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Marcus Rediker
Rediker during a 2019 interview
Born
Marcus Buford Rediker

(1951-10-14) October 14, 1951 (age 72)
Owensboro, Kentucky, US
SpouseWendy Z. Goldman
Children2
AwardsMerle Curti Award (1988, 2008)
George Washington Book Prize (2008)
Academic background
Alma materUniversity of Pennsylvania (Ph.D.)
ThesisSociety and Culture Among Anglo-American Deep Sea Sailors, 1700-1750 (1982)
Academic advisorsRichard Slator Dunn
Mike Zuckerman[1]
Academic work
EraEarly modern period
DisciplineAtlantic history
Sub-disciplineHistory of slavery
InstitutionsGeorgetown University
University of Pittsburgh
Marcus Rediker's voice
Marcus Rediker on the etymology and philosophical origins of "history from below"
Recorded February 9, 2018
Websitemarcusrediker.com

Marcus Buford Rediker (born October 14, 1951) is an American professor, historian, writer, and social activist. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from Virginia Commonwealth University in 1976 and attended the University of Pennsylvania for graduate study, earning an Master of Arts and Ph.D. in history. He taught at Georgetown University from 1982 to 1994 and is currently a Distinguished Professor of Atlantic History of the Department of History at the University of Pittsburgh.[2]

Politically, Rediker has described himself as far-left, but he does not align with any political party.[3] Rediker is best known for his books on piracy and the Middle Passage that follow a people's history narrative. As an activist, Rediker is a staunch opponent of the capital punishment and supports reparations for slavery. He is a two-time winner of the Merle Curti Award and won the George Washington Book Prize in 2008.[4][5]

Early life

Marcus Buford Rediker was born in Owensboro, Kentucky, on October 14, 1951, to Buford and Faye Rediker.[6][7] He is the first of two children, preceding his brother Shayne.[8] Rediker's family came from a working class background, and they later moved to Nashville, Tennessee and Richmond, Virginia.[9][6] Rediker has credited storytelling from his grandfather, a coal miner, as one of his earliest influences.[10] In a 2018 interview, Rediker said that "It took me many years but I finally realized that the kinds of stories I like to tell, and the books I have written, have his Appalachian storytelling tradition behind them."[11]

A first-generation college student, Rediker began attending Vanderbilt University in 1969 before dropping out in 1971.[3] Commenting on his time at Vanderbilt, Rediker recalled that "the place seemed to me to be a breeding ground for the Southern wealthy. I felt really out of place at Vanderbilt."[12] Initially attending on a basketball scholarship, Rediker credited campus protests against the Vietnam War, the Civil Rights movement, and the Black power movement with influencing both his interest in history and his political beliefs.[12][9][3][13] In Richmond, Rediker worked in a DuPont textile factory for three years making cellophane.[9][6] The factory faced extreme racial tension, with Rediker describing supporters of Malcolm X and a Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan working as employees.[14] Reflecting on his time at the factory in a 1999 interview, Rediker stated:

"I wanted to try to close the gap between these worlds of Southern elitists and the working class, and I realized that only one of those groups had a voice."[12]

Education

Rediker's job motivated him to read books and attend two night school courses on the American and French Revolution.[15][12] After being laid off from his factory job, Rediker enrolled at Virginia Commonwealth University.[16] In 1976, Rediker graduated from the university with a Bachelor of Arts in history. Rediker later attended the University of Pennsylvania for his graduate studies, working under Richard Slator Dunn.[17] Originally intending to study Caribbean history, Rediker developed a deep fascination in Atlantic history while writing a research paper on sailors and pirates.[18] Rediker published his dissertation, Society and Culture Among Anglo-American Deep Sea Sailors, 1700-1750, in 1982.[19] At the University of Pennsylvania, Rediker earned a Master of Arts and Ph.D. in history.[2][12]

Career

Rediker began teaching at Georgetown University in 1982 before leaving to work at the University of Pittsburgh in 1994, where he has primarily taught ever since.[12] Rediker was the Dan and Maggie Inouye Distinguished Chair of Democratic Ideals at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa during the 2019-2020 semester.[20][21]

Rediker's resignation from Tate Britain centered around JMW Turner's unfinished 1835 painting A Disaster at Sea.

