Legality of Cannabis by U.S. Jurisdiction

File:Touched by His Noodly Appendage.jpg
Touched by His Noodly Appendage, a parody of The Creation of Adam by Michelangelo, is a well-known iconic image of the Flying Spaghetti Monster.

The Flying Spaghetti Monster (FSM) is the deity of the parody religion[1][2] the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster or Pastafarianism.[3] Created in 2005 by Bobby Henderson, it was originally intended as a satirical protest against the decision by the Kansas State Board of Education to require the teaching of intelligent design as an alternative to evolution in public schools. In an open letter sent to the Kansas State Board of Education, Henderson parodied the concept of intelligent design by professing belief in a supernatural creator which closely resembles spaghetti and meatballs. Henderson further called for his "Pastafarian" theory of creation to be allotted equal time in science classrooms alongside intelligent design and evolution. He explained that since the intelligent design movement uses ambiguous references to an unspecified "Intelligent Designer", any conceivable entity may fulfill that role, even a Flying Spaghetti Monster. After Henderson published the letter on his website, it rapidly became an internet phenomenon and a symbol for the case against intelligent design in public schools.

Pastafarian beliefs—generally satires of Creationism—are presented both on Henderson's website, where he is described as a "prophet", and in the Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, published by Villiard Press in 2006. The central belief is that an invisible and undetectable Flying Spaghetti Monster created the universe. Pirates are revered as the original Pastafarians, and Pastafarians facetiously assert that a steady decline in the number of pirates has resulted in a significant rise in global temperature. Pastafarians celebrate every Friday as a holy day; this is the holiest of Pastafarian holidays, which include Ramendan, Pastaover, and a vaguely defined holiday named "Holiday".

On Henderson's website visitors can purchase t-shirts, trinkets, and bumper stickers and share pictures of crafts "devoted" to the Flying Spaghetti Monster. Such communal activities attracted the attention of three religious scholars, who organized a panel at the 2007 American Academy of Religion meeting to discuss the Flying Spaghetti Monster. Due to its popularity and exposure, the Flying Spaghetti Monster is often used as a modern version of Russell's teapot. While generally praised by the media and endorsed by individual members of the scientific community, the Flying Spaghetti Monster has received criticism from the intelligent design hub Discovery Institute, the ministry Answers in Genesis, and the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. Self-described Pastafarians spearheaded efforts in Polk County, Florida, to dissuade the local school board from adopting new standards on evolution and have engaged in other disputes.

History

The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster was first publicly exposed in January 2005[4] when Bobby Henderson, then a 25-year-old Oregon State University physics graduate, sent an open letter regarding the Flying Spaghetti Monster to the Kansas State Board of Education.[3][5][6] The letter was sent prior to the Kansas evolution hearings as an argument against the teaching of intelligent design in biology classes.[3] Henderson, describing himself as a "concerned citizen" representing ten million others, stated that both his theory and intelligent design had equal validity.[3] In his letter, he noted,

I think we can all look forward to the time when these three theories are given equal time in our science classrooms across the country, and eventually the world; One third time for Intelligent Design, one third time for Flying Spaghetti Monsterism, and one third time for logical conjecture based on overwhelming observable evidence.

— Bobby Henderson[7]

According to Henderson, since the intelligent design movement uses ambiguous references to a designer, any conceivable entity may fulfill that role, including a Flying Spaghetti Monster.[2] Henderson explained, "I don't have a problem with religion. What I have a problem with is religion posing as science. If there is a god and he's intelligent, then I would guess he has a sense of humor."[8][9]

