Mark Milley
Official portrait, 2019
Born	(1958-06-18) June 18, 1958 (age 65) Winchester, Massachusetts
Allegiance	United States
Service/branch	United States Army
Years of service	1980–present
Rank	General
Commands held	Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Chief of Staff of the United States Army United States Army Forces Command III Corps International Security Assistance Force (joint) 10th Mountain Division 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (Light)
Battles/wars	Operation Just Cause Operation Uphold Democracy Operation Joint Endeavor Iraq War War in Afghanistan
Awards	Defense Distinguished Service Medal (2) Army Distinguished Service Medal (4) Defense Superior Service Medal (3) Legion of Merit (3) Bronze Star Medal (4)
Alma mater	Princeton University (BA) Columbia University (MA) Naval War College (MA)
Spouse(s)	Hollyanne Milley (m. 1984 or 1985)[1]

Mark Alexander Milley (born June 18, 1958) is a United States Army general and the 20th chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He previously served as the 39th chief of staff of the Army.^[2]

Early life and education

Born in Winchester, Massachusetts, Milley attended Belmont Hill School.^[3] Milley graduated from Princeton University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in politics in 1980 after completing a 185-page-long senior thesis titled "A Critical Analysis of Revolutionary Guerrilla Organization in Theory and Practice".^[4] Milley also holds a Master of Arts degree in international relations from Columbia University and another Master of Arts degree in national security and strategic studies from the Naval War College.^[5] He is also an attendee of the MIT Center for International Studies Seminar XXI National Security Studies Program.^[6] Milley is an avid historian reader and was known to have read and studied several prominent figure such as Mao Zedong, Vladimir Lenin and Karl Marx.^[7][8]

Military career

Milley earned his commission as an Armor officer through Princeton's Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps program in 1980 and spent most of his career in Infantry assignments.^[9]

Milley has served in the 82nd Airborne Division, the 5th Special Forces Group,^[10] the 7th Infantry Division, the 2nd Infantry Division, the Joint Readiness Training Center, the 25th Infantry Division, Operations Staff of the Joint Staff, and as a Military Assistant to the Secretary of Defense in the Pentagon.^[11]

General Milley has had multiple command and staff positions in eight divisions and special forces throughout the last 39 years to include command of the 1st Battalion, 506th Infantry, 2nd Infantry Division; Milley commanded the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (Light) from December 2003 to July 2005, served as deputy commanding general for operations of the 101st Airborne Division from July 2007 to April 2008, and was commanding general of the 10th Mountain Division from November 2011 to December 2012.^[12] He then served as the Commanding General of III Corps, based at Fort Hood, Texas, from 2012 to 2014,^[13] and as the commanding general of the United States Army Forces Command, based at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, from 2014 to 2015. He was appointed chief of staff of the Army on August 14, 2015.^[14]

Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army

In his initial message to the U.S. Army, General Milley laid out his priorities on readiness, the future Army, and taking care of troops. "We must ensure the Army remains ready as the world's premier combat force. Readiness for ground combat is- and will remain- the U.S. Army's #1 priority. We will do what it takes to build an agile, adaptive Army of the future."^[15]

Modernization and reform

During his tenure, Milley focused heavily on modernization efforts for the Army, which included a new command designed to consolidate the methods that deliver Army capabilities, similar to the approach used by U.S. Special Operations Command. At the 2017 Association of the United States Army annual meeting, Milley described the areas targeted for modernization, including tanks, aircraft and weapons. "Faster results will be obtained...as we shift to a SOCOM-like model of buy, try, decide and acquire rather than the current industrial-age linear model that takes years to establish requirements, decades to test, and it may take a long, long time to go from idea to delivery," Milley said. "If we adapt to the changing character of war, and we embrace the institutional changes that we need to implement, then we will continue to be the most lethal fighting force in the world for the next seven decades and beyond. If we do not, we will lose the next war," Milley warned.^[16]

In February 2017, the Army announced the establishment of Security Force Assistance Brigades. Also known as SFABs, these permanent units were established in Fort Benning with a core mission to conduct security cooperation activities and serve as a quick response to combatant commander requirements.^[17]