Throughout his career, Rediker has written several books on Atlantic social, labor, and maritime history.[2] For certain books, he collaborated with other historians such as Peter Linebaugh and Paul Buhle. In 2023, Rediker and Buhle co-wrote two graphic novels illustrated by David Lester. Rediker has written opinion pieces for the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Boston Globe, Los Angeles Times, The Nation, and The New York Times.[22][23][24][25][26]

Tate Britain

After serving five years as guest curator of the Tate Britain art museum in the JMW Turner Gallery, Rediker resigned in June 2023 after his request to display a punishment box in front of Turner's 1835 painting, A Disaster at Sea, was denied.[27][28] The painting, which was never finished, is theorized to have been based on the 1833 loss of Amphitrite, a British merchant and convict ship.[29] On her final voyage, Amphitrite carried 108 female convicts and 12 children, all of whom perished.[30] According to Rediker, the box was meant as a tribute to the ship's victims.[28] Rediker alleged that the museum had engaged in censorship, though the museum claimed it was denied due to uncertainty surrounding the depicted ship's identity and the box's "domineering presence".[31]

Rediker wrote a book and a play on Quaker abolitionist Benjamin Lay (pictured). Rediker called Lay “the most fascinating historical person that most people have never heard of,”.[32]

Other work

In May 2013, Rediker and filmmaker Tony Buba traveled to the home villages of slaves that revolted on the Spanish vessel La Amistad in July 1839.[11][33][34] During the trip to southern Sierra Leone, Rediker and Buba conducted interviews with village elders and searched for the ruins of the Lomboko slave factory. A documentary chronicling the journey, Ghosts of Amistad: In the Footsteps of Rebels premiered in November 2014 at the Three Rivers Film Festival in Pittsburgh.[35] The film has been screened at multiple film festivals and universities across the world and aired on PBS since its release.[36]

In 2017, Rediker and playwright Naomi Wallace began writing a play based on Benjamin Lay, a Quaker abolitionist.[32] The play originated from an idea Rediker and Wallace had for a joint lecture in Berlin, where an actor dressed up as Lay would interrupt and monologue.[32] After conference organizers rejected their proposal, Rediker and Wallace withdrew in protest and began writing the play.[32] The Return of Benjamin Lay wasn't finalized until June 2023, when it debuted at the Finborough Theatre in London.[37] A one-man show, the performance features Lay, played by Mark Povinelli, decry slavery and plead for his return to the Quaker community after being disowned.[38] The play received positive reviews from the critics such as Michael Billington, who praised Povinelli's performance.[39] The show played until July 8, 2023.[40] In April 2023, near the end of the play's production, Rediker announced he would again collaborate with Tony Buba on a film chronicling the making of the play.[41]

Scholarship

Rediker wrote that pirates are pivotal to labor history.

Informed by Marxian economics, Rediker's works explore their respective subjects in systemic terms while emphasizing human class-consciousness and agency. Historical narratives that emphasize the plights of the poor and oppressed are known as a people's history or "history from below". In the introduction to Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea, for example, he explains:

My main intention has been to study the collective self-activity of maritime workers.... I have therefore given special attention to the efforts made by seafaring workers to free themselves from harsh conditions and exploitation. Seamen devised various tactics of resistance and forms of self-organization. Needless to say, such tactics and innovations have rarely been studied in the older maritime historiography.[42]

Rediker has contended that few historians have used this narrative outside of American history, and that the struggle of the oppressed has had a largely unspoken yet considerable impact on world history.[34] Though Rediker has admitted that finding primary sources from his subjects can be difficult, he says that the "history from below" approach better humanizes his subjects and offers a more detailed point of view than other historical narratives.[34] Rediker regards this approach as “the most democratic and inclusive kind of history".[32]

