THC Science

Issues relating to the state of Israel, the Palestinian people and other aspects of the Arab-Israeli conflict occupy a large amount of debate time, resolutions and resources at the Template:Spinout/link.

The adoption of the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine's recommendation to partition Palestine by the United Nations General Assembly in 1947^[1] was one of the earliest decisions of the UN. Since then, it maintained a central role in this region, especially by providing support for Palestinian refugees via the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) and by providing a platform for Palestinian political claims via the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, the United Nations Division for Palestinian Rights, the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People, the United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine (UNISPAL) and the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People. The UN has sponsored several peace negotiations between the parties, the latest being the 2002 Road map for peace.

In recent years, the Middle East was the subject of 76% of country-specific General Assembly resolutions, 100% of the Human Rights Council resolutions, 100% of the Commission on the Status of Women resolutions, 50% of reports from the World Food Program, 6% of United Nations Security Council resolutions and 6 of the 10 Emergency sessions. Of note is Resolution 3379 (1975) stating that "zionism is racism"; it was rescinded in 1991. These decisions, passed with the support of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) countries, invariably criticize Israel for its treatment of Palestinians. This degree of criticism has been qualified by some as excessive. In particular, the UNHRC was widely criticized in 2007 for failing to condemn other human rights abusers besides Israel.

The United States has been criticized as well as supported for vetoing most Security Council decisions critical of Israel on the basis of their biased language, the so-called Negroponte doctrine.

Since 1961, Israel has been barred from the Asia regional group. In 2000, it was offered limited membership the Western European and Others WEOG group.

UNRWA has been accused of perpetuating the plight of Palestinian refugees. Although the UN condemns antisemitism, it has been accused of tolerating antisemitic remarks within its walls. Some argue that disproportional criticism of Israel constitutes a new form of antisemitism. UN personnel have been accused of participating directly in the armed conflict, and Israel of targeting UN personnel.

History

1940s

After the First World War, Palestine had been allotted to Britain as a League of Nations mandate. The idea of a Jewish national home in Palestine received its first international support within the 1922 text of the creation of the British mandate of Palestine by the League of Nations.^[2]

Following the Second World War peace settlement and the establishment of the United Nations in 1945, the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP) was mandated to the region in 1947. In its final report, the Commission recommended the partition of Palestine into a Jewish state, an Arab state and a UN-controlled territory (Corpus separatum) around Jerusalem^[3] This partition plan was adopted with General Assembly resolution 181 on November 29, 1947, 33 votes in favor, 13 against, and 10 abstentions. The vote itself, which required a two-third majority, was a dramatic affair. It led to celebrations in the streets of Jewish cities, but was rejected by the Arab Palestinians and the Arab League.

Within a few months, full scale Jewish-Arab fighting broke out in Palestine.^[4] It also led to anti-Jewish violence in Arab countries,^[5] and to a Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim lands.

Israel's declaration of independence followed on May 14, 1948, the Nakba Day for Palestinians.

Resolution 181 also laid the foundation for the creation of an Arab state, but its neighbour states and the Arab League, which rejected all attempts at the creation of a Jewish state, rejected the plan.^[6]

The same day, five Arab states invaded and rapidly occupied much of the Arab portion of the partition plan. This war changed the dynamic of the region, transforming a two-state plan into a war between Israel and the Arab world. During this war, resolution 194 reiterated the UN's claim on Jerusalem and resolved in paragraph 11 "that the refugees wishing to return to their homes and live at peace with their neighbours should be permitted to do so at the earliest practicable date". This resolution, accepted immediately by Israel, is the major legal foundation of the Palestinian right of return claim, a major point in peace negotiations. Resolution 194 also called for the creation of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine. The Arab states initially opposed this resolution, but within a few months, began to change their position, and became the strongest advocates of its refugee and territorial provisions.^[7]

Abba Eban (center) with Israeli PM David Ben-Gurion and US President Harry Truman. Eban was the first Israeli ambassador to the UN.

Folke Bernadotte was appointed the UN mediator in Palestine, the first official mediator in UN history. He succeeded in achieving a truce in May–June 1948 during which the British evacuated Palestine. He proposed two alternate partition plans, the second calling for a reduction in the size of the Jewish state and loss of sovereignty over the harbour city of Haifa. Both were rejected. The Zionist group Lehi assassinated him and his aide, UN observer Colonel André Serot on September 17, 1948. Bernadotte was succeeded by Ralph Bunche, who was successful in bringing about the signing of the 1949 Armistice Agreements, for which he would later receive the Nobel Peace Prize.

In the aftermath of the 1948 war, and conditional on Israel’s acceptance and implementation of resolutions 181 and 194, the UN General Assembly voted, with the May 11, 1949 Resolution 273 (III), to admit Israel to UN membership as a "peace-loving country". This resolution reiterated the demands for UN control over Jerusalem and for the return of Palestinian refugees. The vote for resolution 273 was held during the five month long Lausanne conference, organized by the UN to reconcile the parties. This conference was largely a failure but was noteworthy as the first proposal by Israel to establish the 1949 armistice line between the Israeli and Arab armies, the so-called green line, as the border of the Jewish state. This line has acquired an after-the-fact international sanction.^[8]^[9]^[10]

Following the failure at Lausanne to settle the problem of the Arab refugees, UNRWA was created with the December 1949 resolution 302 (IV) to provide humanitarian aid to this group. Israel voted in favor. No aid was to be provided to the Jews who were displaced during the same war, nor to the millions of Jewish refugees from European and Arab countries who were already pouring into the Jewish state.

The Conciliation Commission for Palestine published its report in October 1950.^[11] It is noteworthy as the source of the official number of Palestinian Arab refugees (711,000). It again reiterated the demands for UN control over Jerusalem and for the return of Palestinian refugees.

1950s

After the failure of early attempts at resolution, and until 1967, discussion of Israel and Palestine was not as prominent at the UN. Exceptions included border incidents like the Qibya massacre, the passage of Security Council Resolution 95 supporting Israel's position over Egypt's on usage of the Suez Canal, and most prominently the 1956 Suez Crisis.

Following the closing of the Suez canal by Egypt, Israel, France and Great Britain attacked Egypt starting October 29, 1956. The First emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly was called on November 1 to address that crisis. On 2 November, the General Assembly adopted the United States' proposal for Resolution 997 (ES-I); it called for an immediate ceasefire, the withdrawal of all forces behind the 1949 armistice lines and the reopening of the Suez Canal. The emergency special session consequently adopted a series of enabling resolutions which established the UNEF, the first UN peacekeeping force. On 7 November, David Ben-Gurion declared victory against Egypt, renounced the 1949 armistice agreement with Egypt and added that Israel would never agree to the stationing of UN forces on its territory or in any area it occupied.^[12]^[13] Eventually, Israel withdrew from the Sinai but with conditions for sea access to Eilat and a UNEF presence on Egyptian soil. By April 24, 1957 the canal was fully reopened to shipping.

1960s

In 1961, the regional groups were created at the UN. From the onset, Arab countries blocked the entry of Israel to the Asia group (see Regional Groups below).

After months of debate in the Security Council and General Assembly before, during and after the 1967 Six Day War,^[14] United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 was passed. It became a universally accepted basis for Arab-Israeli and later, Israeli-Palestinian peace negotiations. In it, the Land for peace principle was spelled out. This resolution is one of the most discussed, both within and outside of the UN.^{[citation needed]}

In November 1967, Gunnar Jarring was appointed as the UN special envoy for the Middle East peace process. The Jarring Mission was unsuccessful.

The Six Day War generated a new wave of Palestinian refugees who could not be included in the original UNRWA definition. From 1991, the UN General Assembly has adopted an annual resolution allowing the 1967 refugees within the UNRWA mandate.

In 1968, the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People was created to investigate Jewish settlements on Palestinian territories. It generates yearly General Assembly resolutions and other documents.

1970s

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict gained prominence following the emergence of Palestinian armed groups, especially the Palestine Liberation Organization and the increased political strength of the Arab group as the main suppliers of petroleum to the Western world. At the UN, the Arab group also gained the support of the Eastern bloc against Israel allied to the US.

In rapid succession, several events brought the Palestinian struggle to the forefront: the 1972 Munich massacre, the 1973 Yom Kippur War, the ensuing 1973 oil crisis and, in 1975, the beginning of the Lebanese civil war.

The Geneva Conference of 1973 was an attempt to negotiate a solution to the Arab-Israeli conflict. No comprehensive agreement was reached, and attempts in later years to revive the Conference failed.

In 1973, a General Assembly resolution about Apartheid "Condemns in particular the unholy alliance between Portugese colonialism, Apartheid and Zionism."^[15] This statement was reused in the preamble to resolution 3379.

About the 1974 UNESCO decision to exclude Israel from its membership, Julian Huxley, the first Director of UNESCO, wrote in The Times:

Sir, during the current session of Unesco two resolutions have been passed which are intended to deprive Israel of the benefits of belonging to that body. The first resolution excluded Israel from all the regional activities of Unesco. (...) The second resolution, sponsored by the same (Arab) states, called upon the Director General of Unesco to suspend all educational, scientific and cultural aid to Israel on the grounds of the alleged damage being done to the historical sites in Jerusalem by the current archaeological excavations. The 'technical' nature of these resolutions should not obscure their political intentions, nor the implacable hostility to the state and the people of Israel which animates them.^[16]

UNESCO defended this decision with two statements in 1974^[17] and 1975.^[18] Israel's membership was renewed two years later.

On 13 November 1974, Yasser Arafat became the first representative of an entity other than a member state to address the General Assembly. In 1975, the PLO was granted permanent observer status at the General Assembly.

Starting in 1974, Palestinian territories were named “Occupied Arab Territories” in UN documents. In 1982, the phrase "Occupied Palestinian Territories" became the usual name. This phrase was not used at the UN prior to 1967, when the same territories were under military occupation by Jordan and Egypt.

The Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People was created in 1975 and of the United Nations Division for Palestinian Rights in 1977. Also in 1977, the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People was first celebrated on November 29 the anniversary of resolution 181.

The 1975 resolution 3379 determined "that Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination." It was sponsored by 25 Arab states; 72 voted for, 35 voted against and 32 abstained. Following six years of intense diplomatic pressure by the U.S.,^[19] it was revoked in 1991 by resolution 4686 as a precondition for the participation of Israel to the Madrid Conference.

Resolution 3379 (1975) bluntly “Determines that Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination.” The General Assembly resolution 3379 ("Zionism is racism") was prefigured by resolutions passed at the United-Nations sponsored World Conference of the International Women's Year, held at Mexico City June–July 1975.[14]

Daniel Moynihan, US Ambassador to the UN, apparently qualified the 1975 resolution 3379 equating Zionism with racism "a reckless and obscene act".^[20] Israeli Ambassador Chaim Herzog told his fellow delegates this resolution was "based on hatred, falsehood and arrogance. Hitler," he declared, "would have felt at home listening to the UN debate on the measure."^[21]

The 1979 Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty^[22] was a landmark event. Egyptian president Anwar Sadat is credited for initiating the process, following the failure of the UN-mediated peace negotiations, notably the Geneva Conference. The secret negotiations at Camp David in 1978 between Sadat, Menahem Begin and Jimmy Carter, and the treaty itself essentially bypassed UN-approved channels. The Camp David Accords (but not the Treaty itself) touch on the issue of Palestinian statehood:

Egypt, Israel, and Jordan will agree on the modalities for establishing elected self-governing authority in the West Bank and Gaza. (...) Egypt and Israel will work with each other and with other interested parties to establish agreed procedures for a prompt, just and permanent implementation of the resolution of the refugee problem.^[23]

The General Assembly was critical of the accords. General Assembly Resolution 34/65 (1979):

3.strongly condemns all partial agreements and separate treaties which constitute a flagrant violation of the rights of the Palestinian people (...);4. Declares that the Camp David accords and other agreements have no validity insofar as they purport to determine the future of the Palestinian people and of the Palestininan territories occupied by Israel since 1967.

In protest, the General Assembly did not renew the peace-keeping force in the Sinai peninsula, the UNEF II, despite requests by the US, Egypt and Israel, as stipulated in the treaty. To honor the treaty despite the UN’s refusal, the Multinational Force and Observers was created. To this day, the MFO operates independently of the UN. For this peace treaty, Egypt was expelled from the Arab League for a period of ten years.

1980s

Postage stamp of United Nations honoring the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People (1981).

Between 1980 and 1988, some states made attempts to expel Israel from the General Assembly.^[24] For example, the credentials committee received in 1985 a letter signed by 34 Muslim states and the USSR.^[25] These attempts were unsuccessful.

Following the perception that their struggle was ignored by other Arab countries and the UN, the Palestinians started in 1987 the First Intifada.^{[citation needed]}

The Palestinian National Council adopted in Algiers in 1988 the declaration of independence of the State of Palestine. The UN has not officially recognized this state but, by renaming the PLO observer as the Palestine observer,^[26] can be seen as having done so unofficially. In July 1998, the General Assembly adopted resolution 52/250 conferring upon Palestine additional rights and privileges, including the right to participate in the general debate held at the start of each session of the General Assembly, the right of reply, the right to co-sponsor resolutions and the right to raise points of order on Palestinian and Middle East issues.

1990s

Following the 1993 Oslo peace accords between Israel and the PLO, followed in 1994 by the Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace, the language of yearly General Assembly resolutions was modified to reduce criticism of Israeli actions. Moreover, between 1993 and 1995 the Security Council never directly condemned Israel. During this period, the Security Council also denounced terrorism against Israel for the first time. The most central resolution passed during this warming trend toward Israel came on December 14, 1993 when 155 member states endorsed the Israel-Palestinian and the Israel-Jordan agreements and granted "full support for the achievements of the peace process so far." This resolution was the first UN call for Middle East peace that did not criticize Israel. In October 1993, for the first time since 1981, the Arab members of the UN did not challenge Israel's seat at the General Assembly.^[27]

2000s

The year 2000 saw the failure of the Camp David peace negotiations and the beginning of the second intifada.

In 2003, the Israeli West Bank barrier became another subject of criticism. It was declared illegal by both the General Assembly^[28] and the International Court of Justice. The Court found that the portions of the wall beyond the Green Line and the associated regime that had been imposed on the Palestinian inhabitants is illegal. The Court cited illegal interference by the government of Israel with the Palestinian's national right to self-determination; and land confiscations, house demolitions, the creation of enclaves, and restrictions on movement and access to water, food, education, health care, work, and an adequate standard of living in violation of Israel's obligations under international law.^[29] The UN Fact Finding Mission and several UN Rapporteurs subsequently noted that in the movement and access policy there has been a violation of the right not to be discriminated against on the basis of race or national origin.^[30]

A series of terrorist attacks in March 2002 prompted Israel to conduct Operation Defensive Shield. The fiercest episode was the battle of Jenin in the UNRWA administered refugee camp of Jenin, where 75 died (23 IDF soldiers, 38 armed and 14 unarmed Palestinians) and 10% of the camp's buildings destroyed. The UN send a first visiting mission. A separate fact-finding mission was mandated by the Security Council but blocked by Israel, a move condemned in General Assembly resolution 10/10 (May 2002).^[31] This mission was replaced by a report^[32] which was widely commented in the media. Many observers noted that the UN dropped the accusations of massacre made by Palestinians during and soon after the battle, and reproduced in the annex 1 of the report.

The Road map for peace is, since 2002, the latest and current effort by the UN to negotiate peace in the region. This document^[33] was initially proposed by US president George W. Bush and sponsored by a quartet of the USA, Russia, the European Union and the UN. The official text is in the form of a letter to the Security Council, not a General Assembly or Security Council resolution. It generated a series of changes: the sidelining of Yasser Arafat and the unilateral withdrawal of Jewish settlers and the Israeli forces from occupied territories, notably the Gaza strip. Progress is now stalled.

In 2003, Israel sought to gain support for a resolution of its own, the first it had introduced since 1976. The resolution called for the protection of Israeli children from terrorism. The resolution was worded to be very similar to General Assembly resolution 58/155 (22 December 2003) titled " Situation of and assistance to Palestinian children". Israel withdrew the draft after a group of nations belonging to the Non-Aligned Movement, led by Egypt, insisted on including amendments that would have transformed the document into an anti-Israel resolution. The changes demanded were the altering all of all references to "Israeli children" to read "Middle Eastern children," and the insertion of harsh condemnation of Israeli "military assaults," "occupation" and "excessive use of force" before any mention of Arab terrorism. The draft was withdrawn and never came to vote. ^[34]^[35]^[36]

Security Council Resolution 1544 (2004) reiterated the obligation of Israel, the occupying Power, to abide scrupulously by its legal obligations and responsibilities under the Fourth Geneva Convention, and called on Israel to address its security needs within the boundaries of international law.

The Israeli representative was elected in 2005 to the symbolic position of Vice-President of the 60th UN General Assembly.

