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[[File:Egyptian Type e Scenes. - "Hashishe Smokers" (n.d.) - front - TIMEA.jpg|thumb|450px|A postcard titled "Egyptian Types e Scenes. – "Hashishe Smokers"]] |
[[File:Egyptian Type e Scenes. - "Hashishe Smokers" (n.d.) - front - TIMEA.jpg|thumb|450px|A postcard titled "Egyptian Types e Scenes. – "Hashishe Smokers"]] |
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Although [[Cannabis (drug)|Cannabis]] use is illegal in Egypt, it is often used privately by many. Law enforcements are often particularly lax when it comes to cannabis smokers, and its use is a part of the common culture for many people in Egypt.<ref name="Gibson 2010">{{cite web | last=Gibson | first=World News With Charles | title=Egypt's Pot Problem? A Marijuana Shortage | website=[[ABC News]] | date=May 5, 2010 | url=http://blogs.abcnews.com/theworldnewser/2010/05/egypts-pot-problem-a-marijuana-shortage.html | access-date=July 29, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301233324/http://blogs.abcnews.com/theworldnewser/2010/05/egypts-pot-problem-a-marijuana-shortage.html | archive-date=March 1, 2011 | url-status=dead }}</ref> However, Large-scale smuggling of cannabis is punishable by death, while penalties for possessing even small amounts can also be severe.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} Despite this, these laws are not enforced in many parts of Egypt, where cannabis is often consumed openly in local cafes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cunningham |first1=Erin |last2=Habib |first2=Heba |title=Hookahs, hash and the Muslim Brotherhood |url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2013-02-27/hookahs-hash-and-muslim-brotherhood |access-date=1 August 2018 |work=Public Radio International |date=27 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cannabis in Egypt |url=https://sensiseeds.com/en/blog/cannabis-egypt/ |website=Sensi Seeds |access-date=1 August 2018}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Evidence has suggested that cannabis has been present in Egypt since circa 3000 BC.<ref name="Clarke Merlin 2013 p. 234">{{cite book | last1=Clarke | first1=R. | last2=Merlin | first2=M. | title=Cannabis: Evolution and Ethnobotany | publisher=University of California Press | series=EBL ebooks online | year=2013 | isbn=978-0-520-95457-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=poenY6QMq8UC&pg=PA234 | page=234}}</ref> However, whether or not it was used for psychoactive purposes during this time has not been documented.<ref name="Clarke Merlin 2013 p. 234"/> It was stated in a book written in 1980 that cannabis cultivation has occurred in Egypt for "almost a thousand years".<ref name="Clarke Merlin 2013 p. 234"/> During this time, cannabis was used for making rope and it was also cultivated for use as a drug.<ref name="Clarke Merlin 2013 p. 234"/> Cannabis has been utilized in Egypt for [[hashish]] production for at least the last "eight or nine centuries".<ref name="Clarke Merlin 2013 p. 234"/> |
Evidence has suggested that cannabis has been present in Egypt since circa 3000 BC.<ref name="Clarke Merlin 2013 p. 234">{{cite book | last1=Clarke | first1=R. | last2=Merlin | first2=M. | title=Cannabis: Evolution and Ethnobotany | publisher=University of California Press | series=EBL ebooks online | year=2013 | isbn=978-0-520-95457-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=poenY6QMq8UC&pg=PA234 | page=234}}</ref> However, whether or not it was used for psychoactive purposes during this time has not been documented.<ref name="Clarke Merlin 2013 p. 234"/> It was stated in a book written in 1980 that cannabis cultivation has occurred in Egypt for "almost a thousand years".<ref name="Clarke Merlin 2013 p. 234"/> During this time, cannabis was used for making rope and it was also cultivated for use as a drug.<ref name="Clarke Merlin 2013 p. 234"/> Cannabis has been utilized in Egypt for [[hashish]] production for at least the last "eight or nine centuries".<ref name="Clarke Merlin 2013 p. 234"/> |
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It has been stated that hashish was introduced to Egypt by "[[Mysticism|mystic]] Islamic travelers" from Syria sometime during the [[Ayyubid dynasty]] in the 12th century AD.<ref name="Clarke Merlin 2013 p. 234"/><ref name="BBC NEWS 2005">{{cite web | title=Timeline: the use of cannabis | website=[[BBC News]] | date=June 16, 2005 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/panorama/4079668.stm | access-date=July 29, 2015}}</ref> Hashish consumption by Egyptian [[Sufism|Sufis]] has been documented as occurrent in the thirteenth century AD, and a unique type of cannabis referred to as [[Indian hemp]] was also documented during this time.<ref name="Clarke Merlin 2013 p. 234"/> At this time, the Indian hemp was described as having been called ''hashishab'', as only been seen (by the writer) in Egypt, and as having been grown in gardens.<ref name="Clarke Merlin 2013 p. 234"/> Enforcement against cannabis dates back as early as around the 14th century, when cannabis users in Egypt could be punished by having their teeth pulled out.<ref name="MillsBarton2007">{{cite book|author1=James H. Mills|author2=Patricia Barton|title=Drugs and empires: essays in modern imperialism and intoxication, c.1500-c.1930|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dogwAAAAYAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-51651-9|page=172}}</ref> |
