Legality of Cannabis by U.S. Jurisdiction

For other uses, see Ansarullah.

Houthis
الحوثيون
Leaders
Dates of operation1994–present (armed since 2004)
Group(s)Houthis, allied Zaidi tribes in Sa'dah
HeadquartersSa'dah, Yemen
Active regions
IdeologyZaydi Islamism[1]
Anti-imperialism[2]
Anti-Zionism
AlliesState allies

Non-state allies

OpponentsState opponents

Non-state opponents

Battles and warsHouthi insurgency in Yemen
Syrian Civil War[8][9]
Websitehttp://www.ansarallah.net

Ansar Allah (anṣār allāh أنصار الله "Supporters of God"), known more popularly as the Houthis (Arabic: الحوثيون al-Ḥūthiyyūn), are a Zaidi Shia group in Yemen that have been struggling for several vital causes, e.g. ending Western Imperialism, driving out Al-Qaeda from Yemen, enforcing political reforms and economic well-being for all Yemenis.[12][13][14]

The group takes its name from Hussein Badreddin al-Houthi, who launched an insurgency in 2004 and was reportedly killed by Yemeni army forces that September.[15] [16]

In 2014–15, led by Abdul-Malik al-Houthi, the group and their massive base of support succeeded in effecting what the Western and Yemenis governments have called a coup d'état. Houthis currently retain control of the Yemeni capital Sana'a and the parliament.[17]

Western sources and the ousted Yemenis government have claimed that Houthis have received support from Iran in the form of weapons, money and training since 2004 but senior Houthi officials have rejected the claims.[3] Contrary to these claims, a December 2009 cable between Sanaa and Western intelligence agencies disseminated by Wikileaks states that some analysts believed the Houthis obtained weapons from the Yemeni black market and "corrupt" members of the Republican Guard.[18]

History

See also: Houthi insurgency in Yemen
Current territorial situation in Yemen. Houthi forces are shown in green.

The Houthi movement began as the Believing Youth (BY), which was founded in 1992 in Saada Governorate[19]: 1008  by either Houthi family member Mohammed al-Houthi,[20]: 98  or his brother Hussein al-Houthi.[21]

According to Ahmed Addaghashi, a professor at Sanaa University, the Houthis began as a theological movement that preached tolerance and peace that held a considerably broad-minded educational and cultural vision.[22] Western sources report that BY established school clubs and summer camps[20]: 98  in order to "promote a Zaidi revival" in Saada.[21] By 1994–1995, 15–20,000 students had attended BY summer camps.[20]: 99 

After the 2003 invasion of Iraq, BY-affiliated youth began chanting anti-American and anti-Jewish slogans in the Saleh Mosque in Sana'a after Friday prayers.[citation needed] This led to confrontations with the government, and 800 BY supporters were arrested in Sana'a in 2004. President Ali Abdullah Saleh then invited Hussein al-Houthi to a meeting in Sana'a, but Hussein declined. On 18 June 2004 Saleh sent government forces to arrest Hussein.[23] Hussein responded by launching an insurgency against the government, but was killed on 10 September 2004.[24] The insurgency continued intermittently until a ceasefire agreement was reached in 2010.[25]

The Houthis participated in the 2011 Yemeni Revolution, as well as the ensuing National Dialogue Conference (NDC). However, they rejected the provisions of the November 2011 Gulf Cooperation Council deal, which included immunity for former president Saleh and the establishment of a coalition government.[26]

As the revolution went on, Houthis gained control of greater territory. By 9 November 2011, Houthis were said to be in control of two Yemeni governorates (Saada and Al Jawf) and close to taking over their third governorate (Hajjah),[27] which would enable them to launch a direct assault on Yemeni capital Sana'a.[28] In May 2012, it was reported that Houthis controlled a majority of Saada, Al Jawf, and Hajjah governorates; they had also gained access to the Red Sea and started erecting barricades north of the capital Sana'a in preparation for more conflict.[29]

By 21 September 2014, Houthis were said to control parts of the Yemeni capital, Sana'a, including government buildings and a radio station.[30] While control of the capital expanded to the rest of the Sana'a, as well as other towns such as Rada' City, control was strongly challenged by Al-Qaeda. It was believed by Western states and Saudi Arabia that the Houthis had accepted aid from Iran while Saudi Arabia was aiding their Yemeni rivals.[31]

On 20 January 2015, Houthi rebels seized the presidential palace in the capital. While President Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi was in the presidential palace during the takeover, he was safe.[32] The movement officially took control of the Yemeni government on 6 February, dissolving parliament and declaring its Revolutionary Committee to be the acting authority in Yemen.[17] On 20 March 2015, The al-Badr and al-Hashoosh mosques came under suicide attack during midday prayers. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant quickly claimed responsibility. The blasts killed 142 Houthi worshippers and wounded more than 351, making it the deadliest terrorist attack in Yemen's history.[33] In a televised speech on March 22, Houthi leader, Abdul Malik al-Houthi accused US and Israel of supporting the terrorists attacks. He also blamed regional Arab states for financing terrorist groups operating inside Yemen.[34] On 27 March 2015, in response to perceived Houthi threats to Sunni factions in the region, Saudi Arabia along with Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, UAE, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and Sudan led a gulf coalition airstrike against Yemen.[35] The military coalition includes the United States who is helping with the planning of air strikes, as well as logistical and intelligence (spying) support.[36]

Membership

Ansar Allah fighters in Yemen, August 2009.

There is a difference between the al-Houthi family, which has about twenty members[20]: 102  and the Houthi movement, which took the name "Houthi" after the death of Hussein Badreddin al-Houthi in 2004.