In May, having received no reply from the Kansas State Board of Education, Henderson posted the letter on his website, gaining significant public interest.[4][10] Shortly thereafter, Pastafarianism became an internet phenomenon.[2][11] Henderson published the responses he then received from Board members.[12] Three board members, all of whom opposed the curriculum amendments, responded positively; a fourth board member responded with the comment "It is a serious offense to mock God."[13] Henderson has also published the significant amount of hate mail, including death threats, that he has received.[14][15] Within one year of sending the open letter, Henderson received more than 15,000 emails on the Flying Spaghetti Monster,[16] of which he has said that "about 95 percent have been supportive, while the other five percent have said I am going to hell".[11] During that time, his site garnered more than 350 million hits and used about 700 gigabytes of bandwidth per month.[16]

As word of Henderson's challenge to the Board spread, his website and cause received more attention and support. The satiric nature of Henderson's argument made the Flying Spaghetti Monster popular with bloggers as well as humor and Internet culture websites.[17] The Flying Spaghetti Monster was featured on websites such as Boing Boing, Something Awful, Uncyclopedia, and Fark.com. Moreover, an International Society for Flying Spaghetti Monster Awareness and other fan sites emerged.[18] As public awareness grew, the mainstream media picked up on the phenomenon. The Flying Spaghetti Monster became a symbol for the case against intelligent design in public education.[3][19][20] The open letter was printed in many large newspapers, including the New York Times, Washington Post, and Chicago Sun Times,[16] and received "worldwide press attention" according to one journalist.[21] Henderson himself was surprised by its success, stating that he "wrote the letter for [his] own amusement as much as anything".[2]

Other developments

The FSM "fish" emblem, the symbol of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, is a parody of the Christian Ichthys symbol.

In August 2005, in response to a challenge from a reader, BoingBoing.net announced a $250,000 prize—later raised to $1,000,000—of "Intelligently Designed currency" payable to any individual who could produce empirical evidence proving that Jesus is not the son of the Flying Spaghetti Monster.[22] It was modeled after a similar challenge issued by young-Earth creationist Kent Hovind, who promised $250,000 to anyone who can prove evolution "is the only possible way" that the Universe and life arose.[22] The challenge sparked interest and popularity in the Flying Spaghetti Monster.[2]

According to Henderson, newspaper articles on the Flying Spaghetti Monster attracted the attention of book publishers; he said that at one point, there were six publishers interested in the Flying Spaghetti Monster.[16] In November 2005, Henderson received an advance from Villard to write The Gospel of The Flying Spaghetti Monster with the subheading "Jackpot for unemployed slot-machine engineer and heretic".[23]

In November 2005, the Kansas State Board of Education voted to allow criticisms of evolution, including language about intelligent design, as part of testing standards.[24] On February 13, 2007, the Board voted 6 to 4 to reject the amended science standards enacted in 2005. This was the fifth time in eight years that the Board had rewritten the standards on evolution.[25]

Beliefs

With millions, if not thousands, of devout worshippers, the Church of the FSM is widely considered a legitimate religion, even by its opponents—mostly fundamentalist Christians, who have accepted that our God has larger balls than theirs.

— Bobby Henderson, "prophet of the Flying Spaghetti Monster"[10]

Henderson proposed many Pastafarian tenets in reaction to common arguments by proponents of intelligent design.[26] These "canonical beliefs" are presented by Henderson in his letter to the Kansas State Board of Education,[7] the Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, and on Henderson's web site, where he is described as a prophet.[27] They tend to satirize creationism.[2]

The central belief is that an invisible and undetectable Flying Spaghetti Monster created the universe "after drinking heavily". According to these beliefs, the Monster's intoxication was the cause for a flawed Earth. Furthermore, according to Pastafarianism, all "evidence" for evolution was planted by the Flying Spaghetti Monster in an effort to test Pastafarians' faith.[2] When scientific measurements such as radiocarbon dating are taken, the Flying Spaghetti Monster "is there changing the results with His Noodly Appendage".[7] The Pastafarian belief of Heaven contains a beer volcano and a stripper factory.[27] The Pastafarian Hell is similar, except that the beer is stale and the strippers have sexually transmitted diseases.[28]