While their training would be similar to that of Special Forces, soldiers in the SFABs would not be considered Special Forces, Milley said. "They will be trained in many ways similar to Special Forces, but they are not Special Forces." These SFABs will be structured using the non-commissioned and commissioned officers of infantry brigade combat teams to train foreign military units in conventional light infantry tactics, Milley said.^[18]

In 2018, Milley established Army Futures Command in Austin, Texas, to take advantage of nearby academic and industrial expertise. Coequal in status to the Army's three senior most commands: Army Forces Command, Army Material Command, and Army Training and Doctrine Command, it represented one of the largest reform initiatives undertaken in more than forty years. Beyond developing future warfighting concepts, eight cross-functional teams conducted research to further the Army's modernization priorities: long-range precision fires, next-generation combat vehicles, air and missile defenses, soldier lethality, synthetic training environments, future vehicle lift platforms, and assured positioning, navigation, and timing.

In 2018, Milley also led the roll out of a new Army Combat Fitness Test. The new fitness test was designed to improve overall combat readiness and mimic physical tasks and stresses associated with combat and was set to replace the 40-year-old Army fitness test by October 2020.^[19] "We want to make sure that our soldiers are ... in top physical shape to withstand the rigors of ground combat," Milley said. "Combat is not for the faint of heart, it's not for the weak-kneed, it's not for those who are not psychologically resilient and tough and hardened to the brutality, to the viciousness of it."^[20]

While the ACFT became the test of record for soldiers on Oct. 1, the Army is still working to finalize the evaluation, according to Sergeant Major of the Army Michael Grinston.^[21] The COVID-19 outbreak forced Army leaders to pause all fitness testing in late March of this year to prevent the spread of the virus, a move that also paused the ACFT graduation requirement for new soldiers.^[22]

Army Green Service Uniform

In early 2017, Milley and then-Sergeant Major of the Army Dan Dailey began considering the possibility of bringing back an iconic two-tone uniform known as the "Pinks and Greens" to honor the "greatest generation" of soldiers who fought in World War II.^[23]

The Army believed the reintroduction of the uniform would give Soldiers a uniform for professional environments that honored the Army heritage, reconnect today's Soldiers with their service history, strengthen pride, bolster recruiting and enhance readiness.^[24]

According to an Army Times poll conducted in the fall of 2018, of the 32,000 respondents, 72 percent indicated they were ready to embrace a new uniform, while 28 percent said they were happy with the current blue Army Service Uniform. Soldiers did express concerns about the need for an additional uniform as well as the costs associated with acquiring the new uniform.^[25] The Army tried to address this concern in its official roll out announcement Nov. 11, 2018, indicating the uniform would be cost-neutral for enlisted Soldiers, who would be able to purchase the new "everyday business-wear uniform" with their existing annual clothing allowance. The Army also indicated the new uniform would come "at no additional cost to the American taxpayer" and would be "made in the USA."^[26]

Following an initial testing and evaluation phase with recruiters, senior leaders, and members of the Old Guard and Army Band, the Army had to delay the issuing of the uniform at entry-level training locations due to production setbacks related to COVID-19.^[27]

Iraq War study

In 2018, Milley was involved in deciding whether the Army would publish a controversial study on the Iraq War. Milley reportedly decided he wanted to read the two-volume, 1,300-page, 500,000-word document before making a decision. Milley also directed that an external panel of scholars review the work. After the panel returned glowing reviews on the study, including one that described it as "the gold standard in official history", Milley continued to delay publication so he could review it further.^[28] In September 2018, Secretary of the Army Mark Esper and other Army officials decided to distance themselves from the study by casting it "as an independent" work of the authors, instead of being described as a project by the Chief of Staff of the Army's Operation Iraqi Freedom Study Group. When confronted by a journalist from The Wall Street Journal in October 2018, Milley reversed these decisions, ordering the study published officially and with a foreword from himself. He said the team who wrote the study "did a damn good job", the study itself was "a solid work", and that he aimed to publish the study by the holidays (2018).^[28]