Pirates and sailors

Rediker has wrote numerous works on pirates and sailors as pre-industrial laborers, and how piracy was a direct result of collectivism and solidarity between sailors.[43] Viewing the pirates as a "motley crew", Rediker highlights the multiculturalism, different ethnic groups, and alliances between pirate crews.[44] This approach yields new discoveries and unexplored perspectives—like the egalitarianism of some pirate crews. "Pirates used the precapitalist share system to apportion their take," he argues in Villains of All Nations:

By expropriating a merchant ship (after a mutiny or a capture), pirates seized the means of maritime production and declared it to be the common property of those who did its work. They abolished the wage relation central to the process of capitalist accumulation. So rather than work for wages using the tools and machine (the ship) owned by a merchant capitalist, pirates commanded the ship as their own property and shared equally in the risks of their common adventure.[45]

According to Rediker, pirates were not just targeted by authorities because of their illegal activities, but also for "providing an example of how workers could live differently, live in a freer way."[11] Rediker argues that this form of imperial power is still present in the modern day, with Rediker using the United States' responses to revolutions in Vietnam, Cuba, and Nicaragua as examples of such persecution.[11]

Slaves

A contemporary painting of the slave ship La Amistad. Rediker aimed to explain the planning behind its July 1839 slave revolt.

As a practitioner of people's history, Rediker underlines the ruthlessness of sea captains and the squalor of slave ships in his works on slavery. In the introduction to The Slave Ship: A Human History, Rediker presents four dramas: the relations between slave ship captains and their crew, the relations between slave ship captains and their slaves, conflict among the enslaved, and the abolitionist image of the slave ships.[46] In that same introduction, Rediker said that "In short, the slave ship and its social relations have shaped the modern world, but their history remains in many ways unknown."[47] Describing the slave ship, Rediker says that:

What each of them found in the slave ship was a strange and potent combination of war machine, mobile prison, and factory. Loaded with cannon and possessed of extraordinary destructive power, the ship's war-making capacity could be turned against other European vessels, forts, and ports in a traditional war of nations, or it could be turned to and sometimes against non-European vessels and ports in imperial trade or conquest. The slave ship also contained a war within, as the crew (now prison guards) battled slaves (prisoners), the one training its guns on the others, who plotted escape and insurrection.[48]

In describing what he wanted to accomplish in his book, The Amistad Rebellion: An Atlantic Odyssey of Slavery and Freedom, Rediker commented that he wanted to call attention to how the slave trade contributed to the rise of capitalism.[49] In another interview, Rediker mentioned that the role slave ships had in forming the concept of race was critical to the book, going on to say:

The whole concept of race was created aboard the slave ships. The people who boarded the slave ships did not speak the same language and were often members of ethnic groups that were enemies on land. Many multi-ethnic Africans boarded the ships as Fante, Igbo, Mandinka, but were unloaded as members of the Negro race, so-called. That new entity was created under the pressure of violence and terror. I thought I could make a contribution by studying the slave ships, where this relationship was forged.[14]

La Amistad

When researching La Amistad, Rediker sought to explore the cultural backgrounds of those aboard and the Poro society of Sierra Lione to provide perspective behind the planning of the slave revolt.[35] According to Rediker in the introduction to The Amistad Rebellion: An Atlantic Odyssey of Slavery and Freedom, United States v. The Amistad and the subsequent courtroom drama had overshadowed the history of the initial rebellion on the ship.[50] Many of the sources in Rediker's book on La Amistad come from journalists and visitors that interviewed the imprisoned during their 27 months in Connecticut.[51] Rediker ends the introduction by expressing how the events surrounding La Amistad can be seen through the lens of a people's history:

By viewing the courtroom drama in relation to the shipboard revolt, or, put another way, the actions taken from above in relation to those taken from below, the entire event, from causes to consequences, appears in a new light. This history puts the Amistad rebels back at the center of their own story and the larger history they helped to make.[52]

Political views and activism

Rediker in 2018.