It has been stated that hashish was introduced to Egypt by "[[Mysticism|mystic]] Islamic travelers" from Syria sometime during the [[Ayyubid dynasty]] in the 12th century AD.<ref name="Clarke Merlin 2013 p. 234"/><ref name="BBC NEWS 2005">{{cite web | title=Timeline: the use of cannabis | website=[[BBC News]] | date=June 16, 2005 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/panorama/4079668.stm | access-date=July 29, 2015}}</ref> Hashish consumption by Egyptian [[Sufism|Sufis]] has been documented as occurrent in the thirteenth century AD, and a unique type of cannabis referred to as [[Indian hemp]] was also documented during this time.<ref name="Clarke Merlin 2013 p. 234"/> At this time, the Indian hemp was described as having been called ''hashishab'', as only been seen (by the writer) in Egypt, and as having been grown in gardens.<ref name="Clarke Merlin 2013 p. 234"/> Enforcement against cannabis dates back as early as around the 14th century, when cannabis users in Egypt could be punished by having their teeth pulled out.<ref name="MillsBarton2007">{{cite book|author1=James H. Mills|author2=Patricia Barton|title=Drugs and empires: essays in modern imperialism and intoxication, c.1500-c.1930|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dogwAAAAYAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-51651-9|page=172}}</ref> [[David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra]] recorded ({{Circa|1525}}) that "they eat cannabis leaves in Egypt, and are inebriated thereby, and they say that it makes one happy. They eat it raw and plain, and in some places they also use it like linen to make garments."<ref>Commentary of RDBZ to MT Kil'ayim 5.</ref> |
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===French period=== |
===French period=== |
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In the 18th century, a French army officer wrote that due to the use of hashish “the mass of [Egypt’s] male population is in a perpetual state of stupor!”<ref>{{cite news|title=Some Arab governments are rethinking harsh cannabis laws|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21720598-others-use-them-lock-up-restless-young-men-some-arab-governments-are-rethinking|access-date=15 April 2017| |
In the 18th century, a French army officer wrote that due to the use of hashish “the mass of [Egypt’s] male population is in a perpetual state of stupor!”<ref>{{cite news|title=Some Arab governments are rethinking harsh cannabis laws|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21720598-others-use-them-lock-up-restless-young-men-some-arab-governments-are-rethinking|access-date=15 April 2017|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=Apr 12, 2017}}</ref> During [[Napoléon Bonaparte]]'s invasion of Egypt in 1798, alcohol was not available per Egypt being an Islamic country.<ref name="Booth 2015 p. 76">{{cite book | last=Booth | first=M. | title=Cannabis: A History | publisher=St. Martin's Press | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-250-08219-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecITBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76 | pages=76–77}}</ref> In lieu of alcohol, Bonaparte's troops resorted to trying hashish, which they found to their liking.<ref name="Booth 2015 p. 76"/> As a result of the conspicuous consumption of hashish by the troops, the smoking of hashish and consumption of drinks containing it was banned in October 1800, although the troops mostly ignored the order.<ref name="Booth 2015 p. 76"/> Subsequently, beverages containing hashish were banned in Egyptian cafes; cafes that sold them were shut down and "boarded up", and their proprietors were jailed.<ref name="Booth 2015 p. 76"/> During this time, hashish imported from other countries was destroyed by burning.<ref name="Booth 2015 p. 76"/> Upon the end of the occupation in 1801, French troops brought supplies of hashish with them back to France.<ref name="Booth 2015 p. 76"/> |
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===Ottoman period=== |
===Ottoman period=== |
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In 1877, the Ottoman government in Constantinople mandated that all hashish in Egypt be destroyed, and in 1879 importation of cannabis was banned by the [[Khedivate of Egypt]].<ref name="(1893-1894)Young1969">{{cite book|author1=India. Hemp Drugs Commission (1893–1894)|author2=Sir William Mackworth Young|title=Marijuana: Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893–1894|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HLVFAAAAIAAJ|year=1969|publisher=Thos. Jefferson Publishing Company|page=270}}</ref><ref name="Abel2013">{{cite book|author=E.L. Abel|title=Marihuana: The First Twelve Thousand Years|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pGgzBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA133|date=29 June 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4899-2189-5|pages=133–}}</ref> |