Within days of this revelation, two members of Congress who sit on the House Armed Services Committee (Reps. Jackie Speier, D-California, and Ruben Gallego, D-Arizona) sent a letter to Army leaders expressing their anger over the delay. In a press release accompanying the letter to Milley and Esper, Speier said, "This is simply the Army being unwilling to publicly air its mistakes. Our military, Congress, and the American people deserve nothing less than total transparency on the lessons the Army has identified so that we may use those lessons to avoid costly, and too often deadly, mistakes of the past."^[29] The two-volume study was published January 17, 2019.^[30][31][32]

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of staff

Nomination and confirmation

On December 8, 2018, President Donald Trump announced that he would nominate Milley to serve as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, although Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis and then-Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Joseph Dunford favored Air Force Chief of Staff General David L. Goldfein for the appointment.^{[33][34][35][36][37]} Milley had initially been fielded as a candidate to succeed Curtis Scaparrotti as commander of the United States European Command and Supreme Allied Commander Europe, but after interviews with Trump was nominated for the chairmanship instead.^[38] With Senate confirmation (89–1) on July 25,^[39][40] he was sworn in on September 30, 2019.^{[41][42][43][44]}

Milley's nomination was controversial because Mattis and Dunford favored Goldfein. If Goldfein had been selected, he would have been the Air Force's first chairman since 2005.^[33][41][43] Though Mattis and Dunford recommended Goldfein, news accounts indicated that Trump chose Milley because Milley and he formed a close relationship during the interview process.^[45][46]

Tenure

After Milley was nominated, he headed a commission with other American military officials that were responsible for designing a report on the country's impending near-term impacts from climate change. The report, which was released in August 2019, stated that the country and its military would experience a total collapse within the next two decades due to collapses in the country's aging power grid and food supply, as well as the increased risk of infectious disease outbreaks globally. The report also mentions the likelihood of increasing water scarcity in developing countries, which would result in an increase of civil and military conflicts due to a failure in the global food system.^[47][48]

After attending 75th anniversary commemorations of the Battle of the Bulge in Belgium and Luxembourg on December 16, 2019, Milley met with the Russian military chief of staff Valery Gerasimov in Bern, Switzerland, on December 18. This continued a series of regular meetings between the American and Russian military chiefs reestablished by Milley's predecessor Joseph Dunford in 2017 to ensure open communication and avoid conflict, especially in Syria.^[49] The face-to-face meeting was arranged with the assistance of the incoming Swiss Chief of the Armed Forces Korpskommandant (Lieutenant General) Thomas Süssli.^[50]

On June 1, 2020, during protests in Washington, D.C., in the wake of the murder of George Floyd, Milley joined National Guardsmen and various police forces assembling in Lafayette Square, across the street from the White House.^[51] Minutes later, the troops and police used tear gas and other riot control tactics to disperse protestors. About half an hour after that, Milley, in combat uniform, walked alongside the president from the White House to the church, drawing sharp criticism from former military officers and others.^{[52][53][54][55][56][57]} Milley subsequently refused to testify in front of Congress regarding the military's role in the response to the protests.^[58] He reportedly considered resigning over the incident,^[59] but chose instead to address it in a video recorded as his commencement address to the National Defense University. In that speech, streamed on June 11, Milley said he should not have been at the event because his presence created a perception of military involvement in domestic politics.^[60] Milley testified in front of Congress in July 2020 about the military's role in the George Floyd protests.^[61]

During Trump's re-election campaign, he used images of Milley in ads. Milley said he did not give his consent to appear in the ads. Uniformed service members are forbidden from participating in political campaigns (see also Hatch Act and DODD 1344.10).^[62]

On January 12, 2021, Milley and the Joint Chiefs of Staff issued a statement condemning the violent storming of the U.S. Capitol by supporters of Trump and reminding all service members of their obligation to support and defend the Constitution and reject extremism.^[63][64] They said: "As we have done throughout our history, the U.S. military will obey lawful orders from civilian leadership, support civilian authorities to protect lives and property, ensure public safety in accordance with the law, and remain fully committed to protecting and defending the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic."^[65]