During a 2017 interview with French daily newspaper Libération, Rediker defined himself as far-left. He stated that while he was well-read on communism and anarchism, he did not identify with any political party in particular.[3]

Rediker is a human rights activist, and has criticized governments that issue the death penalty. In a 2013 interview with French magazine La Vie des Idées, Rediker said he was inspired to write a book on La Amistad after meeting with Mumia Abu-Jamal at SCI-Green's death row around 1998.[53][54] Abu-Jamal, convicted and sentenced to death for the murder of Philadelphia police officer Daniel Faulkner, had been incarcerated since 1982. Rediker recounted that "he described to me the moment when he first got an active death warrant, meaning, he was given a slip of paper with his date to die on it. That was a moment of connection between race and terror."[53] Rediker saw that he could explore this relationship between race and terror on slave ships. Abu-Jamal's death conviction was overruled in federal court in 2001, and he was sentenced to life imprisonment without parole in 2011.

Rediker supports reparations for slavery, and has praised authors such as Ana Lucia Araujo who have chronicled the history of the reparations movement.[14][55] Rediker has described slavery as an "African holocaust" and likened slave ships to concentration camps.[14] On the impact of slavery in the United States, Rediker explained:

I feel as though the presence of slavery in everything that we do now makes it very hard to talk about. In other words, if it was safely in the past, it would be easy to have a discussion about slavery, but the fact is that we still live with its consequences: Deep structural inequality, poverty, discrimination, premature death for large numbers of people who live in our cities, highly radicalized mass incarceration. If you think of slavery as an injustice that produced lasting consequences across many generations, then you have a responsibility to commit to doing something about it.[14]

Personal life

Rediker is married to Wendy Z. Goldman, a professor of Soviet history at Carnegie Mellon University.[12][56] He has two children.[57]

From 1984 to 1985, Rediker resided in Moscow.[57] Rediker is a connoisseur of Haitian art and owns a private collection.[58] Brandin Knight, the associate head coach for the Rutgers Scarlet Knights and a University of Pittsburgh alumni, has cited Rediker as an influence in obtaining his degree in history.[59]

Awards

Rediker has won a number of awards for his works. He received the Organization of American Historians' Merle Curti Award in 1988 and 2008.[4] In 2008, Rediker won the George Washington Book Prize, one of the largest book awards in the United States.[5] In 1988, Rediker received the John Hope Franklin Publication Prize from the American Studies Association.[2] In 2001, Rediker won the International Labor History Book Prize from the Kalmanovitz Initiative for Labor and the Working Poor at Georgetown University.[2] In 2015, Ghosts of Amistad: In the Footsteps of Rebels won the John E. O'Connor Film Prize for Best Historical Documentary.[36]

From 2005 to 2006, Rediker was a National Endowment for the Humanities Fellow and an American Council of Learned Societies Fellow.[2] The Organization of American Historians designated Rediker as a distinguished lecturer from 2002 to 2008.[2]

Works

Books

Title Collaborated with Year Awards
Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: Merchant Seamen, Pirates, and the Anglo-American Maritime World, 1700–1750 1987 Merle Curti Award - 1988

John Hope Franklin Publication Prize - 1988

Who Built America? Working People and the Nation’s Economy, Politics, Culture, and Society, Volume 1 1989
The Many-Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners, and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic Peter Linebaugh 2000 International Labor History Book Prize - 2001
Villains of All Nations: Atlantic Pirates in the Golden Age 2004
Many Middle Passages: Forced Migration and the Making of the Modern World Emma Christopher

Cassandra Pybus

2007
Mutiny and Maritime Radicalism in the Age of Revolution: A Global Survey Niklas Frykman

Clare Anderson

Lex Heerma van Voss

2007
The Slave Ship: A Human History 2007 Merle Curti Award - 2008

George Washington Book Prize - 2008

The Amistad Rebellion: An Atlantic Odyssey of Slavery and Freedom 2012
Outlaws of the Atlantic: Sailors, Pirates, and Motley Crews in the Age of Sail 2014
The Fearless Benjamin Lay: The Quaker Dwarf Who Became the First Revolutionary Abolitionist 2017
A Global History of Runaways: Workers, Mobility, and Capitalism: 1600-1850 Titas Chakraborty