In 1877, the Ottoman government in Constantinople mandated that all hashish in Egypt be destroyed, and in 1879 importation of cannabis was banned by the [[Khedivate of Egypt]].<ref name="(1893-1894)Young1969">{{cite book|author1=India. Hemp Drugs Commission (1893–1894)|author2=Sir William Mackworth Young|title=Marijuana: Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893–1894|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HLVFAAAAIAAJ|year=1969|publisher=Thos. Jefferson Publishing Company|page=270}}</ref><ref name="Abel2013">{{cite book|author=E.L. Abel|title=Marihuana: The First Twelve Thousand Years|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pGgzBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA133|date=29 June 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4899-2189-5|pages=133–}}</ref> |
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===British |
===British period=== |
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In 1887 the British occupied Egypt, which remained nominally an autonomous Ottoman province but de facto British controlled. Soon after the Egyptian government issued an 1884 ban on cultivation, though officials were permitted to confiscate and export captured hashish rather than destroy it. Despite these measures, production and sale of cannabis continued, with authorities routinely shutting down premises where cannabis was consumed, into the 20th century.<ref name="Abel2013"/> |
In 1887 the British occupied Egypt, which remained nominally an autonomous Ottoman province but de facto British controlled. Soon after the Egyptian government issued an 1884 ban on cultivation, though officials were permitted to confiscate and export captured hashish rather than destroy it. Despite these measures, production and sale of cannabis continued, with authorities routinely shutting down premises where cannabis was consumed, into the 20th century.<ref name="Abel2013"/> |
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Latest revision as of 00:21, 2 January 2024
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Although Cannabis use is illegal in Egypt, it is often used privately by many. Law enforcements are often particularly lax when it comes to cannabis smokers, and its use is a part of the common culture for many people in Egypt.[1] However, Large-scale smuggling of cannabis is punishable by death, while penalties for possessing even small amounts can also be severe.[citation needed] Despite this, these laws are not enforced in many parts of Egypt, where cannabis is often consumed openly in local cafes.[2][3]
History[edit]
Evidence has suggested that cannabis has been present in Egypt since circa 3000 BC.[4] However, whether or not it was used for psychoactive purposes during this time has not been documented.[4] It was stated in a book written in 1980 that cannabis cultivation has occurred in Egypt for "almost a thousand years".[4] During this time, cannabis was used for making rope and it was also cultivated for use as a drug.[4] Cannabis has been utilized in Egypt for hashish production for at least the last "eight or nine centuries".[4]
It has been stated that hashish was introduced to Egypt by "mystic Islamic travelers" from Syria sometime during the Ayyubid dynasty in the 12th century AD.[4][5] Hashish consumption by Egyptian Sufis has been documented as occurrent in the thirteenth century AD, and a unique type of cannabis referred to as Indian hemp was also documented during this time.[4] At this time, the Indian hemp was described as having been called hashishab, as only been seen (by the writer) in Egypt, and as having been grown in gardens.[4] Enforcement against cannabis dates back as early as around the 14th century, when cannabis users in Egypt could be punished by having their teeth pulled out.[6] David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra recorded (c. 1525) that "they eat cannabis leaves in Egypt, and are inebriated thereby, and they say that it makes one happy. They eat it raw and plain, and in some places they also use it like linen to make garments."[7]
French period[edit]
In the 18th century, a French army officer wrote that due to the use of hashish “the mass of [Egypt’s] male population is in a perpetual state of stupor!”[8] During Napoléon Bonaparte's invasion of Egypt in 1798, alcohol was not available per Egypt being an Islamic country.[9] In lieu of alcohol, Bonaparte's troops resorted to trying hashish, which they found to their liking.[9] As a result of the conspicuous consumption of hashish by the troops, the smoking of hashish and consumption of drinks containing it was banned in October 1800, although the troops mostly ignored the order.[9] Subsequently, beverages containing hashish were banned in Egyptian cafes; cafes that sold them were shut down and "boarded up", and their proprietors were jailed.[9] During this time, hashish imported from other countries was destroyed by burning.[9] Upon the end of the occupation in 1801, French troops brought supplies of hashish with them back to France.[9]