Pastafarians' beliefs extend into religious ceremony. Pastafarians celebrate every Friday as a holy day.[2] Prayers are concluded with a final declaration of affirmation, "R'amen"; the term is a parodic portmanteau of the Semitic term "Amen" and the Japanese noodle dish, ramen.[11]

Pirates and global warming

File:PiratesVsTemp English.jpg
A chart, included in the open letter, illustrating the relationship between pirates and global temperature

According to Pastafarian beliefs, pirates are "absolute divine beings" and the original Pastafarians.[7] Furthermore, Pastafarians believe that pirates' image as "thieves and outcasts" is misinformation spread by Christian theologians in the Middle Ages and by Hare Krishnas. Pastafarians, instead, believe that they were "peace-loving explorers and spreaders of good will" who distributed candy to small children, adding that modern pirates are in no way similar to "the fun-loving buccaneers from history". In addition, Pastafarians believe that ghost pirates are to be responsible for all of the mysterious lost ships and planes of the Bermuda Triangle. Pastafarians celebrate International Talk Like a Pirate Day on September 19.[29]

The inclusion of pirates in Pastafarianism was part of Henderson's original letter to the Kansas State Board of Education, in an effort to illustrate that correlation does not imply causation.[30] Henderson presented the argument that "global warming, earthquakes, hurricanes, and other natural disasters are a direct effect of the shrinking numbers of pirates since the 1800s."[7] A chart accompanying the letter (with numbers humorously disordered on the x-axis) shows that as the number of pirates decreased, global temperatures increased. This parodies the suggestion from some religious groups that the high numbers of disasters, famines and wars in the world is due to the lack of respect and worship towards their deity. In 2008, Henderson interpreted the growing pirate activities at the Gulf of Aden as additional support, pointing out that Somalia has "the highest number of Pirates AND the lowest Carbon emissions of any country".[31]

Holiday

Around the time of Christmas, Hanukkah, and Kwanzaa, Pastafarians celebrate a vaguely-defined holiday named "Holiday". Holiday does not take place on "a specific date so much as it is the Holiday season, itself". Because Pastafarians "reject dogma and formalism", there are no specific requirements for Holiday. Pastafarians are instructed to celebrate Holiday however they please.[32]

Pastafarians interpret the increasing usage of "Happy Holidays", rather than more traditional greetings (such as "Merry Christmas"), as support for Pastafarianism.[32] In December 2005, George W. Bush's White House Christmas greeting cards wished people a happy "holiday season",[33] leading Henderson to write the President a note of thanks, including a "fish" emblem depicting the Flying Spaghetti Monster for his limo or plane.[34] Henderson also thanked Wal-mart for its use of the phrase.[35]

File:Fsm book.jpg
The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster

The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster

Main article: The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster

In December 2005 Bobby Henderson received a reported USD $80,000 advance from Villard to write The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster. Henderson said he planned to use proceeds from the book to build a pirate ship, with which he would spread the Pastafarian religion.[23][36] The book was released on March 28, 2006,[37] and elaborates on Pastafarian beliefs established in the open letter.[38] Henderson employs satire to present perceived flaws with evolutionary biology and discusses history and lifestyle from a Pastafarian perspective. The Gospel urges readers to try Pastafarianism for 30 days, saying, "If you don't like us, your old religion will most likely take you back."[39][21] Henderson states on his website that more than 100,000 copies of the book have been sold.[40]

Scientific American described the Gospel as "an elaborate spoof on Intelligent Design" and "very funny". In 2006, it was nominated for the Quill Award in Humor but was not selected as the winner.[40] Brenner Wayne of the Austin Chronicle characterized the book as "a necessary bit of comic relief in the overly serious battle between science and superstition."[38] Simon Singh of the Daily Telegraph wrote that the Gospel "might be slightly repetitive... but overall it is a brilliant, provocative, witty and important gem of a book."[21] Meanwhile, Casey Luskin of the Discovery Institute, the hub of the Intelligent Design movement, labeled the Gospel "a mockery of the Christian New Testament".[41]