On December 11, 2007, the General Assembly adopted a resolution on agricultural technology for development^[37] sponsored by Israel.^[38] The Arab group proposed a series of amendments referring to the Palestinian occupied territories, but these amendments were rejected. The Tunisian representative said: "The Arab Group was convinced that Israel was neither interested in agriculture nor the peace process."^[39] This group demanded a vote on the resolution, an unusual demand for this kind of country-neutral resolution. "The representative of the United States (...) expressed disappointment with the request for a recorded vote because that could send a signal that there was no consensus on the issues at stake, which was not the case. The United States was saddened by the inappropriate injection into the agenda item of irrelevant political considerations, characterized by inflammatory remarks that devalued the importance of the United Nations agenda".^[40] The resolution was approved by a recorded vote of 118 in favour to none against, with 29 abstentions. The abstentions were mainly from the Arab Group, with the notable exception of Pakistan which voted in favour.^[41]

In February 2011, it vetoed a draft resolution to condemn all Jewish settlements established in the occupied Palestinian territory since 1967 as illegal.^[42] The resolution, which was supported by all other Security Council members and co-sponsored by over 120 nations,^[43] would have demanded that "Israel, as the occupying power, immediately and completely ceases all settlement activities in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem and that it fully respect its legal obligations in this regard."^[44] The U.S. representative said that while it agreed that the settlements were illegal, the resolution would harm chances for negotiations.^[44] Israel's deputy Foreign Minister, Daniel Ayalon, said that the "UN serves as a rubber stamp for the Arab countries and, as such, the General Assembly has an automatic majority," and that the vote "proved that the United States is the only country capable of advancing the peace process and the only righteous one speaking the truth: that direct talks between Israel and the Palestinians are required." ^[45] Palestinian negotiators, however, have refused to resume direct talks until Israel ceases all settlement activity.^[44]

Issues

Legality of the State of Israel

Resolution 181 laid a foundation within international law and diplomacy^[46] for the creation of the state of Israel; as it was the first formal recognition by an international body of the legitimacy of a Jewish state, to exist within a partition of the territory along with an Arab state.

The UN followed the practice of the Peace Conference of Paris and the League of Nations regarding the creation of states.^[47] Religious and minority rights were placed under the protection of the United Nations and recognition of the new states was conditioned upon acceptance of a constitutional plan of legal protections.^[48]^[49] Israel acknowledged that obligation, and Israel's declaration of independence stated that the State of Israel would ensure complete equality of social and political rights to all its inhabitants irrespective of religion, race or sex, and guaranteed freedom of religion, conscience, language, education and culture. In the hearings before the Ad Hoc Political Committee that considered Israel's application for membership in the United Nations, Abba Eban said that the rights stipulated in section C. Declaration, chapters 1 and 2 of UN resolution 181(II) had been constitutionally embodied as the fundamental law of the state of Israel as required by the resolution.^[50] The instruments that he cited were the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, and various cables and letters of confirmation addressed to the Secretary General. Eban's explanations and Israel's undertakings were noted in the text of General Assembly Resolution 273 (III) Admission of Israel to membership in the United Nations, 11 May 1949.,^[51] In testimony to the United States Senate in 1977, W.T. Mallison of George Washington University argued that Israel refused to comply with nondiscriminatory requirements of Palestine partition resolution .^[52] The British Mandate for Palestine expired on May 15, 1948, and the UK recognized Israeli independence eight months later. However James Crawford argued that Israel was created by the use of force, without the consent of any previous sovereign and without complying with any valid act of disposition.^[53]

Perceptions of UN stance

In 2002, the PLO issued a report^[54] comparing the international response to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict to similar situations in Bosnia, Kosovo, Kuwait, Rwanda, East Timor and Iraq. It contended that the international community, and the Security Council in particular, displayed pro-Israel bias because in these other cases

" the international community has both condemned violations of international law and has taken action to ensure that the violations cease. In the case of the Palestinian- Israeli conflict, however, while the same condemnations have been issued against Israel, absolutely no enforcement action has been taken."^[55]

A 2005 report by the United States Institute of Peace on UN reform said that, contrary to the UN Charter's principle of equality of rights for all nations, Israel is denied rights enjoyed by all other member-states, and that a level of systematic hostility against it is routinely expressed, organized, and funded within the United Nations system.^[56] In a lecture at the 2003 UN conference on antisemitism, Anne Bayefsky said:

There has never been a single resolution about the decades-long repression of the civil and political rights of 1.3 billion people in China, or the more than a million female migrant workers in Saudi Arabia being kept as virtual slaves, or the virulent racism which has brought 600,000 people to the brink of starvation in Zimbabwe. Every year, UN bodies are required to produce at least 25 reports on alleged human rights violations by Israel, but not one on an Iranian criminal justice system which mandates punishments like crucifixion, stoning, and cross-amputation. This is not legitimate critique of states with equal or worse human rights records. It is demonization of the Jewish state.^[57]

A study of General Assembly resolutions published in 1991 by Morris Abram of UN Watch^[58]^[59] reached similar conclusions. The event celebrating an annual International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People on November 29, 2005 was attended by Kofi Annan and other high-ranking diplomats, sitting next to a pre-1948 political map of Palestine. This map is apparently a fixture of this celebration since 1981.^[60] An observer noted that the map was printed by the PLO and, therefore, "must have been produced post-1964"^[61] US Ambassador Bolton wrote to Annan:

Of specific and most immediate concern is the signal potentially sent when three top UN officials, yourself and the Presidents of the Security Council and the General Assembly, participate in an event with a "map of Palestine" prominently displayed which erases the state of Israel. (...) It can be construed to suggest that the United Nations tacitly supports the abolition of the state of Israel.^[62]

The map of Israel at the UN Cartography Section shows international boundaries with Egypt, Jordan and Lebanon, boundary of the Palestine Mandate with Syria and the 1949 armistice demarcation line with the Palestinian territories.^[63])

In October 2010, Canada lost to Portugal in a vote for a seat at the Security Council. Several observers attributed this loss to the pro-Israel policy of Canada at the UN,^[64]^[65]^[66] including Canadian PM Stephen Harper.^[67]

Regional Groups

The United Nations Regional Groups were created in 1961. From the onset, the majority of Arab countries within the Asia group blocked the entry of Israel in that group. Thus, for 39 years, Israel was one of the few countries without membership to a regional group and could not participate in most UN activities. On the other hand, Palestine was admitted as a full member of the Asia group on 2 April 1986.^{[note 1]}

In 2000, Israel was admitted to the Western European and Others Group (WEOG) but Israel's membership is limited to activities at the UN's New York City headquarters. Elsewhere, Israel is an observer, not a full member, in WEOG discussions and consultations. Therefore, Israel cannot participate in UN talks on human rights, racism and a number of other issues.^[72]^[73] The Human Rights Council meets in Geneva, UNESCO in Paris.

In December 2007, Israel was voted by WEOG to represent the grouping in consultations for two UN agencies: HABITAT, the UN Human Settlement Program, and UNEP, the UN Environment Program. Both these agencies are based in Nairobi.^[74]

Terrorism

The difficulty within the UN to find a unanimous definition of the word terrorism stems in part from the inability to reach consensus over whether Palestinian political violence is a form of resistance or terrorism. The OIC countries argue that Palestinians are fighting foreign occupation.^[75] From the UNODC web site,

The question of a definition of terrorism has haunted the debate among states for decades. (...) The UN Member States still have no agreed-upon definition. (...) The lack of agreement on a definition of terrorism has been a major obstacle to meaningful international countermeasures. Cynics have often commented that one state's "terrorist" is another state's "freedom fighter".

Acts of Palestinian political violence have been repeatedly condemned in press releases from the Secretary General (e.g.,^[76]^[77]). The text of General Assembly resolutions does not distinguish terrorism from military operations. For example in resolution 61/25 (2006) titled "Peaceful Settlement of the Question of Palestine",

condemning all acts of violence and terror against civilians on both sides, including the suicide bombings, the extrajudicial executions and the excessive use of force

Several resolutions recognize the right of Palestinians to fight the Israeli occupation "by all available means". For example, the 2002 UNCHR resolution E/CN.4/2002/L.16 states:

Recalling particularly General Assembly resolution 37/43 of 3 December 1982 reaffirming the legitimacy of the struggle of peoples against foreign occupation by all available means, including armed struggle, (...) 1. Affirms the legitimate right of the Palestinian people to resist the Israeli occupation by all available means in order to free its land and be able to exercise its right of self-determination and that, by so doing, the Palestinian people is fulfilling its mission, one of the goals and purposes of the United Nations;^[78]

Western countries who voted against this 2002 resolution claimed its language condones Palestinian terrorism:

Ms. Gervais-Virdicaire (Canada)(...) 3. The failure of the draft resolution to condemn all acts of terrorism, particularly in the context of recent suicide bombings targeting civilians, was a serious oversight which rendered it fundamentally unacceptable; there could be no justification for terrorist acts. (...) Ms. Glover (United Kingdom) (...) 16. Although her delegation agreed with many of the concerns expressed in the draft resolution, the text contained language which might be interpreted as endorsing violence and condoning terrorism.^[79]

Palestinian refugees

Refugees are aided by two agencies at the UN, the UNHCR and UNRWA. UNRWA assists Palestinian refugees exclusively. Refugees are defined differently by these two organisations, the main difference being the inclusion of descendants and the inclusion of the 50% of refugees within the Palestinian territories which, by UNHCR criteria, are internally displaced persons.

In 2006, the UNHCR assisted a total of 17,4M "Persons of concern" around the world, including 350,000 Palestinians, with a budget of $1,45B or $83 per person. The UNHCR was staffed by 6,689.
In 2006, UNRWA assisted some 4,5M Palestinian refugees with a regular budget of $639M supplemented by $145M for emergency programs, amounting to $174 per person. UNRWA was staffed by 28,000, most refugees themselves.

Andrew Whitley of UNRWA has called the hopes that Palestinian refugees might one day return to their homes "cruel illusions".^[80]

Shebaa farms

The status of seven small villages collectively known as the Shebaa farms, located near Mount Dov at the Lebanon-Syria border, is controversial.^[81] Some evidences support a Syrian territory,^[82] others a Lebanese territory.^[83]

The United Nations considers this territory as Syrian which has, since the 1967 Six day war, been occupied by Israel. Following the 1978 Israel-Lebanon war, the Security Council accepted the report of UN-mandated cartographers stating that "as of 16 June 2000 Israel has withdrawn its forces from Lebanon in accordance with resolution 425 (1978)"^[84] In accordance with this decision, the current map from UNIFIL shows this territory as Syrian.^[85]

Hezbollah is an armed Lebanese group originally formed to repel the 1982 Israeli occupation of South Lebanon. Since 2000, it continues to fight occupation of Lebanon by Israel, using the Shebaa farms as justification.^[86] Following the 2006 Israel-Lebanon war, the UN accepted at the request of the Lebanese government to re-evaluate the ownership of this territory. This promise was included in the text of Security Council resolution 1701. In August 2008, the Lebanese govt adopted Hezbollah's claim to the "right of Lebanon's people, the army and the resistance to liberate all its territories in the Shebaa Farms, Kfarshuba Hill and Ghajar".^[87]

A Lebanon Independent Border Assessment Team (LIBAT) was mandated by the UN but has not yet reported on this issue.

United States policy at the UN

See also United States and the United Nations.

The U.S. used its veto to protect Israel from over forty condemnatory Security Council resolutions;^[88] almost all U.S. vetos cast since 1988 blocked resolutions against Israel, on the basis of their lack of condemnation of Palestinian terrorist groups, actions, and incitement. This policy, known as the Negroponte doctrine, has drawn both praise and criticism.^[89]^[90]

In a review of Boutros Boutros-Ghali's autobiography,

Unvanquished reveals how difficult it is for an Arab secretary-general to work successfully amidst the overwhelmingly pro-Zionist political environment in both Washington and New York. (...) The Israelis, he was once told by State Department officials, were convinced that they had “the U.S. veto in their pocket” (page 194). He even noted that when he sent a letter to Israel he got a reply from the United States (page 203).^[91]

Regarding the nomination of John Bolton as the US representative to the UN, the IRC writes in 2006:

Tom Casey, director of the State Department's press office, said: “I don't think you'll find anyone in this administration who is a stronger friend of Israel.” (...) In December 2005 the Zionist Organization of America honored Bolton with its annual Defender of Israel Award.^[92]

UN diplomats have indicated that the United States would veto any unilateral attempt to declare a Palestinian state at the Security Council.^[93]

General Assembly

By 2007, Israel was the subject of 76% of country-specific General Assembly resolutions,^[94] 36% of resolutions from the Human Rights Council^[95] and 7% of the Security Council resolutions.^[96]

The automatic majority enjoyed by the pro-Palestinian resolutions was described in the following terms:

Tal Becker, legal advisor to Israel's permanent mission to the UN, visualizes this anti-Israel voting bloc as a series of "concentric circles." The smallest of the circles is the core of twenty Arab nations that constitute what is known as the "Arab group” which initiates the harshest condemnations of Israel. These countries are part of the larger fifty-six-member "Moslem group", all of whom can be counted on to consistently support anti-Israel resolutions. These fifty-six nations represent part of the Non-Aligned group of 115 largely third-world nations that formed during the Cold War and generally have voted as a group independent of Soviet or U.S. influence. And an even larger circle, considered the standard lineup against Israel, is composed of the 133 members of the G-77, which includes all of the developing countries.^[97]

A few countries have consistently supported Israel's actions in the UN, such as the United States of America and the states of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands and Palau all of which are associated states of the U.S. Recently Australia, under the leadership of John Howard, and Canada, under the leadership of Stephen Harper, have also supported Israel at the UN.

Many European countries usually adopt a neutral stance, abstaining from the ongoing condemnations of Israel and supporting the foundation of a Palestinian state. Such countries include France, Russia, and Germany.

A study published by the UN Association of the UK, reviewing the language of General Assembly resolutions about Israel between 1990 and 2003, found that:

resolutions passed in the same period by the General Assembly were far more explicit in their condemnation of Israel. (...) Violence perpetrated against Israeli civilians, including the use of suicide bombers, is mentioned only a few times and then in only vague terms. Violence against Palestinian civilians, on the other hand, is described far more explicitly. Israeli occupying forces are condemned for the “breaking of bones” of Palestinians, the tear-gassing of girls’ schools and the firing on hospitals in which a specific number of women were said to be giving birth. Another trend noted in General Assembly Resolutions is a progressively more anodyne tone towards Israel throughout the period examined. This is reflected in a decreasing tendency of resolutions to specify Israeli culpability in policies and practices reviewed by the General Assembly; compare, for example, General Assembly resolution 47/70 (1992) with 58/21 (2003).^[98]

As noted above, this trend towards a more anodyne tone regarding Israel at the General Assembly followed the signature of the Oslo Accords in 1993. This UN-UK report concludes that "criticism is not necessarily a product of bias, and it is not the intention here to suggest that UNGA and UNSC reproaches of Israel stem from prejudice. From the perspective of the UN, Israel has repeatedly flouted fundamental UN tenets and ignored important decisions."^[98]

The 61st session of the General Assembly (2006–2007) adopted 61 country-specific resolutions (see graph above). The Israeli delegation alleged:

21 of those resolutions focused on and unfairly criticized Israel. The resolutions are usually initiated by members of the Arab Group, and are passed by a wide margin ("Automatic Majority") in the General Assembly^[99]

U.S. envoy Susan Rice said in August 2009 "The assembly continues to single out Israel for criticism and let political theater distract from real deliberation."^[100]

Caroline Glick writes that "Due to the UN's unvarnished belligerence toward it, in recent years a consensus has formed in Israel that there is nothing to be gained from cooperating with this openly and dangerously hostile body".^[101]

Former Israeli ambassador, Dore Gold, wrote that, "The Palestinians understand that the automatic support they receive at the UN enables them to implement restrictions on Israel's right of self-defense. For this reason, the Palestinians have never abandoned the use of one-sided resolutions at the UN General Assembly, even during the most optimistic times of the peace process."^[102]

In an opinion piece in the Jerusalem Post, Efraim Chalamish said that, in 2010, "Israel and the United Nations have significantly improved their relationships over the past few months.(...) Nowadays, the government is promoting its legitimate membership status by enhanced participation in more balanced UN forums, such as the Economic and Social Council, while still presenting a hawkish approach towards hostile and one-sided forums, including the Human Rights Council in Geneva."^[103]

Emergency Special Sessions

Middle East issues were the subject of six of the General Assembly's ten 'emergency special sessions'. The tenth emergency special session has, so far, spanned nine years and has become another semi-permanent committee on the question of Palestine.

Commission on Human Rights

Allegations of an anti-Israel agenda at the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNHRC) were reviewed by UN Watch in a 2006 article.^[104] It said:

This case study examines how this UN Commission systematically singles out Israel for discriminatory treatment, as an instance of the UN's denial to Israel of equality before the law.(...) When it comes to condemning specific countries for alleged human rights violations, the Commission typically passes half of all such resolutions against one state – Israel. In 2005, for example, the Commission adopted four resolutions against Israel, equaling the combined total of resolutions against all other states in the world.