Ottoman period[edit]
In 1877, the Ottoman government in Constantinople mandated that all hashish in Egypt be destroyed, and in 1879 importation of cannabis was banned by the Khedivate of Egypt.[10][11]
British period[edit]
In 1887 the British occupied Egypt, which remained nominally an autonomous Ottoman province but de facto British controlled. Soon after the Egyptian government issued an 1884 ban on cultivation, though officials were permitted to confiscate and export captured hashish rather than destroy it. Despite these measures, production and sale of cannabis continued, with authorities routinely shutting down premises where cannabis was consumed, into the 20th century.[11]
Economy[edit]
Cannabis is grown throughout the year in the Sinai Peninsula and in Upper Egypt.[12] The trade is largely focused in Sinai, and the area has been the main target of eradication efforts, with 7 million cannabis plants (along with 10.3 million opium plants) eradicated there in 1994.[13]
Cannabis culture[edit]
In 1800, French troops in Egypt noted that the Muslim locals both smoked the "seeds" of the hemp plant, as well as making a beverage from hemp.[14] A number of cannabis preparations combined with other psychoactive plants have been recorded in Egypt, including bosa (cannabis combined with bearded darnel) and a waterpipe smoking blend combined with henbane.[15] The gozah is the traditional Egyptian water-pipe; a 1980 Egyptian study noted that smoking was the most popular method of cannabis consumption (89.4% of those surveyed), with the majority of smokers using the water-pipe.[16] A 1925 report noted that hashish that is "mixed with sugar and cooked with butter and flavoring, is made into the candy known in Egypt as manzul, maagun, and garawish".[17]
References[edit]
- ^ Gibson, World News With Charles (May 5, 2010). "Egypt's Pot Problem? A Marijuana Shortage". ABC News. Archived from the original on March 1, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
- ^ Cunningham, Erin; Habib, Heba (27 February 2013). "Hookahs, hash and the Muslim Brotherhood". Public Radio International. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
- ^ "Cannabis in Egypt". Sensi Seeds. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Clarke, R.; Merlin, M. (2013). Cannabis: Evolution and Ethnobotany. EBL ebooks online. University of California Press. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-520-95457-1.
- ^ "Timeline: the use of cannabis". BBC News. June 16, 2005. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
- ^ James H. Mills; Patricia Barton (2007). Drugs and empires: essays in modern imperialism and intoxication, c.1500-c.1930. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-230-51651-9.
- ^ Commentary of RDBZ to MT Kil'ayim 5.
- ^ "Some Arab governments are rethinking harsh cannabis laws". The Economist. Apr 12, 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f Booth, M. (2015). Cannabis: A History. St. Martin's Press. pp. 76–77. ISBN 978-1-250-08219-0.
- ^ India. Hemp Drugs Commission (1893–1894); Sir William Mackworth Young (1969). Marijuana: Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893–1894. Thos. Jefferson Publishing Company. p. 270.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b E.L. Abel (29 June 2013). Marihuana: The First Twelve Thousand Years. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 133–. ISBN 978-1-4899-2189-5.
- ^ William R. Brownfield (1 May 2011). International Narcotics Control Strategy Report: Volume I: Drug and Chemical Control. DIANE Publishing. pp. 263–. ISBN 978-1-4379-8272-5.
- ^ DIANE Publishing Company (1 August 1995). International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1995. DIANE Publishing. pp. 417–. ISBN 978-0-7881-2057-2.
- ^ Leslie L. Iversen (6 November 2007). The Science of Marijuana. Oxford University Press. pp. 29–. ISBN 978-0-19-988693-7.
- ^ Christian Rätsch (1 March 2001). Marijuana Medicine: A World Tour of the Healing and Visionary Powers of Cannabis. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. pp. 87–. ISBN 978-1-59477-659-5.
- ^ Muṣṭafá Suwayf (1980). The Egyptian Study of Chronic Cannabis Consumption. National Centre for Social & Criminological Research. p. 111.
- ^ Records of the Second Opium Conference, Geneva, November 17th, 1924 – February 19th, 1925 ... Imprimerie du "Journal de Genève". 1925. p. 133.
Further reading[edit]
- Rubin, V. (1975). "Traditional Patterns of Hashish Use in Egypt (by Khalifa, Ahmad M.)". Cannabis and Culture. World Anthropology. De Gruyter. pp. 195–205. ISBN 978-3-11-081206-0.