Significance

Flying Spaghetti Monster contingent preparing for the 2009 Summer Solstice Parade in Fremont, Seattle, Washington

As a cultural phenomenon

The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster now consists of thousands of "followers,"[30] primarily concentrated on college campuses and in Europe.[42] According to the Associated Press, Henderson's website has become "a kind of cyber-watercooler for opponents of intelligent design". On it, visitors track meetings of pirate-clad Pastafarians, sell trinkets and bumper stickers, and sample photos that show "visions" of the Flying Spaghetti Monster.[43] In August 2005, the Swedish concept designer Niklas Jansson created an adaptation of Michelangelo's The Creation of Adam, superimposing the Flying Spaghetti Monster over God. This became and remains the Flying Spaghetti Monster's de facto brand image.[18] The Hunger Artists Theatre Company produced a comedy called The Flying Spaghetti Monster Holiday Pageant in December 2006, detailing the history of Pastafarianism.[44] The production has spawned a sequel called Flying Spaghetti Monster Holy Mug of Grog, performed in December 2008.[45] This communal activity attracted the attention of three University of Florida religious scholars, who assembled a panel at the 2007 American Academy of Religion meeting to discuss the Flying Spaghetti Monster.[42]

A handmade Flying Spaghetti Monster sewing craft, San Diego, California

In November 2007, three talks involving the Flying Spaghetti Monster were delivered at the American Academy of Religion's annual meeting in San Diego.[43] The talks, with titles like Holy Pasta and Authentic Sauce: The Flying Spaghetti Monster's Messy Implications for Theorizing Religion, examined the elements necessary for a group to constitute a religion. Speakers inquired whether "an anti-religion like Flying Spaghetti Monsterism [is] actually a religion".[42] They were based on the paper, Evolutionary Controversy and a Side of Pasta: The Flying Spaghetti Monster and the Subversive Function of Religious Parody,[9] published in the GOLEM Journal of Religion and Monsters.[46] The panel garnered an audience of one hundred of the 9,000 conference attendees, and conference organizers received critical e-mails from Christians offended by it.[47]

Since October 2008, the local chapter of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster has sponsored an annual convention called Skepticon on the campus of Missouri State University.[48] Atheists and skeptics give speeches on various topics, and a debate with Christian experts is held. Organizers tout the event as the "largest gathering of atheists in the Midwest."[49] On the non-profit microfinancing site, Kiva, the Flying Spaghetti Monster group tops all other "Religious Congregations" in donations. The group's motto is "Thou shalt share, that none may seek without finding".[50] As of 26 December 2009, it has donated more than $165,000 in loans.[51]

Critical reception

According to Justin Pope of the Associated Press,

between the lines, the point of the letter was this: There's no more scientific basis for intelligent design than there is for the idea an omniscient creature made of pasta created the universe. If intelligent design supporters could demand equal time in a science class, why not anyone else? The only reasonable solution is to put nothing into sciences classes but the best available science.

— Justin Pope[42]

Pope praised the Flying Spaghetti Monster as "a clever and effective argument".[43] Simon Singh of the Daily Telegraph described the Flying Spaghetti Monster as "a masterstroke, which underlined the absurdity of Intelligent Design," and applauded Henderson for "galvanis[ing] a defence of science and rationality."[21] Sarah Boxer of the New York Times said that Henderson "has wit on his side".[3] In addition, the Flying Spaghetti Monster was mentioned in an article footnote of the Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review as an example of evolution "enter[ing] the fray in popular culture", which the author deemed necessary for evolution to prevail over intelligent design.[52] The abstract of the paper, Evolutionary Controversy and a Side of Pasta: The Flying Spaghetti Monster and the Subversive Function of Religious Parody, describes the Flying Spaghetti Monster as "a potent example of how monstrous humor can be used as a popular tool of carnivalesque subversion".[46] Its author praised Pastafarianism for its "epistemological humility".[9] Moreover, Henderson's website contains numerous endorsements from the scientific community.[53] As Jack Schofield of The Guardian noted, "The joke, of course, is that it's arguably more rational than Intelligent Design."[54]