Human Rights Council

The UN Human Rights Council was created in April 2006^[105] to address criticism about the previous UNCHR. A UNDPI document lists, among the differences between the two bodies, Working agenda: CHR -- Includes Agenda Item 8 targeting Israel, HRC -- Starts with a clean slate.^[106] But since 2006, the review of human rights abuses by Israel was made a permanent feature of every council session. No other country is subject to a permanent review. In 2010, Canadian politician Irwin Cotler wrote:

...in an appalling breach of its own principles and procedures, the UN Human Rights Council has institutionalised a permanent agenda item indicting one member state -- agenda item No 7, which speaks of "Israeli human rights violations in the occupied Palestinian territories" -- while agenda item No 8 speaks of "human rights violations in the rest of the world". Here is an Alice in Wonderland situation where the conviction is secured before the hearing begins.^[107]

According to UN Watch, until October 2010, the council had held, adopted and pronounced since its creation: one single urgent debate, on Israel; nine special sessions that criticized countries, with six of them being on Israel; and another one that praised Sri Lanka after it killed 20,000 civilians. The body said that of 40 or so council resolutions that criticized countries, 35 were on Israel and that of five "fact-finding" missions all were on Israel, and all with the guilty verdict declared in advance.^[108]

The UNHRC sits in Geneva, thus excluding Israel from participating due to its limited membership to the WEOG group; see Regional Groups above.

At its Second Special Session in August 2006, the Council voted to establish a Commission of Inquiry to investigate allegations that Israel systematically targeted Lebanese civilians during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict.^[109] The Commission noted that its report on the conflict would be incomplete without fully investigating both sides, but that "the Commission is not entitled, even if it had wished, to construe [its charter] as equally authorizing the investigation of the actions by Hezbollah in Israel".^[110]

The Special Rapporteur on the question of Palestine to the previous UNCHR, the current UNHRC and the General Assembly was, between 2001 and 2008, John Dugard. Bayefski quotes him as saying that his mandate is to "investigate human rights violations by Israel only, not by Palestinians". ^[111] Dugard was replaced in 2008 with Richard Falk, who has compared Israel's treatment of Palestinians with the Nazis' treatment of Jews during the Holocaust.^[112]^[113]^[114]

Many observers noted this anti-Israel bias. The Economist wrote: "In its fourth regular session, which ended in Geneva on March 30, the 47-member council again failed to address many egregious human-rights abuses around the world. (...) Indeed, in its nine months of life, the council has criticised only one country for human-rights violations, passing in its latest session its ninth resolution against Israel. This obsession with bashing Israel and turning a blind eye to so much else has disappointed those who hoped that the new council might perform better than its predecessor."^[115] Peggy Hicks, Global Advocacy Director for Human Rights Watch said in a July 26, 2007 testimony to the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee: "In its first year, the Human Rights Council has failed to take action regarding countries facing human rights crises such as Burma, Colombia, Somalia, Turkmenistan, and Zimbabwe, ended the mandates of human rights experts on Belarus and Cuba, and rolled back its consideration of the deteriorating situations in Iran and Uzbekistan. At the same time, it focused disproportionately on Israel’s human rights record and worse still, did so in a manner doomed to be ineffective because it failed to look comprehensively at the situation, including the responsibilities and roles of Palestinian authorities and armed groups".^[116] Similar accusations were voiced by Freedom House,^[117]^[118] the Washington Post,^[119] Kofi Annan,^[120] Ban Ki-moon,^[121] US President George W. Bush,^[122] and members of the European Parliament.^[123] The UNHRC President himself, Doru Costea, criticized this anti-Israel bias ^[124] but Canadian officials accused him of contributing to this situation.^[125]

In 2008, Israel was the target of 5/11 UNHCR resolutions (45%)^[126] and 1/28 decisions.^[127] Renewed accusations of an anti-Israel agenda at the UNHCR were voiced by the ADL,^[128] the Wall Street Journal^[129] and the National Post.^[130]

Don A Habibi of the University of North Carolina wrote "... the obsessive, lopsided scrutiny placed on Israel is concomitant with the neglect of the far more horrific human rights violations in the Arab world and beyond. There is a tragic opportunity cost in how the major humanitarian and human rights organizations set their priorities and allocate their resources. The moral failure of politicization also damages the credibility of the human rights leadership, their organizations, and the cause of human rights"^[131]

In a report on the Council activities between June 2007 and June 2009, Freedom House finds some improvement but notes that "Israel remained the target of an inordinate number of both condemnatory resolutions and special sessions. Israel was the target of 10 out of 18 condemnatory resolutions passed during the period of this report (and 19 out of 31 since the first session of the Council), the language of which is consistently one-sided, assigning sole responsibility to Israel for the violations of human rights in the Occupied Palestinian Territories. Israel was also the target of three of the four first special sessions called by the Council and was the target of two of the seven special sessions that took place during this reporting period."^[132]

Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann, a former UNGA president, was elected to the UNHRC Advisory Committee in June 2010. Evidence of his apparent anti-Israel bias was reviewed by Anne Bayefsky.^[133]

Esther Brimmer of the United States State Department said on September 15, 2010 "we must remedy the [UNHR]Council’s ongoing biased and disproportionate focus on Israel."^[134] US Congress member Ileana Ros-Lehtinen called for defunding of the HRC over its excessive criticism of Israel.^[135] The Daily News (New York) denounces the apparent bias at the HRC in two editorials.^[136]^[137] Current United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay denied the accusations of anti-Israel bias at the Council.^[138]

Fact Finding Mission on the 2008 Gaza War (Goldstone report)

Richard J. Goldstone, a South African, is a former Constitutional Court Judge and lawyer. He led UN Fact-Finding Mission on the 2008-2009 Gaza War.

A fact finding mission on Human Rights violations during the 2008 Gaza War between Israel and Hamas was called by the Jan 12 2009 UNHRC Resolution A/HRC/S-9/L.1 which limited the investigation to "violations (...) by the occupying Power, Israel, against the Palestinian people throughout the Occupied Palestinian Territory, particularly in the occupied Gaza Strip" but, before any investigation, already "Strongly condemns the ongoing Israeli military operation carried out in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, particularly in the occupied Gaza Strip, which has resulted in massive violations of the human rights of the Palestinian people".

Former UN high commissioner for human rights and Ireland President Mary Robinson refused to head the mission because she "felt strongly that the Council’s resolution was one-sided and did not permit a balanced approach to determining the situation on the ground."^[139]

On April 3, 2009, Richard Goldstone was named as the head of the mission. In a July 16 interview, he said "at first I was not prepared to accept the invitation to head the mission". "It was essential," he continued, to expand the mandate to include "the sustained rocket attack on civilians in southern Israel, as well as other facts." He set this expansion of the mandate as a condition for chairing the mission.^[140] The next day, he wrote in the New York Times "I accepted because the mandate of the mission was to look at all parties: Israel; Hamas, which controls Gaza; and other armed Palestinian groups."^[141] The UNHRC press release announcing his nomination documents the changed mandate of the mission.^[142]^{[dubious – discuss]} Writing in The Spectator, commentator Melanie Phillips said that the resolution that created the mandate allowed no such change and questioned the validity and political motivations of the new mandate. ^[143]

Israel thought that the change of the mandate did not have much practical effect.^[144]

Israel refused to cooperate with the Goldstone Mission and denied its entry to Israel, while Hamas and Palestinian National Authority supported and assisted the Mission.^[145]^[146]

In January, months before the mission, Professor Christine Chinkin, one of the four mission members, signed a letter to the London Sunday Times, asserting that Israel's actions "amount to aggression, not self-defense" and that "the manner and scale of its operations in Gaza amount to an act of aggression and is contrary to international law".^[147] On this basis, NGO UN Watch petitioned Chinkin to withdraw from the Mission.^[148] She authored the final report.

Israel concluded that "it seemed clear beyond any doubt that the initiative was motivated by a political agenda and not concern for human rights" and therefore refused to cooperate with it – in contrast to its policy to cooperate fully with most of the international inquiries into events in the Gaza Operation.^[149]

The mission report was published on Sept 15 2009.^[150] As noted in the press release, the mission concluded "that serious violations of international human rights and humanitarian law were committed by Israel in the context of its military operations in Gaza from December 27, 2008 to January 18, 2009, and that Israel committed actions amounting to war crimes, and possibly crimes against humanity. The Mission also found that Palestinian armed groups had committed war crimes, as well as possibly crimes against humanity."^[151]

Goldstone, however, explained that what he had headed wasn’t an investigation, but a fact-finding mission. "If this was a court of law, there would have been nothing proven," Goldstone said, emphasizing that his conclusion that war crimes had been committed was always intended as conditional. Nevertheless, the report itself is replete with bold and declarative legal conclusions seemingly at odds with the cautious and conditional explanations of its author.^[152]

Reactions to the report's findings were varied. The report was not immediately ratified by a UNHRC resolution. This step was postponed to March 2010.^[153] This delay is attributed to diplomatic pressure from Western members of the Council, including the US which joined in April 2009 and, surprisingly, from the Palestinian Authority representative.^[154]^[155]^[156] About the U.S. pressure, UNHRC representative Harold Hongju Koh described the U.S. participation to the Council as "an experiment" with the Goldstone report being the first test.^[157]

The report was finally ratified by the October 14th UNHRC resolution A/HRC/S-12/L.1.^[158] Like the January 12th resolution but unlike the report, this ratification condemns Israel, not Hamas.^[159] The "unbalanced focus" of the ratification was criticized by U.S. State Department spokesman Ian Kelly,^[160] U.S. ambassador to the UNHRC Douglas Griffiths and Richard Goldstone himself^[161]

Commission on the Status of Women

In a 2005 document,^[162] Israel is not mentioned as a perpetrator of violence against women.^{[citation needed]}

A 2006 report^[163] by UNIFEM about violence against women makes no mention of Israel.^{[citation needed]}

During its 51st session in 2007, the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women produced only one country-specific resolution. In it, the commission:

Reaffirms that the Israeli occupation remains a major obstacle for Palestinian women with regard to their advancement, self-reliance and integration in the development planning of their society^[164]

A spokeswoman outlined Israel's position on the resolution:

"As in previous years, this Commission has before it, once again, a resolution on the sole situation of Palestinian women. In monopolizing attention for Palestinian women and promoting uneven standards, the resolution turns a humanitarian issue into a political one. Hence, it damages the prospects for peace based on mutual respect and understanding.^[165]

In 2008, the Commission adopted a single resolution with a similar^{[clarification needed]} content.^[166]

Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food

Jean Ziegler, the UN special rapporteur on the right to food, published in October 2003 a report^[167] accusing Israel of starving Palestinian children. The Israeli ambassador to the UN demanded that the report be withdrawn and accused its author of abusing his office.^[168]

UNESCO

UNESCO has adopted hundreds of decisions on the access of Palestinians to education. Palestine is the only country with a yearly decision to this effect. UNESCO also adopts yearly resolutions for the preservation of the old Jerusalem, a UNESCO world heritage site included in the List of World Heritage Sites in danger.

In 2007, an emergency session of UNESCO was held to discuss Israeli archaeological excavations at the Mughrabi ascent in the Old City of Jerusalem. The session report said that the excavations were "a naked challenge by the Israeli occupation authorities" to the UN position on the status of Jerusalem.^[169] Following a fact-finding mission, Israel was exonerated of blame by the executive board. UNESCO never criticized repeated episodes of mechanized excavations within the Temple Mount ground by the Muslim Waqf, and is financing a museum within the al-Aqsa Mosque.

Arab discrimination against Palestinians

Many Palestinian refugees are located in Jordan, Syria and Lebanon. In 2003 Amnesty International sent a memorandum to the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD), expressing concerns about discrimination against Palestinians. CERD responded in 2004, urging the Lebanese government to "take measures to ameliorate the situation of Palestinian refugees … and at a minimum to remove all legislative provisions and change policies that have a discriminatory effect on the Palestinian population in comparison with other non-citizens."^[170]

The violent takeover of Gaza by Hamas in 2007 has, so far, not been condemned at the UN.^{[citation needed]} In November 2007, Ha'aretz reported that the Palestinian Authority observer at the UN, Riad Mansour, had sought to include a clause "expressing concern about the takeover by illegal militias of Palestinian Authority institutions in June 2007" and calling for the reversal of this situation. It reported diplomatic sources as saying that Mansour had been subjected to a barrage of insults, led by the representatives of Egypt, Syria and Libya. Delegates from some Arab countries had claimed that Mansour's initiative would be interpreted as an official UN condemnation of Hamas, and would gain Israel international legitimacy for cutting electricity and fuel supplies to Gaza. Mansour agreed to softer language expressing "concern about an illegal takeover."^[171]

In March 2007, Hillel Neuer of UN Watch said about the UNHRC:

But do these self-proclaimed defenders truly care about Palestinian rights? Let us consider the past few months. (...) Little 3-year-old boy Salam Balousha and his two brothers were murdered in their car by Prime Minister Haniyeh’s troops".Why has this Council chosen silence? Because Israel could not be blamed. Because, in truth, the despots who run this Council couldn't care less about Palestinians, or about any human rights.^[172]^[173]^[174]

Between May and September 2007, the Nahr al-Bared Palestinian refugee camp in Lebanon became the center of fighting between the Lebanese Internal Security Force and Fatah al-Islam gunmen.^[175] The Lebanese Army was supported in this action by Palestinian movements responsible for security in the camp.^[176] Bombing by the Lebanese army left the camp in ruins and caused the mass displacement of 27,000 Palestinian refugees to other camps.^[177] The UN Security Council issued two statements during the fighting, both condemning Fatah al-Islam and "fully support[ing] the efforts carried out by the Lebanese Government and army to ensure security and stability throughout Lebanon".^[178]^[179]^[180]^[181] Khaled Abu Toameh^[182] and Jonathan Kay ^[183] faulted the UN for not condemning the Lebanese Army, arguing that it had condemned Israeli Defense Forces in similar circumstances in the past, namely the Battle of Jenin.

UNRWA perpetuating Palestinian refugee status

Several observers accuse the UN of promoting this discrimination by creating a special status for Palestinian refugees. A report by the International Federation for Human Rights stated:

Because the UNRWA's position consists of the prospect of a conflict resolution leading to the creation of an independent Palestinian State and to the return of the refugees on that territory, as a definitive solution, it tends to justify the Lebanese policies granting the Palestinian refugees only a minimal legal status. In other words, the Palestinian refugees' rights are limited to the right of residence as a condition of the application of UNRWA's humanitarian assistance.^[184]

A 2007 op-ed by Nicole Brackman and Asaf Rominowsky stated:

UNRWA serves as a crucial tool of legitimacy for the Palestinian refugee issue — as long as the office is active, how could anyone question the Palestinian refugee problem? Thus an oxymoronic situation: Despite the Israeli disengagement from Gaza in 2005 and the creation in 1993 of a Palestinian Authority with jurisdiction over the Palestinian refugee camps in Gaza/West Bank, UNRWA remains the key social, medical, educational and professional service provider for Palestinians living in "refugee" camps. This runs contrary to every principle of normal territorial integrity and autonomy.^[185]

A similar argument was made by commentators in The Independent^[186] and in a 2009 report from the Washington Institute for Near East Policy.^[187]

Antisemitism

Antisemitism, the expression of hatred against all Jews, is distinct from anti-zionism and condemned by the UN since 1998.^[188] However, classical antisemitic statements are occasionally recorded at the UN.

The book Poison, about an apparent poisoning in 1983 of Palestinian schoolgirls^[189] details the apparent support provided by the Security Council to the accusations of Arab state delegates against Israel.^[190]

The American Israel Public Affairs Committee provides examples of comments deemed antisemitic that were recorded in UN conferences.^[191] Anne Bayefsky provided examples of comments deemed antisemitic recorded in 2010 and pointed to an absence of objection or blame from UN officials or state representatives.^[192]

In 1999, Kofi Annan said "I know that to some of you in this audience, and in the Jewish community at large, it has sometimes seemed as if the United Nations serves all the world's peoples but one: the Jews".^[193]^[194]

Excessive criticism of Israel as antisemitism

Some authors, including the European Union,^[195] equate the use of double standards in judging Israel with New antisemitism. In a 2008 report on antisemitism from the US Department of State to the US Congress,

Motives for criticizing Israel in the UN may stem from legitimate concerns over policy or from illegitimate prejudices. (...) However, regardless of the intent, disproportionate criticism of Israel as barbaric and unprincipled, and corresponding discriminatory measures adopted in the UN against Israel, have the effect of causing audiences to associate negative attributes with Jews in general, thus fueling anti-Semitism.^[196]

Tolerance of antisemitism

Since its creation, the UN often condemned racial discrimination, including some 58 resolutions and decisions condemning Nazism, but resolution A/RES/53/133 (December 1998) was the first time the General Assembly included antisemitism among the forms of racism it wished to eliminate.^[197]

A 1999 Middle East Quarterly article said that a reference to the Qur'an as a source of antisemitism in a 1997 report to the UNCHR by the UN special rapporteur on racism was removed at the request of the Indonesian representative.^[198]

Since its creation, the UN hosted many conferences against racism and discrimination but the first conference on antisemitism was held in 2004.^[199]^[200]

In a 2007 report, UN Watch reviewed the record of the UN in the fight against antisemitism since the 2004 conference. "While progress in some areas was encouraging, our report also revealed inaction, and, worse, the aiding and abetting of anti-Semitism through an infrastructure of manifestly one-sided and irrational UN measures designed to demonize the Jewish state."^[201]

Many have characterized Iran president Ahmadinejad's yearly anti-Israel tirade at the General Assembly as antisemitic, including Germany's FM Steinmeier,^[202] US Senator Barack Obama,^[203] former UNSG Annan^[204] and the Times UK.^[205] Ahmadinejad is allowed to speak yearly and his speeches applauded by the General Assembly.^[206]

In March 2010, NGO UN Watch accused the UNHRC of double standards for censoring the language of a UN Watch submission while publishing the statement of another NGO without editing.^[207] A statement by the International Organization for the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination accused "Israeli physicians, Medical Centres, rabbis and the Israeli army" of theft and trade of organs taken from cadavers of Palestinians,^[208] an accusation deemed antisemitic by the Canadian Jewish Congress.^[209]

On June 8, 2010, Syrian delegate to the UNCHR Rania al Rifay said: "Let me quote a song that a group of children on a school bus in Israel sing merrily as they go to school. And I quote, 'With my teeth I will rip your flesh, with my mouth I will suck your blood.'" Alex van Meeuwen, the Belgian ambassador who held the HRC presidency, made no comment during, or after, Al-Rifai’s presentation.^[210]^[211] UN Watch called this statement racist.^[212]

2001 Durban conference against racism

During the World Conference against Racism held in Durban in 2001, the "Zionism is racism" accusation resurfaced.