Matthias van Rossum

2019
Under the Banner of King Death: Pirates of the Atlantic, A Graphic Novel Paul Buhle

David Lester

2023
Prophet Against Slavery Paul Buhle

David Lester

2023

Film

Year Title Director Writer Producer Awards Source
2014 Ghosts of Amistad: In the Footsteps of Rebels No Yes Yes John E. O'Connor Film Prize Best Historical Documentary - 2015 [36]
TBA Becoming Benjamin Lay

Theatre

Year Title Director Writer Producer Actor Notes Source
2023 Return of Benjamin Lay No Yes No No co-written with Naomi Wallace [32]

References

  1. ^ Fea, John (2022-02-04). "What historians are saying about the death of Richard S. Dunn". Current. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g University of Pittsburgh profile Archived 2008-09-05 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ a b c d Bloch-Lainé, Virginie (2017-08-04). "Marcus Rediker : «Je me suis intéressé aux pirates et aux marins parce qu'ils étaient pauvres»". Libération (in French). Retrieved 2023-10-26.
  4. ^ a b "Pitt History Professor Honored With Merle Curti Award". University of Pittsburgh University Times. 2008-03-27. Archived from the original on 2020-01-09. Retrieved 2023-10-28.
  5. ^ a b "Award-Winning Pitt Historian and Author Marcus Rediker Receives $50,000 George Washington Book Prize for his work "The Slave Ship: A Human History"". www.news.pitt.edu. 2008-06-01. Archived from the original on 2020-01-09. Retrieved 2023-10-28.
  6. ^ a b c "Biography – Marcus Rediker". Retrieved 2023-10-26.
  7. ^ Rediker, Marcus (1987). Between the devil and the deep blue sea: merchant seamen, pirates and the Anglo-American maritime world, 1700 - 1750 (1. paperback ed., 15. print ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. xiv. ISBN 978-0-521-37983-0.
  8. ^ Rediker, Marcus (1987). Between the devil and the deep blue sea: merchant seamen, pirates and the Anglo-American maritime world, 1700 - 1750 (1. paperback ed., 15. print ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. xiv. ISBN 978-0-521-37983-0.
  9. ^ a b c Rediker, Marcus (2019-03-04). "The Culture of Women: Female Pirates (KwokTalk)" (Interview). Interviewed by Kwok, Crystal. Hawaii. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
  10. ^ Delgado, Juan (2021-11-09). "On Writing History From Below". CounterPunch. Retrieved 2023-11-04.
  11. ^ a b c d Matrin, Carl Grey; Roy, Modhumita (2018-01-06). "Narrative Resistance: A Conversation with Historian Marcus Rediker". Workplace: A Journal for Academic Labor (30): 54–69. doi:10.14288/workplace.v0i30.186381. ISSN 1715-0094.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Hart, Peter (2023-10-26). "History professor looks beyond kings, statesmen to teach about the people who built the world". University of Pittsburgh University Times. Archived from the original on 2023-10-26. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
  13. ^ SCLSNJ. "Explore a Tale of the Most Fascinating, Obscure Man in History You Might Never Have Heard About". Somerset County Library System of New Jersey. Retrieved 2023-11-05.
  14. ^ a b c d e Ben-Ari, Nirit (2014-04-21). "Can You Compare African Slave Trade to the Holocaust?". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 2023-01-27. Retrieved 2023-11-05.
  15. ^ Rediker, Marcus (March 4, 2019). "The Culture of Women: Female Pirates (KwokTalk)" (Interview). Interviewed by Kwok, Crystal. Hawaii. Retrieved October 25, 2023.
  16. ^ Hart, Peter (2023-10-26). "History professor looks beyond kings, statesmen to teach about the people who built the world". University of Pittsburgh University Times. Archived from the original on 2023-10-26. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