Casey Luskin of the Discovery Institute, which promotes Intelligent Design, contested this, saying, "the problem for their logic is that ID is not an arbitrary explanation, because we have much experience with intelligent agents producing the type of informational complexity we see in nature."[55] Columnist Jeff Jacoby wrote in the Boston Globe that "[Intelligent Design] isn't primitivism or Bible-thumping or flying spaghetti. It's science."[56] This view of science, however, was rejected by the United States National Academy of Sciences.[57]

In a blog post for the Discovery Institute, Luskin mocked the "Darwinists who actually think that by mentioning the 'Flying Spaghetti Monster,' they have made an argument", branding the Flying Spaghetti Monster a "non-argument". He said that an episode of South Park, "Go God Go", revealed that the "Flying Spaghetti Monster is just a silly cartoon character and it does not imply that 'evolution explains everything' nor does it imply there is no God. In fact, FSM really says nothing about the scientific debate over intelligent design and evolution."[55] In another blog post, Luskin stated that the Flying Spaghetti Monster was "funny, but clearly the FSM concept aims to mock those who seriously believe in Judeo-Christian religious views."[41] In an interview with USA Today, Discovery Institute spokesman Robert Crowther remarked, "It's too bad that they'll get attention for this sort of drivel when we have a robust scientific research program that the media doesn't seem to want to write much about."[2]

Peter Gallings of Answers in Genesis, a Christian apologetics ministry, noted, "Ironically enough, [Pastafarians], in addition to mocking God himself, are lampooning the Intelligent Design Movement for not identifying a specific deity—that is, leaving open the possibility that a spaghetti monster could be the intelligent designer... Thus, the satire is possible because the Intelligent Design Movement hasn’t affiliated with a particular religion, exactly the opposite of what its other critics claim!" He concluded that "We are not worried that Flying Spaghetti Monsterism is going to lure away Christians... Nevertheless, it reflects a growing attitude of mockery toward not just organized religion, but also toward any suggestion that there is something—or Someone—'out there,' beyond ourselves and our fallen notions."[58] Mark Coppenger, a pastor who teaches at the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, commented, "I'm happy to say I think FSM hurts the evolutionists' program since, by mocking the Christian tradition... it reinforces the correct impression that there is genuine contempt for biblical faith in that camp... Besides, the parody is lame, and there are few things more encouraging than cheap shots from one's opponents."[2]

Due to its popularity and media exposure, the Flying Spaghetti Monster is often used as a modern version of Russell's teapot.[59][60] Proponents argue that, since the existence of the invisible and undetectable Flying Spaghetti Monster—like other proposed supernatural beings—cannot be falsified, it demonstrates that the burden of proof rests on those who affirm the existence of such beings. Richard Dawkins explains, "The onus is on somebody who says, I want to believe in God, Flying Spaghetti Monster, fairies, or whatever it is. It is not up to us to disprove it."[59] Furthermore, according to Lance Gharavi, an editor of The Journal of Religion and Theater, the Flying Spaghetti Monster is "ultimately... an argument about the arbitrariness of holding any one view of creation", since any one view is equally as plausible as the Flying Spaghetti Monster.[2] A similar argument was discussed in the books The God Delusion and The Atheist Delusion.[61][62]