About the 2001 Durban's World Conference against Racism, Mirek Prokes of UNITED for Intercultural Action noted:

All through the NGO Forum, there have been Antisemitic incidents. The Arab Lawyers Union had a stall in the NGO exhibition tents displaying gross Antisemitic cartoons. Copies of the infamous Protocols of the Elders of Zion were being sold. When the ISC was asked to do something against the Antisemitic cartoons they decided that the cartoons were not racist but 'political'.^[213]

A similar scene was described by Anne Bayefsky^[214] The Qatar delegate said, according to official UN records:

"the Israeli enmity towards the Palestinians, and its destruction of their properties and economy do not stem from its desire to subjugate them to the arrogance of power only, but also from its strong sense of superiority which relegates the Palestinians to an inferior position to them. Ironically enough, the Israeli security is sacred when balanced against the Palestinian security and all the Israeli heinous violations are justified as a means to bring back every Jew to a land that they raped from its legitimate owners and denied them their right to claim it back."^[215]

In a 2002 interview with the BBC, Mary Robinson said some good came out of the conference

but I also admit that it was an extremely difficult conference. That there was horrible anti-Semitism present - particularly in some of the NGO discussions. A number people came to me and said they've never been so hurt or so harassed or been so blatantly faced with an anti-Semitism.^[216]

Navanethem Pillay, the current United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, published in 2008 a similar opinion of the event^[217]

2009 Durban Review conference

The April 2009 Durban Review Conference held in Geneva, was boycotted by nine western countries. During an official speech at this conference, Iran president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad said :

some powerful countries (...) under the pretext of protecting the Jews they made a nation homeless with military expeditions and invasion. They transferred various groups of people from America, Europe and other countries to this land. They established a completely racist government in the occupied Palestinian territories. And in fact, under the pretext of making up for damages resulting from racism in Europe, they established the most aggressive, racist country in another territory, i.e. Palestine. The Security Council endorsed this usurper regime and for 60 years constantly defended it and let it commit any kind of crime.(...) The global Zionism is the complete symbol of racism, which with unreal reliance on religion has tried to misuse the religious beliefs of some unaware people and hide its ugly face.^[218]

During his speech, all European representatives walked out.^[219]^[220] The final outcome document makes no reference to Israel or Palestinians.^[221]

Zionism is racism

The 1975 resolution that "Zionism is racism" was revoked by resolution 4686 in 1991; 25 Muslim^{[clarification needed]} states voted against this revocation. During the first ever conference on antisemitism at the UN, in 2004, Kofi Annan said that the UN record on antisemitism had sometimes fallen short of the institution's ideals, and that he was glad that the "especially unfortunate" 1975 General Assembly resolution equating Zionism with racism had been rescinded.^[222]

The "Zionism is racism" concept reappeared in 2001 World Conference against Racism in Durban. Zouheir Hamdan (Lebanon) claimed that "One (Israeli) minister described the Palestinians as serpents, and said they reproduced like ants. Another one proposed that Palestinians in Israel be marked with yellow cards".^[223] A draft resolution denounced the emergence of "movements based on racism and discriminatory ideas, in particular the Zionist movement, which is based on racial superiority.".^[224] The draft was removed following the departure of the US and Canadian delegates. General Assembly President Father Miguel D'Escoto Brockmann repeated the accusation in a speech during the 2008 International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People.^[225]

On January 24, 2008, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Louise Arbour welcomed^[226] the entry into force of the Arab Charter on Human Rights which states:

Article 2(3) All forms of racism, Zionism and foreign occupation and domination constitute an impediment to human dignity and a major barrier to the exercise of the fundamental rights of peoples; all such practices must be condemned and efforts must be deployed for their elimination.^[227]

Following criticisms about this statement,^[228]^[229]^[230] Arbour distanced herself from some aspects of the charter.^[231] The charter is listed in the web site of her office, among texts adopted by international groups aimed at promoting and consolidating democracy^[232]

Direct involvement of UN personnel in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict

There have been occasional reports of UN personnel becoming caught up in hostilities.

Indian peacekeepers of the UNIFIL peace mission in Southern Lebanon were accused of complicity in the 2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid, in which three Israel Engineering Corps soldiers were killed and their bodies captured after Hezbollah fighters infiltrated into Israel.^[233] According to the Israeli newspaper Ma'ariv, Hezbollah bribed several Indian troops with hundreds of thousands of dollars in return for participating in the kidnapping and secretly negotiated with them to make sure that they would participate. Israeli investigators who were sent to India to question the suspected soldiers were told that Hezbollah had paid them large sums of money for their cooperation.^[234]

On November 22, 2002, Iain Hook, UNRWA project manager of the Jenin camp rehabilitation project, was killed by Israeli gunfire inside the small project compound.^[235]

On May 11, 2004, Israel said that a UN ambulance had been used by Palestinian militants for their getaway following a military engagement in Southern Gaza,^[236]

In 2004, Israel complained about comments made by Peter Hansen, head of UNRWA. Hansen had said that there were Hamas members on the UNRWA payroll, and that he did not see that as a crime, they were not necessarily militants, and had to follow UN rules on staying neutral.^[237]^[238]^[239]

On July 26, 2006 Israeli aircraft and artillery attacked a well-marked, long-standing UNIFIL position, killing four UNIFIL peacekeepers. UN Secretary General Kofi Annan called the bombing “deliberate”, while Israel claimed that Hezbollah had fighters that fired from the vicinity of that position, and had sheltered near it to avoid an Israeli counterstrike.^[240]^[241]

In 2008, the Israeli Defense Ministry accused UNIFIL of intentionally concealing information to the Security Council about Hezbollah military activity south of the Litani river, in violation of its mandate^[242]

Cooperation with UN missions

In December 2008 Israel detained Richard Falk, the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the occupied Palestinian territory, and denied him transit to West Bank on his official mission.^[243]

Several Palestinians cooperating with and supporting the Goldstone Mission were detained by Israel security forces. Muhammad Srour, who testified before the Mission in Geneva, was arrested on his way back to the West Bank. After UN intervention, he was released. There were also a number of anonymous calls and messages received on private phone numbers and e-mail addresses by some of those who provided information to the mission or assisted in its work in the Gaza Strip.^[244]

Notes

^ For the purposes of United Nations Regional Groups arrangement, the Palestine Liberation Organization participates in the Asia group since 2 April 1986.^[68]^[69]^[70]^[71]