  17. ^ Fea, John (2022-02-04). "What historians are saying about the death of Richard S. Dunn". Current. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
  18. ^ Rediker, Marcus (May 14, 2023). "I originally wanted to be a historian of Caribbean slavery". X (formerly Twitter). Retrieved 2023-10-26.
  19. ^ Rediker, Marcus (1982). Society and Culture Among Anglo-American Deep Sea Sailors, 1700-1750 (Ph.D. thesis). Retrieved 2023-10-26.
  20. ^ Yoshihara, Mari (2019-04-01). "Mānoa: Acclaimed historian activist selected as spring 2019 Inouye chair | University of Hawaii News". manoa.hawaii.edu. Retrieved 2023-11-05.
  21. ^ Tanigawa, Noe (2019-02-22). "What Gericault, Delacroix and Turner Say to Our Time". Hawai'i Public Radio. Retrieved 2023-10-28.
  22. ^ Rediker, Marcus (2007-04-29). "Sunday Forum: No more slaves". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 2023-10-28.
  23. ^ Rediker, Marcus (2007-09-27). "Slavery: A Shark's perspective". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 2014-11-12. Retrieved 2023-10-28.
  24. ^ Rediker, Marcus (2008-01-21). "Atonement". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2023-10-28.
  25. ^ Rediker, Marcus (2023-03-21). "The Hidden Treasures of Pirate Democracy". ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved 2023-10-28.
  26. ^ Rediker, Marcus (2017-08-12). "Opinion | You'll Never Be as Radical as This 18th-Century Quaker Dwarf". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-10-28.
  27. ^ Rediker, Marcus (2023-06-10). "I worked for five years as guest curator at Tate Britain in the JMW Turner Gallery. I resigned in protest when one of my curatorial choices was censored by the museum. Learn more about this disturbing episode in an article by journalist Daniel Trilling". X (formerly Twitter). Retrieved 2023-10-28.
  28. ^ a b Trilling, Daniel (2023-06-09). "Daniel Trilling | At Tate Britain · LRB 9 June 2023". LRB Blog. Retrieved 2023-10-28.
  29. ^ Tate. "'A Disaster at Sea', Joseph Mallord William Turner, ?c.1835". Tate. Retrieved 2023-10-28.
  30. ^ "Dreadful Shipwreck Off Boulogne." Times [London, England] 4 Sept. 1833: 5. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 27 Apr. 2018.
  31. ^ Greenberger, Alex (2023-06-12). "Historian Claims Tate Britain 'Censored' His Curatorial Proposal for Turner Painting in Rehang". ARTnews.com. Retrieved 2023-10-28.
  32. ^ a b c d e f France, Nick (2023-06-13). "A Pitt history professor's play debuted in London". University of Pittsburgh. Retrieved 2023-11-05.
  33. ^ Vancheri, Barbara (2014-05-22). "Buba and Rediker preview new documentary". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 2023-11-04.
  34. ^ a b c O’Driscoll, Bill (2013-04-29). "Interview with Marcus Rediker". Diacronie. Studi di Storia Contemporanea (N° 13, 1). doi:10.4000/diacronie.703. ISSN 2038-0925. {{cite journal}}: |issue= has extra text (help)
  35. ^ a b O'Driscoll, Bill (2014-11-12). "Ghosts of Amistad". Pittsburgh City Paper. Retrieved 2023-11-04.
  36. ^ a b c "'Ghosts of Amistad' Documentary Now Accessible Online". University of Pittsburgh. 2021-06-15. Retrieved 2023-11-05.
  37. ^ France, Nick (2023-06-13). "A Pitt history professor's play debuted in London". University of Pittsburgh. Retrieved 2023-11-04.
  38. ^ Clinch, David (2023-06-26). "New play lays the basis for struggle". Socialist Worker. Retrieved 2023-11-04.
  39. ^ Billington, Michael (2023-06-21). "If you want a potent piece of political theatre, head to The Return of Benjamin Lay at the Finborough. Written by Naomi Wallace and Marcus Rediker, it tells the extraordinary story of a 4ft-tall, 18th century Quaker who became a fervent abolitionist. Mark Povinelli is amazing". X (formerly Twitter). Retrieved 2023-11-05.