Use in other religious disputes

In December 2007, the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster was credited with spearheading successful efforts in Polk County, Florida to dissuade the Polk County School Board from adopting new science standards on evolution. The issue was raised after five of the seven board members declared a personal belief in intelligent design. Opponents describing themselves as Pastafarians sent e-mails to members of the Polk County School Board demanding equal instruction time for the Flying Spaghetti Monster.[63] Board member Margaret Lofton, who supported intelligent design, dismissed the e-mail as ridiculous and insulting, stating, "they've made us the laughing stock of the world." Lofton later stated that she had no interest in engaging with the Pastafarians or anyone else seeking to discredit intelligent design. As the controversy developed, scientists expressed their opposition to the claims of intelligent design. Hopes for a new campus focused on applied science at the University of South Florida in northeast Lakeland were reportedly in question, but University Vice President Marshall Goodman expressed surprise, stating, "[intelligent design is] not science. You can't even call it pseudo-science." While unhappy with the outcome, Lofton chose not to resign over the issue. She and the other board members expressed a desire to return to the day-to-day work of running the school district.[64]

In March 2007, Bryan Killian, a high school student in Buncombe County in North Carolina, was suspended for wearing "pirate regalia" which he said was part of his Pastafarian faith. Killian protested the suspension, saying it violated his first amendment rights to religious freedom and freedom of expression.[65] "If this is what I believe in, no matter how stupid it might sound, I should be able to express myself however I want to," he said.[9] However, the school denied that Killian's faith played a role in his suspension, instead citing classroom disruption and insubordination as causes.[66] In March 2008, Pastafarians in Crossville, Tennessee, were permitted to place a Flying Spaghetti Monster statue in a free speech zone on the Courthouse lawn, and proceeded to do so.[67] The display gained national interest on blogs and internet news sites and appeared in Rolling Stone magazine. It was later removed from the premises, along with all other long-term statues, due to an effort sparked mainly by controversy over the statue.[68]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "The dangers of creationism in education". Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly. Retrieved 2007-10-22. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k ""Spaghetti Monster" is noodling around with faith". USA Today Science & Space article. Retrieved 2007-02-05.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "But Is There Intelligent Spaghetti Out There?". New York Times Arts article. Retrieved 2007-02-05.
  4. ^ a b "Discussion of the Open Letter". Henderson, Bobby. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
  5. ^ "Verbatim: Noodle This, Kansas". Washington Post. August 28, 2005.
  6. ^ Page, Clarence (November 15, 2005). "Keeping ID out of science classes". Dallas Morning News.
  7. ^ a b c d e Henderson, Bobby (2005). "Open Letter To Kansas School Board". Retrieved 2007-01-09.
  8. ^ "Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster". James Randi Educational Foundation article September 16, 2005. Retrieved 2007-02-05.
  9. ^ a b c d Pitts, Russ (2005-09-16). "In His Name We Pray, Ramen". Escapist magazine. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
  10. ^ a b Henderson, Bobby. "About". The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster. Retrieved 2009-09-20.
  11. ^ a b c "In the beginning there was the Flying Spaghetti Monster". Daily Telegraph. September 11, 2005. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
  12. ^ "Kansas School Board Responses to the Open Letter". Henderson, Bobby. 2005. Retrieved 2006-01-09. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. ^ "The Flying Spaghetti Monster". h2g2. BBC. 2007-02-01. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
  14. ^ Frauenfelder, Mark (2006-07-31). "FSM hate mail". BoingBoing. Retrieved 31 December 2009.
  15. ^ "In praise of an alternate creation theory: The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster gains infamy and faith". Toronto Star. 2007-01-7. Retrieved 31 December 2009. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ a b c d Henderson, Bobby (2006-08). "Comment on the Open Letter". Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster. Retrieved 30 December 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  17. ^ "A Tangled Tale of a Pasta-based Prophet". Der Spiegel. 2005-08-24. Retrieved 2007-09-08. [FSM] has certainly caught the imagination of the online community [...] Henderson receives over 150 emails from supporters every day.