Membership of the group had between 1,000 and 3,000 fighters as of 2005[37] and between 2,000 and 10,000 fighters as of 2009.[38] In the Yemen Post it was claimed, however, that they had over 100,000 fighters.[11] According to Houthi expert Ahmed Al-Bahri the Houthis had a total of 100,000-120,000 followers, including both armed fighters and unarmed loyalists.[39]

Ideology

According to Ahmed Addaghashi, a professor at Sanaa University, the Houthis began as a theological movement that preached tolerance and peace and held a considerably broad-minded educational and cultural vision.[22]

Houthi leaders such as Issam Al-'Imad have stated as early as 2011 that they are religiously and ideologically influenced by Iran,[40] and as of 2014 it has been observered that “The Houthi group’s approach is in many ways similar to that of Hizbollah in Lebanon. Both religiously based, Iran-backed groups follow the same military doctrine and glorify the Khomeini revolution in Iran”.[41]

Houthis belong to the Zaidi branch of Islam, also known as Fivers, a sect of Islam almost exclusively present in Yemen. They are known for being most similar to Sunni Muslims in matters of religious law and rulings. They do however, believe in the concept of an Imamate as being essential to their religion, which makes them distinct from Sunnis.[42] However, they are also regularly accused, even by fellow Zaidis, of secretly being converts or followers of the Twelver sect, which is the official religion of their ally and backer Iran.[43][44][45][46]

The Houthis have asserted that their actions are to fight against the expansion of Salafism in Yemen,[43] and for the defence of their community from widespread and systematic discrimination, whereas the Yemeni government has in turn accused the insurgents of intending to overthrow the regime out of a desire to institute Zaidi religious law,[47] destabilising the government and stirring anti-American sentiment.[48] The Houthis have told people they are "praying in the wrong way" by raising their arms, as is the custom among Sunnis in Yemen.[49]

The Yemeni government has also accused the Houthis of having ties to external backers, in particular the Iranian government.[50] In turn, the Houthis have countered with allegations that the Yemeni government is being backed by virulently anti-Shia external backers such as al-Qaeda and the monarchy of Saudi Arabia,[51][52][53] despite the fact that former President Ali Abdullah Saleh was also Zaidi.[54] The discord has led some publishers to fear that further confrontations may lead to an all-out Sunni-Shiite war.[55]

Flag and slogan

The group's flag reads as following: "God is Great, Death to America, Death to Israel, Curse on the Jews, Victory to Islam". This motto is modeled on the motto of revolutionary Iran.[56] Commenting on the meaning of the slogan, Ali al Bukhayti, the former spokesperson and official media face of the Houthis said: "We do not really want death to anyone. The slogan is simply against the interference of those governments."[57][58][59][60]

Leaders

Motives and objectives

When armed conflict for the first time erupted back in 2004 between the Yemenis government and Houthis, the then Yemenis president accused Houthis and other Islamic opposition parties of trying to overthrow the government and the republican system. However Houthi leaders for their part rejected the accusation by saying that they had never rejected the president or the republican system but were only defending themselves against government attacks on their community.[64]

According to a February 2015 Newsweek report, Houthis are fighting "for things that all Yemenis crave: government accountability, the end to corruption, regular utilities, fair fuel prices, job opportunities for ordinary Yemenis and the end of Western influence."[65]

In an interview with Yemen Times, Hussein Al-Bukhari, a Houthi insider said that Houthi's preferable political system is a republic with elections where women can also hold political positions, and that they do not seek to form a cleric-led government after the model of Islamic Republic of Iran for "we cannot apply this system in Yemen because the followers of the Shafi [Sunni] doctrine are bigger in number than the Zaydis."[66]

Ali Akbar Velayati, International Affairs Advisor to Supreme Iranian Leader Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khamenei, stated in October 2014 that "We are hopeful that Ansar-Allah has the same role in Yemen as Hezbollah has in eradicating the terrorists in Lebanon".[67]

Tactics

The Houthis have used both military action and activism to achieve their goals, and have been accused of violations of international humanitarian law such as using child soldiers, looting, forced evacuations, executions, forced taxing, and human shielding.[18] In 2004, Hussein Badreddin al-Houthi led an insurgency in the north of Yemen.[68] Hussein al-Houthi's brother, Abdul-Malik al-Houthi, took over the insurgency after his death.[64] In 2015, the Houthis captured the capital Sana'a in a coup d'état.[69]

In the past, the Houthis have also used peaceful method, such as civil disobedience. Following the Yemeni government's decision in July 13, 2014 to increase fuel prices,[70] Houthi leaders succeeded to organize massive rallies in the capital Sana'a to protest the decision and to demand resignation of the incumbent government of Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi for "state-corruption".[71] Thousands of Yemenis responded to the Houthi leader Abdul Malik al-Houthi's call to "erect tents, carry out sit-ins and organize marches" in the capital.[72] These protests developed into the 2014-2015 phase of the insurgency.

Similarly, following 2015 Saudi-led airstrikes against Houthis which claimed civilians lives, Yemenis from all walks of life responded to the Abdul-Malik al-Houthi's call and took to streets of the capital, Sana'a, in tens of thousands to voice their anger at the Saudi invasion.[73][74]

Administration

Map last updated 30 January 2015

The Houthis exert de facto authority over the bulk of North Yemen. North Yemen was united with South Yemen in 1990; the Yemen government has repeatedly suppressed separatist protests by force.[75] The Houthis' direct administration includes the following territories:

See also

References

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External links

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houthis&oldid=654804309