  40. ^ B, Dave (2023-06-19). "Review The Return of Benjamin Lay, Finborough Theatre". Everything Theatre. Retrieved 2023-11-05.
  41. ^ Rediker, Marcus (2023-04-27). "Thrilled to announce, I'm making another documentary film with the legendary Tony Buba. Following our prize-winning Ghosts of Amistad, we will now make a film about the making of the play, The Return of Benjamin Lay. Our working title is Becoming Benjamin Lay.". X (formerly Twitter). Retrieved 2023-11-05.
  42. ^ Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: Merchant Seamen, Pirates, and the Anglo-American Maritime World, 1700–1750 (Cambridge UP, 1987), pp. 6-7.
  43. ^ Dagher-margosian, Matt (2021-12-05). "Marcus Rediker: How Pirates define the Modern era » Asia Art Tours". Asia Art Tours. Retrieved 2023-11-05.
  44. ^ Rediker, Marcus (2020). "A motley crew for our times?: Multiracial mobs, history from below and the memory of struggle". Radical Philosophy (207): 093–100. ISSN 0300-211X.
  45. ^ Villains of All Nations: Atlantic Pirates in the Golden Age (Boston: Beacon, 2004), p. 70.
  46. ^ Rediker, Marcus (2008). The slave ship: a human history. A Penguin book History African-American studies. New York, NY: Penguin Books. pp. 6–8. ISBN 978-0-14-311425-3.
  47. ^ Rediker, Marcus (2008). The slave ship: a human history. A Penguin book History African-American studies. New York, NY: Penguin Books. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-14-311425-3.
  48. ^ Rediker, Marcus (2008). The slave ship: a human history. A Penguin book History African-American studies. New York, NY: Penguin Books. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-14-311425-3.
  49. ^ Mahamdallie, Hassan (2007-12-01). "The Slave Ship: Marcus Rediker". Socialist Worker. Retrieved 2023-11-05.
  50. ^ Rediker, Marcus (2013). The Amistad rebellion: an Atlantic odyssey of slavery and freedom. New York, NY: Penguin Books. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-14-312398-9.
  51. ^ Rediker, Marcus (2013). The Amistad rebellion: an Atlantic odyssey of slavery and freedom. New York, NY: Penguin Books. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-0-14-312398-9.
  52. ^ Rediker, Marcus (2013). The Amistad rebellion: an Atlantic odyssey of slavery and freedom. New York, NY: Penguin Books. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-14-312398-9.
  53. ^ a b Jablonka, Ivan (2013-12-12). "On Board The Slave Ship". Books & ideas.
  54. ^ Williams; Rediker (2020). "History Below Deck: An Interview with Marcus Rediker". symplokē. 28 (1–2): 547. doi:10.5250/symploke.28.1-2.0547.
  55. ^ Hawks, Julie (2018-01-05). "Reparations for Slavery and the Slave Trade: A New Book on the Idea of Reparations - AAIHS". www.aaihs.org. Retrieved 2023-11-05.
  56. ^ Rediker, Marcus (2022-01-05). "Lots of work in my family on the debate about reproductive rights. Last week daughter-in-law@GreerDonley wrote an op-ed in the @NYTimes. This week it is my wife, Wendy Z. Goldman, writing in the @LATimes about the lessons of Stalin's abortion ban of 1936". X (formerly Twitter). Retrieved 2023-10-26.
  57. ^ a b "Marcus Rediker — No Small Endeavor". No Small Endeavor Podcast. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
  58. ^ Sharpe, Jenny (2020-02-10). Immaterial archives: an African diaspora poetics of loss. Flashpoints. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press. pp. x. ISBN 978-0-8101-4159-9.
  59. ^ "Q&A Series - The Forefront of a Century of Change - Pitt Panthers #H2P". pittsburghpanthers.com. 2011-05-06. Retrieved 2023-11-05.

External links

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Rediker&oldid=1183700122