  18. ^ a b Narizny, Laurel (2009-10). "HA HA, ONLY SERIOUS: A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF JOKE RELIGIONS". Department of Religious Studies And the Honors College of the University of Oregon. University of Oregon. pp. 42–49. Retrieved 25 November 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  19. ^ "The Flying Spaghetti Monster". New Scientist. August 6, 2005.
  20. ^ Rothschild, Scott (August 24, 2005). "Evolution debate creates monster". Lawrence Journal-World.
  21. ^ a b c d Singh, Simon (2006-09-03). "Was the world created by god, evolution or pasta?". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
  22. ^ a b "Boing Boing's $250,000 Intelligent Design challenge". BoingBoing.net. 2005. Retrieved 2006-06-11. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  23. ^ a b Wolff, Eric (November 16, 2005). "The Case For Intelligent Design: Spaghetti as the Creator". New York Magazine.
  24. ^ "Kansas Education Board First to Back "Intelligent Design"". Washington Post. November 9, 2005. {{cite news}}: Text "http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/08/AR2005110801211.html" ignored (help)
  25. ^ "Kansas board boosts evolution education". MSNBC. February 14, 2007.
  26. ^ Thierman, Jessica (September 18, 2005). "Touched by his Noodly Appendage". Gelf Magazine.
  27. ^ a b DuBay, Tim (2005). "Guide to Pastafarianism" (Shockwave Flash). Retrieved 2006-08-26.
  28. ^ The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, p.83
  29. ^ The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, p.124
  30. ^ a b Savino, John (2007). "Wrath of the Gods". Supervolcano: The Catastrophic Event That Changed the Course of Human History: Could Yellowstone Be Next. Career Press. p. 56. ISBN 9781564149534. Retrieved 2009-11-25. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ "Somalia - Lots of pirates, low carbon emissions". www.venganza.org. April 14 2008. Retrieved 10 December 2008. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  32. ^ a b Henderson, Bobby (2006-12-01). "Happy Holiday Season Everyone". Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster. Retrieved 25 November 2009.
  33. ^ Cooperman, Alan (2005-12-07). "'Holiday' Cards Ring Hollow for Some on Bushes' List". Washington Post. Retrieved 25 November 2009.
  34. ^ Henderson, Bobby (2006-12). "FSM Card for Bush". Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster. Retrieved 25 November 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  35. ^ The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, p.125
  36. ^ Craig, Katleen (December 22, 2005). "Passion of the Spaghetti Monster". Wired News.
  37. ^ "The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster". Random House. 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
  38. ^ a b Brenner, Wayne (2006-04-14). "The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster". The Austin Chronicle. Austin Chronicle Corp. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
  39. ^ The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, p.xiv
  40. ^ a b Henderson, Bobby (2006). "The FSM Book". Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster. Venganza.org. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
  41. ^ a b Luskin, Casey (2006-12-25). ""Celebrating" Christmas at the "Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster"". Evolution News & Views. Discovery Institute. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
  42. ^ a b c d Pope, Justin (2007-11-16). "Pasta monster gets academic attention". Associated Press. MSNBC. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
  43. ^ a b c "Religious Scholars to Discuss 'Flying Spaghetti Monster'". Associated Press. Fox News. 2007-11-16. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
  44. ^ "The Flying Spaghetti Monster Holiday Pageant". Hunger Artists Theatre Company. 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-29. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  45. ^ "Hunger Artists Theatre Company's 2008 Season". Hunger Artists Theatre Company. 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-16. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  46. ^ a b Van Horn, Gavin (2007). "Evolutionary Controversy and a Side of Pasta: The Flying Spaghetti Monster and the Subversive Function of Religious Parody" (PDF). GOLEM: Journal of Religion and Monsters. 2 (1). Retrieved 2009-12-19. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  47. ^ Dotinga, Randy (2007-11-20). "Flying Spaghetti Monster Inspires Wonky Religious Debate". Wired Magazine. San Diego. Retrieved 20 December 2009.