References

^ P. J. I. M. de Waart, Dynamics of Self-determination in Palestine, Brill, 1994, p.121
^ "The Mandatory (...) will secure the establishment of the Jewish national home, as laid down in the preamble, and the development of self-governing institutions, and also for safeguarding the civil and religious rights of all the inhabitants of Palestine, irrespective of race and religion." League of Nations Palestine Mandate, July 24, 1922, available online at Avalon Project, Yale
^ United Nations Special Committee on Palestine: Report to the General Assembly, A/364, 3 September 1947
^ Benny Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, p. 13
^ Tudor Parfitt, The Road to Redemption: the Jews of the Yemen, Brill, 1996, p.166
^ A statement from the Arab League in May 1948 said: "the Governments of the Arab States have found themselves compelled to intervene in Palestine solely in order to help its inhabitants restore peace and security and the rule of justice and law to their country, and in order to prevent bloodshed".Statement by the Arab League States Following the Establishment of the State of Israel May 15, 1948, available from www.mideastweb.org
^ Khouri, Fred (1985). The Arab-Israeli Dilemma (3rd edition). Syracuse University Press. pp. 129–130. ISBN 0815623402.
^ Twersky, David (2006-07-14). "The Assault on Israel's 1967 Border". New York Sun. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
^ Newman, David (2007-01-09). "A Green Line in the Sand". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
^ anonymous (2004-07-09). "Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory". International court of Justice. Archived from the original on 2008-04-01. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
^ General progress report and supplementary report of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine, Covering the period from 11 December 1949 to 23 October 1950, GA A/1367/Rev.1 23 October 1950
^ Isaac Alteras, Eisenhower and Israel: U.S.-Israeli Relations, 1953–1960, University Press of Florida, 1993, ISBN 0-8130-1205-8, page 246
^ Michael Brecher in Benjamin Frankel (ed.), A Restless Mind: Essays in Honor of Amos Perlmutter, Routledge, 1996, ISBN 0-7146-4607-5, page 104-117]
^ Lall, Arthur S. (1970). The UN and the Middle East Crisis, 1967. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-08635-0.
^ UNGA Resolution 3151 G (XXVIII) of 14 December 1973
^ cited in Israel and Unesco, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 4, No. 2 (Winter, 1975)
^ UNESCO and Israel - the sudden "politization" of UNESCO, Statement to UNESCO Clubs and Associations, 20.12.74, unesdoc.unesco.org
^ UNESCO and Israel, unesdoc.unesco.org
^ The 1975 "Zionism Is Racism" Resolution: The Rise, Fall, and Resurgence of a Libel, by Yohanan Manor, Institute for Global Jewish Affairs No. 97, 2 May 2010
^ Obituary: Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Harold Jackson, March 28, 2003, www.guardian.co.uk
^ Who stands accused?: Israel answers its critics, Chaim Herzog, 1978, Random House, ISBN 0-394-50132-2
^ Treaty of Peace between the Arab Republic of Egypt and the State of Israel, 26 March 1979, www.mfa.gov.eg
^ The Camp David Accords, The Framework for Peace in the Middle East, September 17, 1978, www.jimmycarterlibrary.org
^ expel Israel
^ a/40/752^{[dead link]}
^ resolution 43/177
^ Anti-Israel Bias at the U.N., September 2004, available online at www.adl.org
^ resolution ES-10/13
^ International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion, "Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory", paragraphs 120-137 and 163 [1]
^ See the report of The UN Fact Finding Mission on Gaza, A/HRC/12/48, 25 September 2009, paragraph 1548
^ ES-10/10. Illegal Israeli actions in Occupied East Jerusalem and the rest of the Occupied Palestinian Territory
^ Report of the Secretary-General prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution ES-10/10, Tenth emergency special session, Agenda item 5, August 1, 2002, www.un.org
^ [2]
^ Israel introduces first draft resolution to the UN agenda. Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, November 5, 2003. [3]
^ What is the evidence that the United Nations is biased against Israel? Middle East Facts, [4]
^ Israel Circulates First Mideast Crisis Resolution. Associated Press, Published by Fox News Monday, November 03, 2003. [5]
^ A/C.2/62/L.23/Rev.2
^ Patrick Worsnip, Israel gets rare UN approval for farm resolution, Reuters, Tue 11 December 2007, africa.reuters.com
^ Second Committee approves text calling on member states to step up promotion of agricultural technology for development, draft A/C.2/62/L.23/Rev.2, www.un.org
^ idem
^ Record of vote, un.org
^ Charbonneau, Louis; Dunham, Will (18 February 2011). "U.S. vetoes U.N. draft condemning Israeli settlements". Reuters.com. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 2011-02-20.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Haaretz Service (18 February 2011). "Palestinian envoy: U.S. veto at UN 'encourages Israeli intransigence' on settlements". Haaretz.com. Haaretz Daily Newspaper Ltd. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
^ ^a ^b ^c Staff writers (18 February 2011). "United States vetoes Security Council resolution on Israeli settlements". UN News Centre. United Nations. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
^ Haaretz Service (20 February 2011). "Deputy FM: Anti-settlement vote proves UN is a 'rubber stamp' for Arab nations". Haaretz.com. Haaretz Daily Newspaper Ltd. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
^ Palestinian-Israeli crossfire 181 - A Palestinain view - The first milestone, Ghassan Khatib
^ At the Versailles Peace Conference the Supreme Council established 'The Committee on New States and for The Protection of Minorities'. All the new successor states were compelled to sign minority rights treaties as a precondition of diplomatic recognition. It was agreed that although the new States had been recognized they had not been 'created' before the signatures of the final Peace Treaties. See "The Jews And Minority Rights, (1898-1919), Oscar I. Janowsky, Colombia University Press, 1933, page 342
^ The United Nations established a formal minority rights protection system as an integral part of the Plan for the Future Government of Palestine. It was cataloged in a list of legal instruments compiled by the UN Secretariat in 1950. E/CN.4/367 Symbol: E/CN.4/367, Date: 7 April 1950 (see Chapter III of the United Nations Charter and the treaties concluded after the war, resolution 181(II) of 29 November 1947, "The Future Government of Palestine", pages 22-23)
^ Self-determination and National Minorities, Thomas D. Musgrave, Oxford Monographs in International Law, Oxford University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-19-829898-6, Table of Treaties, Page xxxviii
^ Henry Cattan, The Palestine Question, pp. 86-87. The verbatim record: Fifty-first meeting, held at Lake Success, New York, Monday 9 May 1949: Ad Hoc Political Committee, General Assembly, 3rd Session, A/AC.24/SR.51, 01/01/1949.
^ General Assembly Resolution 273 (III) contains a footnote (5) regarding "the declarations and explanations made by the representative of the Government of Israel" which cites the minutes of the 45th-48th, 50th, and 51st meetings of the Ad Hoc Political Committee contained in documents A/AC.24/SR.45-48, 50 and 51
^ See Mallison's testimony during the Senate hearings on "The Colonization Of The West Bank Territories By Israel", page 50 [6]
^ In Guy S. Goodwin-Gill, and Stefan Talmon, eds., The Reality of International Law: Essays in Honour of Ian Brownlie. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999, p 108
^ "Double Standards" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2002-09-29. Retrieved 2007-10-02.
^ "Double Standards (Summary)". Retrieved 2007-10-02.
^ American interest and UN reform. REPORT OF THE TASK FORCE ON THE UNITED NATIONS, United States Institute of Peace, 2005, www.usip.org
^ Bayefsky, Anne. "Perspectives on Anti-Semitism Today". Lecture at conference "Confronting Anti-Semitism: Education for Tolerance and Understanding," United Nations Department of Information, New York, June 21, 2004.
^ Abram, Morris. "Israel Under Attack: Anti-Semitism in the United Nations", The Earth Times, December 16–31, 1997.
^ Harsanyi, David. "The United Nation's War Against Israel". www.capmag.com, May 27, 2002.
^ UN claims map erasing Israel just "historical", www.eyeontheun.org
^ Update on UN map without the State of Israel: the deception grows, eyeontheun.org
^ Letter from Bolton to Annan, January 3, 2006, reproduced at eyeontheun.org
^ Map of Israel, from the UN Cartographic section
^ Warren, David. "Canada stands tall". The Ottawa Citizen', October 17, 2010.
^ PM ignores Ignatieff, defends Canadian principles in wake of UN defeat, Martin Ouellet, The Canadian Press, Published in The Globe and Mail, Thursday, Oct. 14, 2010
^ Snubbed, by The Economist, Oct 14th 2010
^ “I know, by the way, because I have the bruises to show for it, that whether it is at the United Nations, or any other international forum, the easiest thing to do is simply to just get along and go along with this anti-Israeli rhetoric, to pretend it is just about being even-handed, and to excuse oneself with the label of ‘honest broker.’ There are, after all, a lot more votes — a lot more — in being anti-Israeli than in taking a stand. But, as long as I am prime minister, whether it is at the UN or the Francophonie or anywhere else, Canada will take that stand, whatever the cost. Not just because it is the right thing to do, but because history shows us, and the ideology of the anti-Israeli mob tells us all too well, that those who threaten the existence of the Jewish people are a threat to all of us.” from Harper says Canada will stand by Israel, by Mark Kennedy, Postmedia News. Published in the National Post Sunday, Nov. 7, 2010
^ Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations. "Status of Palestine at the United Nations". United Nations. Retrieved 2010-12-09.: "On 2 April 1986, the Asian Group of the U.N. decided to accept the PLO as a full member."
^ United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2002). "Government structures". United Nations. Retrieved 2010-12-05.: "At present, the PLO is a full member of the Asian Group of the United Nations".
^ United Nations General Assembly Resolution 52/250: Participation of Palestine in the work of the United Nations (1998): "Palestine enjoys full membership in the Group of Asian States".
^ Palestine/PLO (being a GA observer only) is not included in the list of "Members of the General Assembly, arranged in current regional groups". Further, a recent document of UN-HABITAT, which classifies countries by explicit lists according to the "United Nations Regional Groups" (see: "UN-HABITAT's Global Report on Human Settlements" (2007), pp. 329-330), along with a more recent document of UN-AIDS - which classifies countries by explicit lists according to the "Regional Groups that are used by the UN General Assembly, ECOSOC, and its subsidiary bodies" (see: UNAIDS, The Governance Handbook (2010), pp. 28-29), do not include Palestine/PLO in any Regional Group, but instead write: "the General Assembly conferred upon Palestine, in its capacity as observer, additional rights and privileges of participation. These included the right to participation in the general debate of the General Assembly, but did not include the rights to vote or put forward candidates" (see: UN-HABITAT's Global Report on Human Settlements, p. 335, 2nd footnote; UNAIDS, The Governance Handbook, p. 29, 4th footnote).
^ Weiner, Rebecca. Israel Wins Membership on WEOG Article on www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
^ Israel Accepted to WEOG. An Achievement for Israeli Diplomacy, communicated by Foreign Ministry Spokesman, May 28, 2000 www.mfa.gov.il
^ Herb Keinon, "Israel gets seats on United Nations agency panels", Jerusalem Post, January 3, 2008 20:37, www.jpost.com
^ Annex to Resolution No. 59/26-P, Convention of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference on combating international terrorism, from the oic-un.org, which states: "Article 2, a. Peoples' struggle including armed struggle against foreign occupation, aggression, colonialism, and hegemony, aimed at liberation and self-determination in accordance with the principles of international law shall not be considered a terrorist crime."
^ Secretary-General condemns "despicable" Hebron terrorist attack, Press Release SG/SM/8498, 15/11/2002
^ Secretary-General dismayed by Beit She'An attack, condemns such terrorist acts as extremely harmful to Palestinian cause, Press Release SG/SM/8533 PAL/1928, 29/11//2002
^ Question of the violation of human rights in the Occupied Arab Territories, including PalestineUNCHR, 58th session, E/CN.4/2002/L.16, 9 April 2002 www.unhchr.ch
^ Commission on Human Rights, Fifty-eighth session, Summary Record of the 39th meeting, Geneva, 15 April 2002, www.unhchr.ch
^ Jordan slams UN official for urging Palestinian refugees to resettle in Arab states AP and Haaretz, 28 October 2010
^ Report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of Security Council resolutions 425 (1978) and 426 (1978)
^ Erlich, Reuven (2006-08-09). "Raising the issue of the Sheba'a Farms in the proposed American-French Security Council draft resolution for ending the fighting". Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center. Retrieved 2009-03-05.
^ anonymous (undated). "Shebaa Farms: A Lebanese Land Occupied by Israel". Shebaa Farms Foundation. Retrieved 2009-03-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Security Council endorsed Secretary-General's conclusion on Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon as of 16 June
^ map
^ Levin, Andrea (2006-08-08). "Death and destruction are Hezbollah's goals". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2000-03-05. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
^ anonymous (2008-08-05). "Lebanese cabinet approves agenda". BBC News. Retrieved 2009-03-05.
^ Subjects of UN Security Council Vetoes by GPF
^ ADL Commends U.S. Veto of One-Sided Security Council Resolution Against Israel by ADL
^ US Veto on Yassin Draws Criticism on GPF by BBC
^ Book Review of Boutros Boutros-Ghali's Unvanquished: A U.S.-U.N. Saga, The Arab World Geographer/Le Géographe du monde arabe 2(3):254-257, 1999. Available at mama.indstate.edu
^ Israel's Man at the UN,Tom Barry, July 26, 2006, www.irc-online.org
^ Netanyahu: Direct talks are only path to true Mideast peace Haaretz, 28 October 2010
^ UN Body: General Assembly » Year: 2007 » State: All » Report: Resolution, database search from eyeontheun.org
^ UN Body: Human Rights Council » Year: 2007 » State: All » Report: Resolution, database search from eyeontheun.org
^ UN Body: Security Council (SC) » Year: 2007 » State: All » Report: Resolution, database search from eyeontheun.org
^ Allison Kaplan Sommer, The UN's outcast: Why is Israel treated differently than all other nations?, , published online by the Alabama Friends of Israel
^ ^a ^b Comparison of United Nations member states' language in relation to Israel and Palestine as evidenced by resolutions in the UN Security Council and UN General Assembly, United Nations Association of the United Kingdom, August 2004. Not found at www.una.org.uk, available only at UN Watch
^ One-sided resolutions on the Arab-Israeli conflict adopted during the 61st session on the United Nations General Assembly, israel-un.mfa.gov.il
^ Charbonneau, Louis (2009-08-12). "US vows to embrace UN in break with Bush-era policy". www.reuters.com. Retrieved 2009-08-13.
^ Caroline Glick: Our irredeemable international system Jerusalem Post, September 18, 2009.
^ Gold, Dore. "Israel's Right to Self Defense - On The Target". Israel Hayom. Retrieved 25 June 2010. Pg. 16-17 Weekend Edition (25 June 2010)
^ Chalamish, Efraim. "Israel at the UN: An affair to follow". Jerusalem Post, August 21, 2010.
^ Neuer, Hillel C. The Struggle against Anti-Israel Bias at the UN Commission on Human Rights, Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, January 1, 2006.
^ A/RES/60/251
^ "comparison document", published by the UNDPI May 30, 2007, available from UN Watch. Please help me find the original doc
^ Cotler, Irwin. "UN poisons its human rights mission|. The Australian October 4, 2010.
^ Statement on Review of the UN Human Rights Council, Delivered by Hillel Neuer for UN Watch, October 25, 2010.
^ http://www.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/specialsession/2/index.htm
^ Human Rights Council, United Nations (2006). "Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Lebanon pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution S-2/1*" (PDF).
^ His job description, or U.N. mandate, deliberately excludes Palestinian human-rights abuses. As Dugard said on October 19, "I have a limited mandate, which is to investigate human rights violations by Israelis, not by Palestinians." The pre-determined outcome, however, has never been a problem for this lawyer. Far from being embarrassed, he launched into this year’s diatribe this way: "Today I deliver my annual criticism of Israel’s human rights record." Bayefsky, Anne. www.nationalreview.com "The U.N.'s Spokesperson for Suicide Bombers". National Review, October 23, 2006.
^ After describing the Nazi horrors, [Falk] asked: “Is it an irresponsible overstatement to associate the treatment of Palestinians with this criminalized Nazi record of collective atrocity? I think not. The recent developments in Gaza are especially disturbing because they express so vividly a deliberate intention on the part of Israel and its allies to subject an entire human community to life-endangering conditions of utmost cruelty.” quoted in U.N. Taps American Jewish Critic of Israel as Rights Expert, By Marc Perelman, Forward Magazine March 27, 2008, issue of April 04, 2008. [7]
^ Franks, Tim (April 8, 2008). "UN expert stands by Nazi comments". BBC.
^ Slouching toward a Palestinian Holocaust by Richard Falk
^ Bad counsel, The Economist, April 4, 2007, www.economist.com
^ The UN Human Rights Council, Testimony Delivered to the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Statement of Global Advocacy Director Peggy Hicks to the Subcommittee on International Operations and Organizations, Democracy and Human Rights, July 26, 2007, available online from Human Rights Watch
^ The UN Human Rights Council Report Card: 2007-2009
^ Diehl, Jackson. "The UN Human Rights Council: What Can Be Done to Save It?". Freedom House.
^ "A Shadow on the Human Rights Movement". Washington Post, June 25, 2007. Page A19.
^ Secretary-General's address to mark International Human Rights Day, New York, 8 December 2006, www.un.org/apps/sg/offthecuff.asp
^ Secretary-General welcomes agreement on details of UN human rights review, June 20, 2007, www.un.org/News/
^ President Bush Addresses The United Nations General Assembly, September 25, 2007, www.whitehouse.gov
^ UN Human Rights Council "bias" disappoints MEPs
^ "I agree with him (G.W. Bush). The functioning of the Council must be constantly improved," Costea told Le Temps on Saturday. He added that the Council must examine the behaviour of all parties involved in complex disputes and not place just one state under the magnifying glass. Human Rights Council president wants reform, September 29, 2007, www.swissinfo.org
^ "We categorically reject the manner in which the ... package was pushed through at the council," said Henri-Paul Normandin, who is Canada's deputy representative at the UN. "Canada was denied its sovereign right to call a vote". Controversial changes to UN rights body passes, by Steven Edwards, CanWest News ServicePublished: November 16, 2007, National Post
^ eyeontheun.org database search
^ eyeontheun.org database search
^ ADL Says "Shameful" U.N. Human Rights Council Resolution Against Israel "Another New Low Point", online article at www.adl.org
^ Farrow, Ronan. online.wsj.com "The U.N.'s Human-Rights Sham". Wall Street Journal, January 29, 2008. Page A16.
^ National Post editorial board. "The UN's double standard on Israel and Sri Lanka". National Post, May 30, 2009.
^ Habibi, Don A (2007-01). "Human Rights and Politicized Human Rights: A Utilitarian Critique". Journal of Human Rights. 6 (1). Taylor & Francis Group: 3–35. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) abstract of article
^ The UN Human Rights Council Report Card:2007-2009, Primary author Paula Schriefer, Freedom House, September 10th 2009
^ Bayefsky, Anne. "The UN's war on Israel continues -- and the U.S. is silent". Special to NYDailyNews.com, June 18, 2010.
^ The U.S. at the U.N. and Beyond: A World of Transnational Challenges, Esther Brimmer, Assistant Secretary, Bureau of International Organization Affairs, speaking to the Johns Hopkins School of International Studies, Washington, DC, September 15, 2010
^ MacFarquhar, Neil. "G.O.P. Renews Call to Tie U.N. Funding to U.S. Goals". New York Times, January 25, 2011
^ Human rights hatchet job: Despicable UN council thugs defame Israel again. Editorials, New York Daily News, Monday, September 27th 2010
^ Ban Ki Moon is letting the Israel-bashers of the Human Rights Council make the UN look bad. Editorials, New York Daily News, Friday, January 21st 2011
^ Pillay: UNHRC doesn’t single out Israel by Tovah Lazaroff, Jerusalem Post Feb 12 2011
^ Accounting for Gaza by Mary Robinson, Daily Times, September 30, 2009.
^ Goldstone: Israel should cooperate Jerusalem Post, Jul 16, 2009.
^ Richard Goldstone, New York Times, Sept 17 2009.
^ UNHRC press release 3 April 2009.
^ "It looks therefore as if he [Goldstone] and the UNHRC President unilaterally tore up both the Council’s mandate and UN regulations". She said the mandate was changed in order to allow a negligible criticism of Hamas "to provide Goldstone with the fig-leaf to disguise the moral bankruptcy of the entire process". Phillips, Melanie. "The Moral Inversion of Richard Goldstone" The Spectator, September 16, 2009.
^ Wasn't the mandate of the Mission changed to be more balanced? Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Access date October 11, 2009.
^ http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/12session/A-HRC-12-48.pdf Page 13 of the Human rights in Palestine and other occupied Arab territories. Report of the United Nations Fact-Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict
^ http://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/eed216406b50bf6485256ce10072f637/3082212d3c30703e85257640004d962a?OpenDocument UNISPAL. Human Rights Council discussed report of fact-finding mission on the Gaza conflict. Accessed: 27 Oct.2009.
^ Israel’s bombardment of Gaza is not self-defence – it’s a war crime The Sunday Times, January 11, 2009.
^ Request to disqualify Prof. Christine Chinkin from UN fact finding mission on the Gaza conflict UN Watch, August 20, 2009.
^ Why hasn't Israel cooperated with international investigations into the Gaza Operation? Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Access date October 4, 2009.
^ Human rights in Palestine and other Occupied Arab Territories: Report of the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict
^ Press release on presentation of report to the Human Rights Council – English 29 September 2009.
^ Gal Beckerman: Goldstone: ‘If This Was a Court Of Law, There Would Have Been Nothing Proven.’ The Forward, October 16, 2009.
^ UN puts off action on Gaza report BBC News Friday, 2 October 2009.
^ Andrew Wander: Gaza report hobbled by diplomacy? Al Jazeera English, October 01, 2009.
^ Gaza report vote delay angers Hamas Al Jazeera English, October 03, 2009.
^ Ben Lynfield: Palestinian fury as Abbas stalls Israeli war crimes vote The Scotsman, 05 October 2009.
^ Jordans, Fank. "US officials: UN rights membership an 'experiment'" AP, September 29, 2009.
^ The human rights situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem Human Rights Council Twelfth special session 15 – 16 October 2009
^ MacInnis, Laura. "U.N. rights council criticizes Israel over Gaza". Reuters, October 16, 2009.
^ Edwards, Steven. "UN report accuses Israel of war crimes". National Post, October 17, 2009.
^ Hui Min Neo. "UN rights council endorses damning Gaza report". AFP. October 16, 2009.
^ Women in an Insecure World
^ [8]
^ Commission on the Status of Women, Report on the fifty first session, E/2007/27, E/CN.6/2007/9, daccessdds.un.org
^ Statement by Ms. Meirav Eilon-Shahar, Counsellor. Explanation of Position, Draft resolution: Situation of and assistance to Palestinian women, E/CN.6/2007/L.2 (51st Session of the Commission on the Status of Women, New York, 9 March 2007), israel-un.mfa.gov.il
^ (E/CN.6/2008/L.3).
^ The right to food. Report by the Special Rapporteur, Jean Ziegler Addendum. Mission to the Occupied Palestinian Territories. UN Document E/CN.4/2004/10/Add.2, published 31 October 2003, available online at [9]
^ Palestinian food report upsets Israel Al Jazeera (Reuters). October 10, 2003
^ Latest developments in the situation of the World Heritage Site of the Old City of Jerusalem, Special Plenary Meeting (16 April to 17 April 2007), unesdoc.unesco.org
^ Amnesty International, Exiled and suffering: Palestinian refugees in Lebanon, p.7, available online at [10] accessed 13 February 2011
^ Shlomo Shamir, "Arabs foil PA condemnation of Hamas' takeover of Gaza at UN", Ha'aretz November 18, 2007, www.haaretz.com
^ Human Rights Nightmare, Speech before UN Human Rights Council 4th Session, 23 March 2007, Delivered by Hillel Neuer, Executive Director of UN Watch
^ Your U.N. at Work, The Wall Street Journal, March 30, 2007; Page A14
^ Alan Gold, "New name, but the shame is still the same". The Australian, April 17, 2007
^ "Lebanon army takes control of camp after battle", Reuters, [11] September 2, 2007
^ "Hariri: Lebanon fears worst", Independent Online [12] May 21, 2007
^ "The majority of the refugees fled the camp and adjacent areas with few or no belongings believing that they would be returning after a few days. Overnight they lost everything – their homes, personal and household belongings, commercial property and assets, and jobs." Emergency Appeal for Northern Lebanon FINAL REPORT, 30 April 2009, UNRWA
^ SC/9024 Security Council press statement on Lebanon May 23, 2007
^ Reilly, William, "U.N. Council, officials plea for Lebanon", UPI (May 23, 2007)
^ S/PRST/2007/17 Statement by the President of the Security Council 11 June 2007
^ Leopold, Evelyn, "U.N. Council backs Beirut: Worried by arms traffic", Reuters (June 11, 2007)
^ Toameh, Khaled Abu, "Silence on Nahr al-Bared" Commentary (July 31, 2007)
^ Jenin comes to Lebanon. So where is the outcry?, by Jonathan Kay, National Post Tuesday, May 29, 2007
^ Lebanon Palestinian refugees: systematic discrimination and complete lack of interest on the part of the international community, n°356/2 March 2003 www.fidh.org
^ Brackman, Nicole and Asaf Romirowsky. Dubious refugee relief. Is U.N. aiding or abetting Palestinians?. June 21, 2007.^{[dead link]}
^ Miller, Judith and David Samuels. "No way home: The tragedy of the Palestinian diaspora" The Independent. October 22, 2009.
^ Lindsay, James. "Fixing UNRWA" www.washingtoninstitute.org. Accessed November 20, 2010.
^ GA Res. A/53/623
^ "Ailing Schoolgirls", Time Magazine, Apr. 18, 1983
^ Raphael Israeli, Poison, Lexington Books, 2002. ISBN 0-7391-0207-9, p.202
^ A Saudi Arabian delegate stated in front of the 1984 UN Human Rights Commission conference on religious tolerance that "the Talmud says that if a Jew does not drink every year the blood of a non-Jewish man, he will be damned for eternity." This is the classic blood libel of medieval Europe. According to the same source, a similar remark was made by the Syrian Ambassador to the UN, at a 1991 meeting of the Commission. Source:U.N. Bias Against Israel, AIPAC, May 20, 2002., www.science.co.il
^ Bayefsky, Anne. "How much anti-semitism is too much?". Jerusalem Post, January 15, 2011.
^ Kofi Annan Honors UN Watch Founder Morris Abram. Press Release SG/SM/7260, December 15, 1999
^ Matas, David. Aftershock: anti-zionism and anti-semitism. Dundurn Press, 2005. ISBN 1-55002-553-8.
^ anonymous (unknown). "Working definition of antisemitism" (PDF). European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). Retrieved 2008-03-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) includes: i) Denying the Jewish people their right to self-determination, e.g., by claiming that the existence of a state of Israel is a racist endeavor. ii) Applying double standards by requiring of it a behavior not expected or demanded of any other democratic nation.
^ Rickman, Gregg J. (2008). "Contemporary global anti-semitism" (PDF). USDOS. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
^ Kofi Annan Honors UN Watch Founder Morris Abram. Press Release SG/SM/7260, 15 December 1999
^ On the last day of the UNCHR's 1997 session, the Indonesian representative, Agus Tarmidzi, speaking on behalf of the OIC countries, took the floor to protest a passage in a report by Benin's Maurice Glélé-Ahanhanzo, the UN special rapporteur on racism. Focusing on information under the subheading "Islamist and Arab Anti-Semitism," Tarmidzi referred to a quotation^{[clarification needed]} from a book on antisemitism that reads: "The use of Christian and secular European antisemitic motifs in Muslim publications is on the rise, yet at the same time, Muslim extremists are turning increasingly to their own religious sources, first and foremost the Qur'an, as a primary anti-Jewish source." Tarmidzi called this a "defamation of our religion Islam and blasphemy against its Holy Book Qur'an." That evening, the UNCHR's fifty-three member states—including the United States and several Western countries—adopted a decision by consensus, that "express[ed] its indignation and protest at the content of such an offensive reference to Islam and the Holy Qur'an; affirmed that this offensive reference should have been excluded from the report; requested the chairman to ask the special rapporteur to take corrective action in response to the present decision." That request was promptly carried out and the "offensive reference" was duly excised. David Littman. "Islamism Grows Stronger at the United Nations". Middle East Quarterly, September 1999.
^ Alstchiller, Donald. Hate Crimes, a Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO, 2005, Second edition. ISBN 1-85109-624-8, p. 47
^ "'Jews everywhere must feel that the United Nations is their home, too,' Secretary-General tells seminar on anti-semitism" UN Press release HR/4773 PI/1589, June 21, 2004
^ The United Nations and Antisemitism. 2004-2007 report card, by UN Watch. Available online from UN Watch
^ source:Reuters (2008-09-27). "Germany: Ahmadinejad anti-Semitic". tvnz.co.nz. Retrieved 2008-10-10. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ Obama, Barack (2008-10-10). "Obama Statement on Ahmadinejad's UN Remarks". The Page. Retrieved 2008-10-10. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Annan 'dismayed' by Iran remarks". BBC News. October 28, 2005. Retrieved 2006-10-29.
^ Philp, Catherine (2008-09-24). "Mahmoud Ahmadinejad blames George Bush and Zionists for financial woe". London: timesonline.co.uk. Retrieved 2008-10-10.
^ Bayefsky, Anne (2008-09-24). "Again. Antisemitism, welcomed and cheered". National Review Online. Retrieved 2008-10-07.
^ Lazaroff, Tovah. "UN site posts organ harvesting claim". Jerusalem Post, March 25, 2010
^ statement, reprinted as A/HRC/13/NGO/23
^ Edwards, Steven. "UN condemned for making Israeli organ harvesting claim" (Canwest News Service). National Post March 24, 2010.
^ t Human Rights Council, 'Regime' Not Allowed, But 'A State Built on Hatred' Is Okay by Patrick Goodenough, CNSnews.com, June 09, 2010.
^ webcast of speech from www.un.org
^ UN Watch Testifies to UN: Syrian Blood Libel is Racist, web-published by UN Watch at June 9, 2010
^ Prokes, Mirek (2001-11-22). "Durban 2001 NGO Forum". ngomonitor.org. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
^ Bayefsky, Anne (February 2004), "The UN and the Jews", Commentary magazine. Photographs are available on the eyeontheun.org website
^ Speech of Mr. Abdul-Rahman H. Al-Attiyah (Qatar) To the Anti-Racism International Conference, South Africa/ Durban 31/8 - 7/9/2001 www.un.org
^ Badawi, Zeinab (2002-11-21). "Talking Points: Mary Robinson, UN Human Rights chief". BBC News. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
^ Pillay, Navanethem (2008-12-16). "Nations must unite against racism". London: gardian.co.uk. Retrieved 2008-12-31.
^ Ahmadinejad speech: full text. This is the full text of the speech Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad gave at the Durban Review Conference, a UN conference on racism, in Geneva, Switzerland, on Tuesday, 20th April 2009.
^ Zarocostas, John. "Turbulent U.N. racism forum closes". Washington Times, April 25, 2009.
^ MacInnis, Laura. "Ahmadinejad prompts walkout from U.N. racism summit". Reuters, April 20, 2009.
^ Outcome document of the Durban Review Conference
^ www.un.org
^ World conference against racism risks failure without spirit of compromise, Norway warns, UNDPI press release, RD/D/25, 3 September 2001, www.un.org
^ Marsden, Chris. "Israel and US walk out of UN conference on racism". WSWS, September 6, 2001.
^ Deen, Thalif (2008-11-30). "Father slams Israel from UN pulpit". The Sunday Times, Sri Lanka. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
^ Arab Charter on Human Rights enters into force, Publication Date 25/1/2008 www.mynews.in
^ League of Arab States, Revised Arab Charter on Human Rights, May 22, 2004, reprinted in 12 Int'l Hum. Rts. Rep. 893 (2005), entered into force March 15, 2008, available online via University of Minnesota
^ The UN enables hatemongers, by John Robson, The Ottawa Citizen, Published: Friday, February 01, 2008 www.canada.com
^ UN Rights Chief Must Clarify Endorsement of Arab Charter with Anti-Semitic Provisions www.unwatch.org
^ Defender of human rights takes a brief step sideways, by Susan Martinuk, Calgary Herald, Published: Friday, February 01, 2008, www.canada.com
^ Statement by UN High Commissioner for Human Rights on the entry into force of the Arab Charter on Human Rights, Geneva, 30 January 2008, www.unhchr.ch
^ www.ohchr.org
^ The U.N.'s Refugees
^ http://www.haaretz.com/news/unifil-spokesman-rejects-charges-that-hezbollah-bribed-soldiers-1.63262
^ Jenin rebuilt Iain Hook shot and killed by an Israeli soldier November 22, 2002.
^ Asman, David. "The Asman Observer, Second Front". Fox News. June 14, 2004,
^ Canada looking at UN agency over Palestinian connection, CBC News, October 4, 2004, CBC website
^ Matthew Levitt, Dennis Ross, Hamas: Politics, Charity, and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad, Yale University Press, 2007, ISBN 0300122586, 9780300122589
^ Joshua Muravchik, The future of the United Nations: understanding the past to chart a way forward. AEI Press, 2005. ISBN 084477183X, 9780844771830
^ [13] Israel bombs U.N. Complex.
^ http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/MDE02/033/2006
^ Ravid, Barak (2008-04-28). "Israel: UNIFIL hiding info about Hezbollah from Security Council". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 2008-04-28.
^ http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=29326&Cr=israel&Cr1=OHCHR UN News Centre. Israel’s detention of UN expert ‘unprecedented’ – rights chief. Accessed: 27 Oct.2009.
^ http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/12session/A-HRC-12-48.pdf Page 14 of the Human rights in Palestine and other occupied Arab territories. Report of the United Nations Fact-Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict

External links

UN web pages and documents

Permanent Mission of Israel to the UN
- Israel-UN relations; an uneasy relationship, Backgrounder article updated July 2007, from the Permanent Mission of Israel to the UN.
Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the UN
UNISPAL, the UN Information System on the Question of Palestine
UN Division for Palestinian Rights
UNRWA
UN Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People
International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People.
The Question of Palestine & the United Nations, a booklet produced by the UN Department of Public Information.

Non-UN sources

U.N. vs. Israel, op-eds and articles from MidEastTruth.com.
UN Watch, edited by Hillel Neuer
Eye on the UN, edited by Anne Bayefsky
Index of articles on the United Nations from the Jewish Virtual Library
Series of article on the subject from ChristianActionForIsrael.org.

[unrg-72] For the purposes of United Nations Regional Groups arrangement, the Palestine Liberation Organization participates in the Asia group since 2 April 1986.^[68]^[69]^[70]^[71]

[1] P. J. I. M. de Waart, Dynamics of Self-determination in Palestine, Brill, 1994, p.121

[2] "The Mandatory (...) will secure the establishment of the Jewish national home, as laid down in the preamble, and the development of self-governing institutions, and also for safeguarding the civil and religious rights of all the inhabitants of Palestine, irrespective of race and religion." League of Nations Palestine Mandate, July 24, 1922, available online at Avalon Project, Yale

[3] United Nations Special Committee on Palestine: Report to the General Assembly, A/364, 3 September 1947

[4] Benny Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, p. 13

[5] Tudor Parfitt, The Road to Redemption: the Jews of the Yemen, Brill, 1996, p.166

[6] A statement from the Arab League in May 1948 said: "the Governments of the Arab States have found themselves compelled to intervene in Palestine solely in order to help its inhabitants restore peace and security and the rule of justice and law to their country, and in order to prevent bloodshed".Statement by the Arab League States Following the Establishment of the State of Israel May 15, 1948, available from www.mideastweb.org

[7] Khouri, Fred (1985). The Arab-Israeli Dilemma (3rd edition). Syracuse University Press. pp. 129–130. ISBN 0815623402.

[8] Twersky, David (2006-07-14). "The Assault on Israel's 1967 Border". New York Sun. Retrieved 2008-07-08.

[9] Newman, David (2007-01-09). "A Green Line in the Sand". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-08.

[10] ymous (2004-07-09). "Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory". International court of Justice. Archived from the original on 2008-04-01. Retrieved 2008-07-08.

[11] General progress report and supplementary report of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine, Covering the period from 11 December 1949 to 23 October 1950, GA A/1367/Rev.1 23 October 1950

[AlterasIkeIsr-12] Isaac Alteras, Eisenhower and Israel: U.S.-Israeli Relations, 1953–1960, University Press of Florida, 1993, ISBN 0-8130-1205-8, page 246

[PerlmRestl-13] Michael Brecher in Benjamin Frankel (ed.), A Restless Mind: Essays in Honor of Amos Perlmutter, Routledge, 1996, ISBN 0-7146-4607-5, page 104-117]

[14] Lall, Arthur S. (1970). The UN and the Middle East Crisis, 1967. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-08635-0.

[15] UNGA Resolution 3151 G (XXVIII) of 14 December 1973

[16] ted in Israel and Unesco, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 4, No. 2 (Winter, 1975)

[17] UNESCO and Israel - the sudden "politization" of UNESCO, Statement to UNESCO Clubs and Associations, 20.12.74, unesdoc.unesco.org

[18] UNESCO and Israel, unesdoc.unesco.org

[19] The 1975 "Zionism Is Racism" Resolution: The Rise, Fall, and Resurgence of a Libel, by Yohanan Manor, Institute for Global Jewish Affairs No. 97, 2 May 2010

[20] Obituary: Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Harold Jackson, March 28, 2003, www.guardian.co.uk

[21] Who stands accused?: Israel answers its critics, Chaim Herzog, 1978, Random House, ISBN 0-394-50132-2

[22] Treaty of Peace between the Arab Republic of Egypt and the State of Israel, 26 March 1979, www.mfa.gov.eg

[23] The Camp David Accords, The Framework for Peace in the Middle East, September 17, 1978, www.jimmycarterlibrary.org

[24] xpel Israel

[25] /40/752^{[dead link]}

[26] resolution 43/177

[27] Anti-Israel Bias at the U.N., September 2004, available online at www.adl.org

[28] resolution ES-10/13

[29] International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion, "Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory", paragraphs 120-137 and 163 [1]

[30] See the report of The UN Fact Finding Mission on Gaza, A/HRC/12/48, 25 September 2009, paragraph 1548

[31] ES-10/10. Illegal Israeli actions in Occupied East Jerusalem and the rest of the Occupied Palestinian Territory

[32] Report of the Secretary-General prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution ES-10/10, Tenth emergency special session, Agenda item 5, August 1, 2002, www.un.org

[33] [2]

[34] Israel introduces first draft resolution to the UN agenda. Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, November 5, 2003. [3]

[35] What is the evidence that the United Nations is biased against Israel? Middle East Facts, [4]

[36] Israel Circulates First Mideast Crisis Resolution. Associated Press, Published by Fox News Monday, November 03, 2003. [5]

[37] A/C.2/62/L.23/Rev.2

[38] Patrick Worsnip, Israel gets rare UN approval for farm resolution, Reuters, Tue 11 December 2007, africa.reuters.com

[39] Second Committee approves text calling on member states to step up promotion of agricultural technology for development, draft A/C.2/62/L.23/Rev.2, www.un.org

[40] ^ idem

[41] Record of vote, un.org

[42] Charbonneau, Louis; Dunham, Will (18 February 2011). "U.S. vetoes U.N. draft condemning Israeli settlements". Reuters.com. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 2011-02-20.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[43] Haaretz Service (18 February 2011). "Palestinian envoy: U.S. veto at UN 'encourages Israeli intransigence' on settlements". Haaretz.com. Haaretz Daily Newspaper Ltd. Retrieved 2011-02-20.

[unnews-44] Staff writers (18 February 2011). "United States vetoes Security Council resolution on Israeli settlements". UN News Centre. United Nations. Retrieved 2011-02-20.

[45] Haaretz Service (20 February 2011). "Deputy FM: Anti-settlement vote proves UN is a 'rubber stamp' for Arab nations". Haaretz.com. Haaretz Daily Newspaper Ltd. Retrieved 2011-02-20.

[46] Palestinian-Israeli crossfire 181 - A Palestinain view - The first milestone, Ghassan Khatib

[47] At the Versailles Peace Conference the Supreme Council established 'The Committee on New States and for The Protection of Minorities'. All the new successor states were compelled to sign minority rights treaties as a precondition of diplomatic recognition. It was agreed that although the new States had been recognized they had not been 'created' before the signatures of the final Peace Treaties. See "The Jews And Minority Rights, (1898-1919), Oscar I. Janowsky, Colombia University Press, 1933, page 342

[48] The United Nations established a formal minority rights protection system as an integral part of the Plan for the Future Government of Palestine. It was cataloged in a list of legal instruments compiled by the UN Secretariat in 1950. E/CN.4/367 Symbol: E/CN.4/367, Date: 7 April 1950 (see Chapter III of the United Nations Charter and the treaties concluded after the war, resolution 181(II) of 29 November 1947, "The Future Government of Palestine", pages 22-23)

[49] Self-determination and National Minorities, Thomas D. Musgrave, Oxford Monographs in International Law, Oxford University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-19-829898-6, Table of Treaties, Page xxxviii

[50] Henry Cattan, The Palestine Question, pp. 86-87. The verbatim record: Fifty-first meeting, held at Lake Success, New York, Monday 9 May 1949: Ad Hoc Political Committee, General Assembly, 3rd Session, A/AC.24/SR.51, 01/01/1949.

[51] General Assembly Resolution 273 (III) contains a footnote (5) regarding "the declarations and explanations made by the representative of the Government of Israel" which cites the minutes of the 45th-48th, 50th, and 51st meetings of the Ad Hoc Political Committee contained in documents A/AC.24/SR.45-48, 50 and 51

[52] See Mallison's testimony during the Senate hearings on "The Colonization Of The West Bank Territories By Israel", page 50 [6]

[53] In Guy S. Goodwin-Gill, and Stefan Talmon, eds., The Reality of International Law: Essays in Honour of Ian Brownlie. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999, p 108

[54] "Double Standards" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2002-09-29. Retrieved 2007-10-02.

[55] "Double Standards (Summary)". Retrieved 2007-10-02.

[56] American interest and UN reform. REPORT OF THE TASK FORCE ON THE UNITED NATIONS, United States Institute of Peace, 2005, www.usip.org

[57] Bayefsky, Anne. "Perspectives on Anti-Semitism Today". Lecture at conference "Confronting Anti-Semitism: Education for Tolerance and Understanding," United Nations Department of Information, New York, June 21, 2004.

[58] Abram, Morris. "Israel Under Attack: Anti-Semitism in the United Nations", The Earth Times, December 16–31, 1997.

[59] Harsanyi, David. "The United Nation's War Against Israel". www.capmag.com, May 27, 2002.