On April 2, 2021, during an interview regarding the January 6, 2021, incident, Milley said that the military reaction and response were "sprint speed" and "super fast". However, some, such as Speaker of the House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi, doubted his statement, as it seemed to contravene events during the riot at the Capitol on January 6.^[66][67][68]

In June 2021 a report from an Associated Press investigation found that at least 1,900 U.S. military firearms were lost or stolen.^[69][70] Most of the stolen firearms came from the Army; some of the stolen firearms were found in the possession of a gang member, believed to have been sold by the firearms thieves.^[71] Reports say that when Milley learned of this scandal, he was shocked, and said that he will consider a more systematic fix on how the military keeps track of its firearms, while many claim that Milley is actually downplays the report of 1,900 lost or stolen military firearms.^[72]

On June 23, 2021, Milley attracted notice for telling Congressman Matt Gaetz that he found it "offensive" that the U.S. military was being characterized as "woke" for including "critical race theory" in its West Point curriculum; "I want to understand white rage - and I'm white. What is it that caused thousands of people to assault this building and try to overturn the Constitution of the United States of America?" he added.^{[73][74][75][76]}

On June 30, 2021, former President Trump, who appointed Milley as Chair, called on him to resign, implying that he was unwilling "to defend [the US military] from the Leftist Radicals who hate [the United States] and [its flag]." This came after Milley's defense of studying a broad range of ideas including the politically-controversial critical race theory and news reports that Milley and Trump engaged in a shouting match over military involvement in the 2020-2021 US race protests. Trump previously denied the incident and accused Milley of falsifying it.^[77]

Operational deployments

Milley has deployed for various military operations, including:

• Multinational Force and Observers, Sinai, Egypt
• Operation Just Cause, Panama
• Operation Uphold Democracy, Haiti
• Operation Joint Endeavor, Bosnia-Herzegovina
• Operation Iraqi Freedom, Iraq
• Operation Enduring Freedom, Afghanistan

Awards and decorations

General Milley has received the following awards:^[78]

Left Side

Badge Combat Infantryman Badge (2nd Award) 1st row Defense Distinguished Service Medal with oak leaf cluster Army Distinguished Service Medal with three oak leaf clusters Defense Superior Service Medal with two oak leaf clusters 2nd row Legion of Merit with two oak leaf clusters Bronze Star Medal with three oak leaf clusters Meritorious Service Medal with silver oak leaf cluster 3rd row Army Commendation Medal with four oak leaf clusters Army Achievement Medal with oak leaf cluster National Defense Service Medal with service star 4th row Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal with two service stars Afghanistan Campaign Medal with three campaign star Iraq Campaign Medal with two campaign stars 5th row Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal Global War on Terrorism Service Medal Korea Defense Service Medal 6th row Humanitarian Service Medal Army Service Ribbon Army Overseas Service Ribbon with award numeral 5 7th row NATO Medal for service with ISAF with service star Multinational Force and Observers Medal French National Order of Merit, Commander[79] Badges Special Forces Tab Ranger Tab Badges Master Parachutist Badge Special Operations Diver Badge Badges Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge United States Army Staff Identification Badge

Right Side
506th Infantry Regiment Distinctive Unit Insignia French Parachutist Badge Joint Meritorious Unit Award with oak leaf cluster Army Meritorious Unit Commendation with three oak leaf clusters 101st Airborne Division Combat Service Identification Badge

Other awards

	Expert Infantryman Badge
	10 Overseas Service Bars

Personal life

Milley is married to Hollyanne, a cardiac nurse. They have two children.^[1][80]

During the 2020 Veterans Day ceremony at Arlington National Cemetery, Hollyanne Milley saved the life of a veteran who had collapsed.^[80] According to reports, "nursing has a tradition in the Milley family," with Gen. Milley's mother, Linda Milley, whom he'd described as a "break-the-glass ceiling" type of woman, having served as a nurse with the Navy's Waves in World War II.^[81]

References

External links

• Appearances on C-SPAN
•  This article incorporates public domain material from Lieutenant General Mark A. Milley. United States Army.