  48. ^ "About the Event". Skepticon Productions. Springfield, MO: Missouri State Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster. 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2009.
  49. ^ "Atheists to gather at MSU for Skepticon this weekend", The News Leader, November 19, 2009, retrieved 21 December 2009
  50. ^ Jones, Brent (2009-07-31). "Atheists, 'Monster' fans say No to God, Yes to giving". USA Today. Retrieved 27 December 2009. Sort by 'Religious Congregations' to find that, topping Kiva Mormons ($57,425) and Kiva Catholics ($59,625) is the squadron devoted to the The Flying Spaghetti Monster ($81,725) who sign on to give because 'Thou shalt share, that none may seek without finding.'
  51. ^ "Kiva Lending Team: The Flying Spaghetti Monster". Kiva. 2009-12-26. Retrieved 27 December 2009.
  52. ^ Lee, Brendan (2006). "Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District: Teaching Intelligent Design in Public Schools" (PDF). Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review. 41. Harvard Law School: 10. Retrieved 2009-12-27.
  53. ^ "Pass notes No 2,637 The Flying Spaghetti Monster". The Guardian. 2005-09-1. Retrieved 28 December 2009. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  54. ^ Schofield, Jack (2005-08-20). "'Intelligent Design' and Pastafarianism". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 December 2009.
  55. ^ a b Luskin, Casey (2008-08-13). "The Proper Rebuttal to the Flying Spaghetti Monster: Cartoon Satire on South Park". Evolution News & Views. Discovery Institute. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
  56. ^ Jacoby, Jeff (2005-10-02). "The timeless truth of creation". The Boston Globe. Globe Newspaper Company. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
  57. ^ "Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences" (Second Edition ed.). National Academy of Sciences. 1999. Creationism, intelligent design, and other claims of supernatural intervention in the origin of life or of species are not science because they are not testable by the methods of science. {{cite web}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  58. ^ Gallings, Peter (2008-01-22). "The Flying Spaghetti Monster: A harmless joke, a substantial misunderstanding, or a sacrilegious quasi-caricature of the one true God?". Answers in Genesis. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
  59. ^ a b Wolf, Gary (November 14, 2006). "The Church of the Non-Believers". Wired News.
  60. ^ MacKenzie, Richard (2007). "Is Faith the Enemy of Science?" (PDF). Université de Montréal. Cornell University Library. p. 4. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
  61. ^ Dawkins, Richard (2006). "The God Hypothesis". The God delusion. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 53. ISBN 9780618680009. Retrieved 2009-11-24. I have found it an amusing strategy, when asked whether I am an atheist, to point out that the questioner is also an atheist when considering Zeus, Apollo, Amon Ra, Mithras, Baal, Thor, Wotan, the Golden Calf and the Flying Spaghetti Monster. I just go one god further.
  62. ^ Fernandes, Phil (2009). "The New, Militant Atheism". The Atheist Delusion. Xulon Press. p. 18. ISBN 9781607915829. Retrieved 2009-11-24. The new atheists have made their choice—apparently, no amount of evidence for God will change their minds. They claim that the existence of God is as ridiculous as the existence of a flying spaghetti monster.
  63. ^ John Chambliss (2007-12-11). "Satirical Monsters More Competition for Darwin". The Ledger. Retrieved 2007-12-13.
  64. ^ Billy Townsend (2007-12-22). "Polk Needled, Noodled In Evolution Flap". The Tampa Tribune. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
  65. ^ Schrader, Jordan (2007-03-29). "School: Pirates are not welcome". Citizen-Times. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
  66. ^ "Student punished for spaghetti beliefs". Metro. Associated Newspapers Ltd. 2007-03-29. Retrieved 31 December 2009.
  67. ^ "Flying Spaghetti Monster statue at Tennessee courthouse". CNET Networks,. 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-02. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  68. ^ Nelson, Gary (2008-04-15). "Courthouse No Longer Hosting Free Speech Displays". The Crossville Chronicle. Retrieved 10 July 2008.

References

  • Henderson, Bobby (2006). The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster. Villard Books. ISBN 0-8129-7656-8.

External links

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flying_Spaghetti_Monster&oldid=336281305