[60] UN claims map erasing Israel just "historical", www.eyeontheun.org

[61] Update on UN map without the State of Israel: the deception grows, eyeontheun.org

[62] Letter from Bolton to Annan, January 3, 2006, reproduced at eyeontheun.org

[63] Map of Israel, from the UN Cartographic section

[64] Warren, David. "Canada stands tall". The Ottawa Citizen', October 17, 2010.

[65] PM ignores Ignatieff, defends Canadian principles in wake of UN defeat, Martin Ouellet, The Canadian Press, Published in The Globe and Mail, Thursday, Oct. 14, 2010

[66] Snubbed, by The Economist, Oct 14th 2010

[67] “I know, by the way, because I have the bruises to show for it, that whether it is at the United Nations, or any other international forum, the easiest thing to do is simply to just get along and go along with this anti-Israeli rhetoric, to pretend it is just about being even-handed, and to excuse oneself with the label of ‘honest broker.’ There are, after all, a lot more votes — a lot more — in being anti-Israeli than in taking a stand. But, as long as I am prime minister, whether it is at the UN or the Francophonie or anywhere else, Canada will take that stand, whatever the cost. Not just because it is the right thing to do, but because history shows us, and the ideology of the anti-Israeli mob tells us all too well, that those who threaten the existence of the Jewish people are a threat to all of us.” from Harper says Canada will stand by Israel, by Mark Kennedy, Postmedia News. Published in the National Post Sunday, Nov. 7, 2010

[68] Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations. "Status of Palestine at the United Nations". United Nations. Retrieved 2010-12-09.: "On 2 April 1986, the Asian Group of the U.N. decided to accept the PLO as a full member."

[69] United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2002). "Government structures". United Nations. Retrieved 2010-12-05.: "At present, the PLO is a full member of the Asian Group of the United Nations".

[70] United Nations General Assembly Resolution 52/250: Participation of Palestine in the work of the United Nations (1998): "Palestine enjoys full membership in the Group of Asian States".

[71] Palestine/PLO (being a GA observer only) is not included in the list of "Members of the General Assembly, arranged in current regional groups". Further, a recent document of UN-HABITAT, which classifies countries by explicit lists according to the "United Nations Regional Groups" (see: "UN-HABITAT's Global Report on Human Settlements" (2007), pp. 329-330), along with a more recent document of UN-AIDS - which classifies countries by explicit lists according to the "Regional Groups that are used by the UN General Assembly, ECOSOC, and its subsidiary bodies" (see: UNAIDS, The Governance Handbook (2010), pp. 28-29), do not include Palestine/PLO in any Regional Group, but instead write: "the General Assembly conferred upon Palestine, in its capacity as observer, additional rights and privileges of participation. These included the right to participation in the general debate of the General Assembly, but did not include the rights to vote or put forward candidates" (see: UN-HABITAT's Global Report on Human Settlements, p. 335, 2nd footnote; UNAIDS, The Governance Handbook, p. 29, 4th footnote).

[73] Weiner, Rebecca. Israel Wins Membership on WEOG Article on www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.

[74] Israel Accepted to WEOG. An Achievement for Israeli Diplomacy, communicated by Foreign Ministry Spokesman, May 28, 2000 www.mfa.gov.il

[75] Herb Keinon, "Israel gets seats on United Nations agency panels", Jerusalem Post, January 3, 2008 20:37, www.jpost.com

[76] Annex to Resolution No. 59/26-P, Convention of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference on combating international terrorism, from the oic-un.org, which states: "Article 2, a. Peoples' struggle including armed struggle against foreign occupation, aggression, colonialism, and hegemony, aimed at liberation and self-determination in accordance with the principles of international law shall not be considered a terrorist crime."

[77] Secretary-General condemns "despicable" Hebron terrorist attack, Press Release SG/SM/8498, 15/11/2002

[78] Secretary-General dismayed by Beit She'An attack, condemns such terrorist acts as extremely harmful to Palestinian cause, Press Release SG/SM/8533 PAL/1928, 29/11//2002

[79] Question of the violation of human rights in the Occupied Arab Territories, including PalestineUNCHR, 58th session, E/CN.4/2002/L.16, 9 April 2002 www.unhchr.ch

[80] Commission on Human Rights, Fifty-eighth session, Summary Record of the 39th meeting, Geneva, 15 April 2002, www.unhchr.ch

[81] Jordan slams UN official for urging Palestinian refugees to resettle in Arab states AP and Haaretz, 28 October 2010

[82] Report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of Security Council resolutions 425 (1978) and 426 (1978)

[83] Erlich, Reuven (2006-08-09). "Raising the issue of the Sheba'a Farms in the proposed American-French Security Council draft resolution for ending the fighting". Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center. Retrieved 2009-03-05.

[84] ymous (undated). "Shebaa Farms: A Lebanese Land Occupied by Israel". Shebaa Farms Foundation. Retrieved 2009-03-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[85] Security Council endorsed Secretary-General's conclusion on Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon as of 16 June

[86] ^ map

[87] Levin, Andrea (2006-08-08). "Death and destruction are Hezbollah's goals". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2000-03-05. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

[88] ymous (2008-08-05). "Lebanese cabinet approves agenda". BBC News. Retrieved 2009-03-05.

[89] Subjects of UN Security Council Vetoes by GPF

[90] ADL Commends U.S. Veto of One-Sided Security Council Resolution Against Israel by ADL

[91] US Veto on Yassin Draws Criticism on GPF by BBC

[92] Book Review of Boutros Boutros-Ghali's Unvanquished: A U.S.-U.N. Saga, The Arab World Geographer/Le Géographe du monde arabe 2(3):254-257, 1999. Available at mama.indstate.edu

[93] Israel's Man at the UN,Tom Barry, July 26, 2006, www.irc-online.org

[94] Netanyahu: Direct talks are only path to true Mideast peace Haaretz, 28 October 2010

[95] UN Body: General Assembly » Year: 2007 » State: All » Report: Resolution, database search from eyeontheun.org

[96] UN Body: Human Rights Council » Year: 2007 » State: All » Report: Resolution, database search from eyeontheun.org

[97] UN Body: Security Council (SC) » Year: 2007 » State: All » Report: Resolution, database search from eyeontheun.org

[98] Allison Kaplan Sommer, The UN's outcast: Why is Israel treated differently than all other nations?, , published online by the Alabama Friends of Israel

[autogenerated2-99] Comparison of United Nations member states' language in relation to Israel and Palestine as evidenced by resolutions in the UN Security Council and UN General Assembly, United Nations Association of the United Kingdom, August 2004. Not found at www.una.org.uk, available only at UN Watch

[100] One-sided resolutions on the Arab-Israeli conflict adopted during the 61st session on the United Nations General Assembly, israel-un.mfa.gov.il

[101] Charbonneau, Louis (2009-08-12). "US vows to embrace UN in break with Bush-era policy". www.reuters.com. Retrieved 2009-08-13.

[102] Caroline Glick: Our irredeemable international system Jerusalem Post, September 18, 2009.

[DoreGold-103] Gold, Dore. "Israel's Right to Self Defense - On The Target". Israel Hayom. Retrieved 25 June 2010. Pg. 16-17 Weekend Edition (25 June 2010)

[104] Chalamish, Efraim. "Israel at the UN: An affair to follow". Jerusalem Post, August 21, 2010.

[105] Neuer, Hillel C. The Struggle against Anti-Israel Bias at the UN Commission on Human Rights, Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, January 1, 2006.

[106] A/RES/60/251

[107] "comparison document", published by the UNDPI May 30, 2007, available from UN Watch. Please help me find the original doc

[108] Cotler, Irwin. "UN poisons its human rights mission|. The Australian October 4, 2010.

[109] Statement on Review of the UN Human Rights Council, Delivered by Hillel Neuer for UN Watch, October 25, 2010.

[110] ttp://www.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/specialsession/2/index.htm

[111] Human Rights Council, United Nations (2006). "Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Lebanon pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution S-2/1*" (PDF).

[112] His job description, or U.N. mandate, deliberately excludes Palestinian human-rights abuses. As Dugard said on October 19, "I have a limited mandate, which is to investigate human rights violations by Israelis, not by Palestinians." The pre-determined outcome, however, has never been a problem for this lawyer. Far from being embarrassed, he launched into this year’s diatribe this way: "Today I deliver my annual criticism of Israel’s human rights record." Bayefsky, Anne. www.nationalreview.com "The U.N.'s Spokesperson for Suicide Bombers". National Review, October 23, 2006.

[113] After describing the Nazi horrors, [Falk] asked: “Is it an irresponsible overstatement to associate the treatment of Palestinians with this criminalized Nazi record of collective atrocity? I think not. The recent developments in Gaza are especially disturbing because they express so vividly a deliberate intention on the part of Israel and its allies to subject an entire human community to life-endangering conditions of utmost cruelty.” quoted in U.N. Taps American Jewish Critic of Israel as Rights Expert, By Marc Perelman, Forward Magazine March 27, 2008, issue of April 04, 2008. [7]

[franks-114] Franks, Tim (April 8, 2008). "UN expert stands by Nazi comments". BBC.

[115] Slouching toward a Palestinian Holocaust by Richard Falk

[116] Bad counsel, The Economist, April 4, 2007, www.economist.com

[117] The UN Human Rights Council, Testimony Delivered to the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Statement of Global Advocacy Director Peggy Hicks to the Subcommittee on International Operations and Organizations, Democracy and Human Rights, July 26, 2007, available online from Human Rights Watch

[118] The UN Human Rights Council Report Card: 2007-2009

[119] Diehl, Jackson. "The UN Human Rights Council: What Can Be Done to Save It?". Freedom House.

[120] "A Shadow on the Human Rights Movement". Washington Post, June 25, 2007. Page A19.

[121] Secretary-General's address to mark International Human Rights Day, New York, 8 December 2006, www.un.org/apps/sg/offthecuff.asp

[122] Secretary-General welcomes agreement on details of UN human rights review, June 20, 2007, www.un.org/News/

[123] President Bush Addresses The United Nations General Assembly, September 25, 2007, www.whitehouse.gov

[124] UN Human Rights Council "bias" disappoints MEPs

[125] "I agree with him (G.W. Bush). The functioning of the Council must be constantly improved," Costea told Le Temps on Saturday. He added that the Council must examine the behaviour of all parties involved in complex disputes and not place just one state under the magnifying glass. Human Rights Council president wants reform, September 29, 2007, www.swissinfo.org

[126] "We categorically reject the manner in which the ... package was pushed through at the council," said Henri-Paul Normandin, who is Canada's deputy representative at the UN. "Canada was denied its sovereign right to call a vote". Controversial changes to UN rights body passes, by Steven Edwards, CanWest News ServicePublished: November 16, 2007, National Post

[127] yeontheun.org database search

[128] yeontheun.org database search

[129] ADL Says "Shameful" U.N. Human Rights Council Resolution Against Israel "Another New Low Point", online article at www.adl.org

[130] Farrow, Ronan. online.wsj.com "The U.N.'s Human-Rights Sham". Wall Street Journal, January 29, 2008. Page A16.

[131] National Post editorial board. "The UN's double standard on Israel and Sri Lanka". National Post, May 30, 2009.

[132] Habibi, Don A (2007-01). "Human Rights and Politicized Human Rights: A Utilitarian Critique". Journal of Human Rights. 6 (1). Taylor & Francis Group: 3–35. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) abstract of article

[133] The UN Human Rights Council Report Card:2007-2009, Primary author Paula Schriefer, Freedom House, September 10th 2009

[134] Bayefsky, Anne. "The UN's war on Israel continues -- and the U.S. is silent". Special to NYDailyNews.com, June 18, 2010.

[135] The U.S. at the U.N. and Beyond: A World of Transnational Challenges, Esther Brimmer, Assistant Secretary, Bureau of International Organization Affairs, speaking to the Johns Hopkins School of International Studies, Washington, DC, September 15, 2010

[136] MacFarquhar, Neil. "G.O.P. Renews Call to Tie U.N. Funding to U.S. Goals". New York Times, January 25, 2011

[137] Human rights hatchet job: Despicable UN council thugs defame Israel again. Editorials, New York Daily News, Monday, September 27th 2010

[138] Ban Ki Moon is letting the Israel-bashers of the Human Rights Council make the UN look bad. Editorials, New York Daily News, Friday, January 21st 2011

[139] Pillay: UNHRC doesn’t single out Israel by Tovah Lazaroff, Jerusalem Post Feb 12 2011

[140] Accounting for Gaza by Mary Robinson, Daily Times, September 30, 2009.

[141] Goldstone: Israel should cooperate Jerusalem Post, Jul 16, 2009.

[142] Richard Goldstone, New York Times, Sept 17 2009.

[143] UNHRC press release 3 April 2009.

[144] "It looks therefore as if he [Goldstone] and the UNHRC President unilaterally tore up both the Council’s mandate and UN regulations". She said the mandate was changed in order to allow a negligible criticism of Hamas "to provide Goldstone with the fig-leaf to disguise the moral bankruptcy of the entire process". Phillips, Melanie. "The Moral Inversion of Richard Goldstone" The Spectator, September 16, 2009.

[145] Wasn't the mandate of the Mission changed to be more balanced? Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Access date October 11, 2009.

[146] ttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/12session/A-HRC-12-48.pdf Page 13 of the Human rights in Palestine and other occupied Arab territories. Report of the United Nations Fact-Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict

[147] ttp://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/eed216406b50bf6485256ce10072f637/3082212d3c30703e85257640004d962a?OpenDocument UNISPAL. Human Rights Council discussed report of fact-finding mission on the Gaza conflict. Accessed: 27 Oct.2009.

[148] Israel’s bombardment of Gaza is not self-defence – it’s a war crime The Sunday Times, January 11, 2009.

[149] Request to disqualify Prof. Christine Chinkin from UN fact finding mission on the Gaza conflict UN Watch, August 20, 2009.

[150] Why hasn't Israel cooperated with international investigations into the Gaza Operation? Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Access date October 4, 2009.

[151] Human rights in Palestine and other Occupied Arab Territories: Report of the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict

[152] Press release on presentation of report to the Human Rights Council – English 29 September 2009.

[153] Gal Beckerman: Goldstone: ‘If This Was a Court Of Law, There Would Have Been Nothing Proven.’ The Forward, October 16, 2009.

[154] UN puts off action on Gaza report BBC News Friday, 2 October 2009.

[155] Andrew Wander: Gaza report hobbled by diplomacy? Al Jazeera English, October 01, 2009.

[156] Gaza report vote delay angers Hamas Al Jazeera English, October 03, 2009.

[157] Ben Lynfield: Palestinian fury as Abbas stalls Israeli war crimes vote The Scotsman, 05 October 2009.

[158] Jordans, Fank. "US officials: UN rights membership an 'experiment'" AP, September 29, 2009.

[159] The human rights situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem Human Rights Council Twelfth special session 15 – 16 October 2009

[160] MacInnis, Laura. "U.N. rights council criticizes Israel over Gaza". Reuters, October 16, 2009.

[161] Edwards, Steven. "UN report accuses Israel of war crimes". National Post, October 17, 2009.

[162] Hui Min Neo. "UN rights council endorses damning Gaza report". AFP. October 16, 2009.

[163] Women in an Insecure World

[164] [8]

[165] Commission on the Status of Women, Report on the fifty first session, E/2007/27, E/CN.6/2007/9, daccessdds.un.org

[166] Statement by Ms. Meirav Eilon-Shahar, Counsellor. Explanation of Position, Draft resolution: Situation of and assistance to Palestinian women, E/CN.6/2007/L.2 (51st Session of the Commission on the Status of Women, New York, 9 March 2007), israel-un.mfa.gov.il

[167] (E/CN.6/2008/L.3).

[168] The right to food. Report by the Special Rapporteur, Jean Ziegler Addendum. Mission to the Occupied Palestinian Territories. UN Document E/CN.4/2004/10/Add.2, published 31 October 2003, available online at [9]

[169] Palestinian food report upsets Israel Al Jazeera (Reuters). October 10, 2003

[170] Latest developments in the situation of the World Heritage Site of the Old City of Jerusalem, Special Plenary Meeting (16 April to 17 April 2007), unesdoc.unesco.org

[171] Amnesty International, Exiled and suffering: Palestinian refugees in Lebanon, p.7, available online at [10] accessed 13 February 2011

[172] Shlomo Shamir, "Arabs foil PA condemnation of Hamas' takeover of Gaza at UN", Ha'aretz November 18, 2007, www.haaretz.com

[173] Human Rights Nightmare, Speech before UN Human Rights Council 4th Session, 23 March 2007, Delivered by Hillel Neuer, Executive Director of UN Watch

[174] Your U.N. at Work, The Wall Street Journal, March 30, 2007; Page A14

[175] Alan Gold, "New name, but the shame is still the same". The Australian, April 17, 2007

[176] "Lebanon army takes control of camp after battle", Reuters, [11] September 2, 2007

[177] "Hariri: Lebanon fears worst", Independent Online [12] May 21, 2007

[178] "The majority of the refugees fled the camp and adjacent areas with few or no belongings believing that they would be returning after a few days. Overnight they lost everything – their homes, personal and household belongings, commercial property and assets, and jobs." Emergency Appeal for Northern Lebanon FINAL REPORT, 30 April 2009, UNRWA

[179] SC/9024 Security Council press statement on Lebanon May 23, 2007

[180] Reilly, William, "U.N. Council, officials plea for Lebanon", UPI (May 23, 2007)

[181] S/PRST/2007/17 Statement by the President of the Security Council 11 June 2007

[182] Leopold, Evelyn, "U.N. Council backs Beirut: Worried by arms traffic", Reuters (June 11, 2007)

[183] Toameh, Khaled Abu, "Silence on Nahr al-Bared" Commentary (July 31, 2007)

[184] Jenin comes to Lebanon. So where is the outcry?, by Jonathan Kay, National Post Tuesday, May 29, 2007

[autogenerated1-185] Lebanon Palestinian refugees: systematic discrimination and complete lack of interest on the part of the international community, n°356/2 March 2003 www.fidh.org

[186] Brackman, Nicole and Asaf Romirowsky. Dubious refugee relief. Is U.N. aiding or abetting Palestinians?. June 21, 2007.^{[dead link]}

[187] Miller, Judith and David Samuels. "No way home: The tragedy of the Palestinian diaspora" The Independent. October 22, 2009.

