leading Croatian historians to be a contract stipulating personal union of Hungary and Croatia.[9] However, even if its authenticity were accepted the document would still not represent anything more than a contract between the Coloman King of Hungary, Slavonia, Croatia and Dalmatia and his Croatian nobility, so it would not be perceived as an interstate agreement in domain of public international law.[9] In 1105 Coloman granted privileges to maritime cities in exchange for their submission. These included the election of their own bishops and prior which is later only confirmed by the king, prohibition of Hungarians settling in towns, the cities didn't pay tributes while royal agents supervised the collection of custom duties without interfering in local politics.[22]

Since the 19th century, a number of historians have claimed that Pacta conventa was not a genuine document.[citation needed] Some claim that the document is a forgery found in the Zagreb diocese and published in 1960, noting that Pacta Conventa was written with an idiom used three centuries after its supposed origin, i.e. in the 14th century and that Hungarian sources do not mention any "personal union" between Hungary and Croatia.[citation needed] Though the validity of the document is disputed, there was at least a non-written agreement that regulated the relations between Hungary and Croatia in approximately the same way, since from 1102 until 1918 kings of Hungary were also kings of Croatia, represented by a governor (ban), but Croatia kept its own parliament (Sabor) and considerable autonomy.[16].

According to Croatian historian Nada Klaić probably some sort of surrender occurred in 1102 by which the Croatians were given light terms.[23] She thinks that the Trogir manuscript, the earliest text of the alleged pact is not the text of that surrender, but describes contemporary relations between King and nobility and then traced that current 14th century reality back to an initial agreement.[23]

According to Slovenian historians the Pacta Conventa never existed, but the story about it was important to support the Croatian position in the Habsburg Empire in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries when the Croats claimed their rights on the basis of the agreement.[3] They think that although Croatia ceased to exist as an independent state, the Croatian nobility retained relatively strong powers.[3]

Footnotes

  1. ^ Bellamy, p. 37
  2. ^ Bellamy, p. 37
  3. ^ a b c Matjaž Klemenčič, Mitja Žagar (2004). The Former Yugoslavia's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. p. 16. ISBN 9781576072943.
  4. ^ Bellamy, p. 37
  5. ^ Stephen R. Burant, ed. Hungary: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1989
  6. ^ Povijest saborovanja
  7. ^ Eduard Hercigonja, Tropismena i trojezična kultura hrvatskoga srednjovjekovlja, Matica hrvatska, Zagreb, 2006. ISBN 953-150-766-X
  8. ^ Van Antwerp Fine, p. 71
  9. ^ a b c Ana S. Trbovich (2008). A Legal Geography of Yugoslavia's Disintegration. Oxford University Press. p. 87. ISBN 9780195333435.
  10. ^ Van Antwerp Fine, p. 70
  11. ^ Curta, Stephenson, p. 267
  12. ^ Curta, Stephenson, p. 267
  13. ^ Bellamy, p. 37
  14. ^ Van Antwerp Fine, p. 70
  15. ^ Curta, Stephenson, p. 267
  16. ^ a b "Croatia (History)". Encarta.
  17. ^ Curta, Stephenson, p. 267
  18. ^ Bellamy, p. 39
  19. ^ Sabor u Cetinu 1527
  20. ^ http://www.h-net.org/~habsweb/sourcetexts/nagodba1.htm The Hungaro-Croatian Compromise of 1868
  21. ^ Curta, Stephenson, p. 267
  22. ^ Curta, Stephenson, p. 266
  23. ^ a b Van Antwerp Fine, John (1991). The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. University of Michigan Press. p. 285. ISBN 9780472081493.

References

  • John Van Antwerp Fine (2006). When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-modern Periods. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 9780472114146.
  • Florin Curta, Paul Stephenson (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521815390.
  • Bellamy, Alex J. (2003), The Formation of Croatian National Identity: A Centuries-old Dream, Manchester University Press, ISBN 9780719065026
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacta_conventa_%28Croatia%29&diff=278178725&oldid=278177257