[188] Lindsay, James. "Fixing UNRWA" www.washingtoninstitute.org. Accessed November 20, 2010.

[189] GA Res. A/53/623

[190] "Ailing Schoolgirls", Time Magazine, Apr. 18, 1983

[191] Raphael Israeli, Poison, Lexington Books, 2002. ISBN 0-7391-0207-9, p.202

[192] A Saudi Arabian delegate stated in front of the 1984 UN Human Rights Commission conference on religious tolerance that "the Talmud says that if a Jew does not drink every year the blood of a non-Jewish man, he will be damned for eternity." This is the classic blood libel of medieval Europe. According to the same source, a similar remark was made by the Syrian Ambassador to the UN, at a 1991 meeting of the Commission. Source:U.N. Bias Against Israel, AIPAC, May 20, 2002., www.science.co.il

[193] Bayefsky, Anne. "How much anti-semitism is too much?". Jerusalem Post, January 15, 2011.

[194] Kofi Annan Honors UN Watch Founder Morris Abram. Press Release SG/SM/7260, December 15, 1999

[195] Matas, David. Aftershock: anti-zionism and anti-semitism. Dundurn Press, 2005. ISBN 1-55002-553-8.

[196] ymous (unknown). "Working definition of antisemitism" (PDF). European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). Retrieved 2008-03-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) includes: i) Denying the Jewish people their right to self-determination, e.g., by claiming that the existence of a state of Israel is a racist endeavor. ii) Applying double standards by requiring of it a behavior not expected or demanded of any other democratic nation.

[197] Rickman, Gregg J. (2008). "Contemporary global anti-semitism" (PDF). USDOS. Retrieved 2008-03-27.

[198] Kofi Annan Honors UN Watch Founder Morris Abram. Press Release SG/SM/7260, 15 December 1999

[199] On the last day of the UNCHR's 1997 session, the Indonesian representative, Agus Tarmidzi, speaking on behalf of the OIC countries, took the floor to protest a passage in a report by Benin's Maurice Glélé-Ahanhanzo, the UN special rapporteur on racism. Focusing on information under the subheading "Islamist and Arab Anti-Semitism," Tarmidzi referred to a quotation^{[clarification needed]} from a book on antisemitism that reads: "The use of Christian and secular European antisemitic motifs in Muslim publications is on the rise, yet at the same time, Muslim extremists are turning increasingly to their own religious sources, first and foremost the Qur'an, as a primary anti-Jewish source." Tarmidzi called this a "defamation of our religion Islam and blasphemy against its Holy Book Qur'an." That evening, the UNCHR's fifty-three member states—including the United States and several Western countries—adopted a decision by consensus, that "express[ed] its indignation and protest at the content of such an offensive reference to Islam and the Holy Qur'an; affirmed that this offensive reference should have been excluded from the report; requested the chairman to ask the special rapporteur to take corrective action in response to the present decision." That request was promptly carried out and the "offensive reference" was duly excised. David Littman. "Islamism Grows Stronger at the United Nations". Middle East Quarterly, September 1999.

[200] Alstchiller, Donald. Hate Crimes, a Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO, 2005, Second edition. ISBN 1-85109-624-8, p. 47

[201] "'Jews everywhere must feel that the United Nations is their home, too,' Secretary-General tells seminar on anti-semitism" UN Press release HR/4773 PI/1589, June 21, 2004

[202] The United Nations and Antisemitism. 2004-2007 report card, by UN Watch. Available online from UN Watch

[203] source:Reuters (2008-09-27). "Germany: Ahmadinejad anti-Semitic". tvnz.co.nz. Retrieved 2008-10-10. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)

[204] Obama, Barack (2008-10-10). "Obama Statement on Ahmadinejad's UN Remarks". The Page. Retrieved 2008-10-10. ^{[dead link]}

[205] "Annan 'dismayed' by Iran remarks". BBC News. October 28, 2005. Retrieved 2006-10-29.

[206] Philp, Catherine (2008-09-24). "Mahmoud Ahmadinejad blames George Bush and Zionists for financial woe". London: timesonline.co.uk. Retrieved 2008-10-10.

[207] Bayefsky, Anne (2008-09-24). "Again. Antisemitism, welcomed and cheered". National Review Online. Retrieved 2008-10-07.

[208] Lazaroff, Tovah. "UN site posts organ harvesting claim". Jerusalem Post, March 25, 2010

[209] statement, reprinted as A/HRC/13/NGO/23

[210] Edwards, Steven. "UN condemned for making Israeli organ harvesting claim" (Canwest News Service). National Post March 24, 2010.

[211] t Human Rights Council, 'Regime' Not Allowed, But 'A State Built on Hatred' Is Okay by Patrick Goodenough, CNSnews.com, June 09, 2010.

[212] webcast of speech from www.un.org

[213] UN Watch Testifies to UN: Syrian Blood Libel is Racist, web-published by UN Watch at June 9, 2010

[214] Prokes, Mirek (2001-11-22). "Durban 2001 NGO Forum". ngomonitor.org. Retrieved 2008-05-25.

[215] Bayefsky, Anne (February 2004), "The UN and the Jews", Commentary magazine. Photographs are available on the eyeontheun.org website

[216] Speech of Mr. Abdul-Rahman H. Al-Attiyah (Qatar) To the Anti-Racism International Conference, South Africa/ Durban 31/8 - 7/9/2001 www.un.org

[217] Badawi, Zeinab (2002-11-21). "Talking Points: Mary Robinson, UN Human Rights chief". BBC News. Retrieved 2008-05-25.

[218] Pillay, Navanethem (2008-12-16). "Nations must unite against racism". London: gardian.co.uk. Retrieved 2008-12-31.

[219] Ahmadinejad speech: full text. This is the full text of the speech Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad gave at the Durban Review Conference, a UN conference on racism, in Geneva, Switzerland, on Tuesday, 20th April 2009.

[220] Zarocostas, John. "Turbulent U.N. racism forum closes". Washington Times, April 25, 2009.

[221] MacInnis, Laura. "Ahmadinejad prompts walkout from U.N. racism summit". Reuters, April 20, 2009.

[222] Outcome document of the Durban Review Conference

[223] www.un.org

[224] World conference against racism risks failure without spirit of compromise, Norway warns, UNDPI press release, RD/D/25, 3 September 2001, www.un.org

[225] Marsden, Chris. "Israel and US walk out of UN conference on racism". WSWS, September 6, 2001.

[226] Deen, Thalif (2008-11-30). "Father slams Israel from UN pulpit". The Sunday Times, Sri Lanka. Retrieved 2008-12-11.

[227] Arab Charter on Human Rights enters into force, Publication Date 25/1/2008 www.mynews.in

[228] League of Arab States, Revised Arab Charter on Human Rights, May 22, 2004, reprinted in 12 Int'l Hum. Rts. Rep. 893 (2005), entered into force March 15, 2008, available online via University of Minnesota

[229] The UN enables hatemongers, by John Robson, The Ottawa Citizen, Published: Friday, February 01, 2008 www.canada.com

[230] UN Rights Chief Must Clarify Endorsement of Arab Charter with Anti-Semitic Provisions www.unwatch.org

[231] Defender of human rights takes a brief step sideways, by Susan Martinuk, Calgary Herald, Published: Friday, February 01, 2008, www.canada.com

[232] Statement by UN High Commissioner for Human Rights on the entry into force of the Arab Charter on Human Rights, Geneva, 30 January 2008, www.unhchr.ch

[233] www.ohchr.org

[234] The U.N.'s Refugees

[235] ttp://www.haaretz.com/news/unifil-spokesman-rejects-charges-that-hezbollah-bribed-soldiers-1.63262

[236] Jenin rebuilt Iain Hook shot and killed by an Israeli soldier November 22, 2002.

[237] Asman, David. "The Asman Observer, Second Front". Fox News. June 14, 2004,

[238] Canada looking at UN agency over Palestinian connection, CBC News, October 4, 2004, CBC website

[239] Matthew Levitt, Dennis Ross, Hamas: Politics, Charity, and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad, Yale University Press, 2007, ISBN 0300122586, 9780300122589

[240] Joshua Muravchik, The future of the United Nations: understanding the past to chart a way forward. AEI Press, 2005. ISBN 084477183X, 9780844771830

[241] [13] Israel bombs U.N. Complex.

[242] ttp://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/MDE02/033/2006

[243] Ravid, Barak (2008-04-28). "Israel: UNIFIL hiding info about Hezbollah from Security Council". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 2008-04-28.

[244] ttp://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=29326&Cr=israel&Cr1=OHCHR UN News Centre. Israel’s detention of UN expert ‘unprecedented’ – rights chief. Accessed: 27 Oct.2009.

[245] ttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/12session/A-HRC-12-48.pdf Page 14 of the Human rights in Palestine and other occupied Arab territories. Report of the United Nations Fact-Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict

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@@ Line 252: / Line 252: @@
 At its Second Special Session in August 2006, the Council voted to establish a Commission of Inquiry to investigate allegations that Israel systematically targeted Lebanese civilians during the [[2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict]].<ref>http://www.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/specialsession/2/index.htm</ref> The Commission noted that its report on the conflict would be incomplete without fully investigating both sides, but that "the Commission is not entitled, even if it had wished, to construe [its charter] as equally authorizing the investigation of the actions by [[Hezbollah]] in Israel".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/specialsession/A.HRC.3.2.pdf |format=PDF| title=Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Lebanon pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution S-2/1* | first=United Nations | last=Human Rights Council | year=2006}}</ref>
-The [[United Nations Special Rapporteur|Special Rapporteur]] on the question of Palestine to the previous UNCHR, the current UNHRC and the General Assembly was, between 2001 and 2008, [[John Dugard]].<ref name=franks />Dugard, who has compared Israeli policies with [[South African Apartheid]], was replaced in 2008 with [[Richard Falk]], who has compared Israel's treatment of Palestinians with the Nazis' treatment of Jews during the Holocaust.<ref>{{cite news|title=Israel to bar UN official for comparing Israelis to Nazis| url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/972974.html|publisher=[[Haaretz]]|date=April 8, 2008}}</ref><ref name=franks>{{cite news| title= UN expert stands by Nazi comments|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7335875.stm|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=April 8, 2008 | first=Tim | last=Franks}}</ref><ref>[http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=13226 Slouching toward a Palestinian Holocaust] by [[Richard Falk]]</ref>
+The [[United Nations Special Rapporteur|Special Rapporteur]] on the question of Palestine to the previous UNCHR, the current UNHRC and the General Assembly was, between 2001 and 2008, [[John Dugard]]. Bayefski quotes him as saying that his mandate is to "investigate human rights violations by Israel only, not by Palestinians". <ref>His job description, or U.N. mandate, deliberately excludes Palestinian human-rights abuses. As Dugard said on October 19, "I have a limited mandate, which is to investigate human rights violations by Israelis, not by Palestinians." The pre-determined outcome, however, has never been a problem for this lawyer. Far from being embarrassed, he launched into this year’s diatribe this way: "Today I deliver my annual criticism of Israel’s human rights record." Bayefsky, Anne. [http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=ZDdmMzk4YTJlZDM0ZGZiZGY5NWYyY2E5OGJmMzgzOWM= www.nationalreview.com "The U.N.'s Spokesperson for Suicide Bombers"]. ''National Review'', October 23, 2006.</ref> Dugard was replaced in 2008 with [[Richard Falk]], who has compared Israel's treatment of Palestinians with the Nazis' treatment of Jews during the Holocaust.<ref>After describing the Nazi horrors, [Falk] asked: “Is it an irresponsible overstatement to associate the treatment of Palestinians with this criminalized Nazi record of collective atrocity? I think not. The recent developments in Gaza are especially disturbing because they express so vividly a deliberate intention on the part of Israel and its allies to subject an entire human community to life-endangering conditions of utmost cruelty.” quoted in U.N. Taps American Jewish Critic of Israel as Rights Expert, By Marc Perelman, Forward Magazine March 27, 2008, issue of April 04, 2008. [http://www.forward.com/articles/13037/]</ref><ref name=franks>{{cite news| title= UN expert stands by Nazi comments|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7335875.stm|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=April 8, 2008 | first=Tim | last=Franks}}</ref><ref>[http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=13226 Slouching toward a Palestinian Holocaust] by [[Richard Falk]]</ref>
 Many observers noted this anti-Israel bias. [[The Economist]] wrote: "In its fourth regular session, which ended in Geneva on March 30, the 47-member council again failed to address many egregious human-rights abuses around the world. (...) Indeed, in its nine months of life, the council has criticised only one country for human-rights violations, passing in its latest session its ninth resolution against Israel. This obsession with bashing Israel and turning a blind eye to so much else has disappointed those who hoped that the new council might perform better than its predecessor."<ref>''Bad counsel'', The Economist, April 4, 2007, www.economist.com</ref> Peggy Hicks, Global Advocacy Director for [[Human Rights Watch]] said in a July 26, 2007 testimony to the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee: "In its first year, the Human Rights Council has failed to take action regarding countries facing human rights crises such as Burma, Colombia, Somalia, Turkmenistan, and Zimbabwe, ended the mandates of human rights experts on Belarus and Cuba, and rolled back its consideration of the deteriorating situations in Iran and Uzbekistan. At the same time, it focused disproportionately on Israel’s human rights record and worse still, did so in a manner doomed to be ineffective because it failed to look comprehensively at the situation, including the responsibilities and roles of Palestinian authorities and armed groups".<ref>The UN Human Rights Council, Testimony Delivered to the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Statement of Global Advocacy Director Peggy Hicks to the Subcommittee on International Operations and Organizations, Democracy and Human Rights, July 26, 2007, available online from [http://hrw.org/english/docs/2007/07/26/usint16521.htm Human Rights Watch]</ref> Similar accusations were voiced by [[Freedom House]],<ref>[http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/84.pdf The UN Human Rights Council Report Card: 2007-2009]</ref><ref>Diehl, Jackson. [http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/CanadSenateHRC022508.pdf "The UN Human Rights Council: What Can Be Done to Save It?"]. Freedom House.</ref> the Washington Post,<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/24/AR2007062401373.html "A Shadow on the Human Rights Movement"]. ''Washington Post'', June 25, 2007. Page A19.</ref> [[Kofi Annan]],<ref>''Secretary-General's address to mark International Human Rights Day'', New York, 8 December 2006, www.un.org/apps/sg/offthecuff.asp</ref> [[Ban Ki-moon]],<ref>''Secretary-General welcomes agreement on details of UN human rights review'', June 20, 2007, www.un.org/News/</ref> US President [[George W. Bush]],<ref>''President Bush Addresses The United Nations General Assembly'', September 25, 2007, [http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/09/20070925-4.html www.whitehouse.gov]</ref> and members of the [[European Parliament]].<ref>[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/expert/infopress_page/015-64082-313-11-46-902-20091109IPR64079-09-11-2009-2009-false/default_en.htm UN Human Rights Council "bias" disappoints MEPs]</ref> The UNHRC President himself, [[Doru Costea]], criticized this anti-Israel bias <ref>"I agree with him (''G.W. Bush''). The functioning of the Council must be constantly improved," Costea told Le Temps on Saturday. He added that the Council must examine the behaviour of all parties involved in complex disputes and not place just one state under the magnifying glass. ''Human Rights Council president wants reform'', September 29, 2007, [http://www.swissinfo.org/eng/front/detail/Human_Rights_Council_president_wants_reform.html?siteSect=105&sid=8265630&cKey=1191080216000&ty=st www.swissinfo.org]</ref> but Canadian officials accused him of contributing to this situation.<ref>"We categorically reject the manner in which the ... package was pushed through at the council," said Henri-Paul Normandin, who is Canada's deputy representative at the UN. "Canada was denied its sovereign right to call a vote". ''Controversial changes to UN rights body passes'', by Steven Edwards, CanWest News ServicePublished: November 16, 2007, [http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=88cdec73-c6c9-4858-a95c-f2e8cbfe45dc&k=11105 National Post]</ref>

Revision as of 22:01, 28 February 2011